Ezekiel 16

The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 63 verses.

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}} Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 3Q1 (3QEzek; 50 BCE–50 CE) with extant verses 31–33.{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p=588}}[https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#ezekiel Dead sea scrolls - Ezekiel]{{Cite book|title = A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|last = Fitzmyer|first = Joseph A.| author-link = Joseph Fitzmyer | publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | year = 2008 | pages = 27 |isbn = 9780802862419 | location = Grand Rapids, MI | access-date= February 15, 2019}}[https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/3Q1-1 3Q1 at Leon Levy Collection]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^Q; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}{{efn|Ezekiel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.{{cite book| last= Shepherd|first= Michael |title= A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets | series= Kregel Exegetical Library | publisher= Kregel Academic | year= 2018 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_iNZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|isbn= 978-0825444593 | page= 13}}}}

: Son of man, cause Jerusalem to know her abominations,{{bibleref2|Ezekiel|16:2|KJV}}: King James Version (KJV)

• "Son of man" (Hebrew: בן־אדם {{Strong-number|ḇen|H|01121}}-{{Strong-number|'ā-ḏām|H|00120}}): this phrase is used 93 times to address Ezekiel.{{sfn|Bromiley|1995|p=574}}
• "Abomination" (Hebrew: תּוֹעֵבָה {{Strong-number|tôwʻêbah, to-ay-baw'|H|08441}}): something loathsome or objectionable, especially for "Jehovah" ({{bibleref2|Proverbs|3:32; 21:27}}), "specially used for things belonging to the worship of idols" or idolatrous practices and objects.{{sfn|Brown|Briggs|Driver|1994|ps={{sp}}"תּוֹעֵבָה"}}{{sfn|Gesenius|1979|ps={{sp}}"תּוֹעֵבָה"}}

: And say, Thus saith the Lord God unto Jerusalem;

: Thy birth and thy nativity is of the land of Canaan;

:: thy father was an Amorite, and thy mother an Hittite.{{bibleref2|Ezekiel|16:3|KJV}}: KJV

God "commands Ezekiel to inform Jerusalem of the accusation brought against her, and in verses 3—34 provides a 'biography' for his bride".Galambush, Julie (2007), 25. Ezekiel in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), [https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 The Oxford Bible Commentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193211/http://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 |date=2017-11-22 }}, p. 545 The assimilation of Israel with those former residents [of the land of Israel] led to apostasy.

File:Jerusalem Yad Vashem hebrew inscription.jpg

: And when I passed by thee, and saw thee polluted in thine own blood,

: I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood,

: Live; yea, I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, Live.{{bibleref2|Ezekiel|16:6|KJV}}: KJV

• "Polluted" (Hebrew: מִתְבּוֹסֶסֶת miṯ-bō-se-seṯ, from the root verb בּוּס {{Strong-number|ḇūs|H|0947}}, "tread down with feet" or "trample"Brown, Francis; Briggs, Charles A.; Driver, S. R. The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon. Hendrickson Publishers; Reprint edition (1994). {{ISBN|978-1565632066}}. "בּוּס".Gesenius, H. W. F. Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index. Samuel Prideaux Tregelles (Translator). Baker Book House; 7th edition. 1979. בּוּס): Rashi connects it to ({{bibleref2|Psalm|60:12|KJV}}, numbered as 60:14 in Hebrew version): "God ... shall tread down (Hebrew: יָבוּס) our enemies."Rashi's Commentary on Ezekiel, 16:6.

:Moreover you multiplied your acts of harlotry as far as the land of the trader, Chaldea; and even then you were not satisfied.{{bibleref2|Ezekiel|16:6|NKJV}}: NKJV

Chaldea: "the land of the trader" or "the land of merchants".{{bibleref2|Ezekiel|16:6|NRSV}}: New Revised Standard Version The King James Version lacks the wording which describes Chaldea as a trading nation.

An unfavourable comparison of Jerusalem to Samaria and Sodom.

God promises at last to forgive Jerusalem.

: Nevertheless I will remember my covenant with thee in the days of thy youth,

:: and I will establish unto thee an everlasting covenant.{{bibleref2|Ezekiel|16:60|KJV}}

God's remembrance of God's covenant with the patriarchs of Israel was anticipated in {{bibleref2|Leviticus|26:43-45}}.The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version, Indexed. Michael D. Coogan, Marc Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, Editors. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 2007. p. 1198-1201 Hebrew Bible. {{ISBN|978-0195288810}}

• Amorites
• Assyria
• Canaan
• Chaldea
• Egypt
• Hittites
• Jerusalem
• Philistine
• Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Ezekiel 16 and 23
• Samaria
• Sodom

{{Portal|Bible}}

• Related Bible parts: Genesis 14, Leviticus 26, Isaiah 47, Ezekiel 23, John 15, Revelation 17

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book

| last = Bromiley

| first = Geoffrey W.

| title = International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z

| year = 1995

| publisher = Eerdmans

| isbn = 9780802837844

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&q=%22an+awkward+and+an+ambiguous+expression+in+Greek%22&pg=PA574

}}

• {{cite book

| last1 = Brown

| first1 = Francis

| last2 = Briggs

| first2 = Charles A.

| last3 = Driver

| first3 = S. R.

| title = The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon

| year = 1994

| edition = reprint

| publisher = Hendrickson Publishers

| isbn = 978-1565632066

}}

• {{Cite book

|last = Clements

|first = Ronald E

|title = Ezekiel

|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press

|year = 1996

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cB5WoWI3FRAC&q=Ezekiel++By+Ronald+Ernest+Clements&pg=PA216

|isbn = 9780664252724

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Gesenius

| first = H. W. F.

| title = Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index.

| translator-last = Tregelles

| translator-first = Samuel Prideaux

| year = 1979

| edition = 7th

| publisher = Baker Book House

}}

• {{Cite book

|last =Joyce

|first =Paul M.

|title =Ezekiel: A Commentary

|publisher =Continuum

|year =2009

|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=LRepfsso2p0C&q=commentary+Ezekiel

|isbn =9780567483614

}}

• {{Cite book

| editor-last = Ulrich

| editor-first = Eugene

| title = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants

| year = 2010

| publisher = Brill

| url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls

}}

• {{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

• [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1216.htm Ezekiel 16 Hebrew with Parallel English]
• [http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16114 Ezekiel 16 Hebrew with Rashi's Commentary]

• [http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=31&c=16 Ezekiel 16 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315090124/http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=31&c=16 |date=2017-03-15 }}

{{Book of Ezekiel}}

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