Ezero culture
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox archaeological culture
|name = Ezero culture
|map = File:Ezero culture.jpg
|mapalt = Map of the distribution of the Ezero culture
|altnames =
|horizon =
|region = Bulgaria
|period = Bronze Age Europe
|dates = c. 3300 – 2700 BC
|typesite =
|majorsites =
|extra =
|precededby = Suvorovo culture, Karanovo culture, Gumelniţa culture, Varna culture, Cernavodă culture
|followedby = Myceneans, Trojans, Thracians
}}
{{Bronze Age}}
The Ezero culture, 3300—2700 BC, was a Bronze Age archaeological culture occupying most of present-day Bulgaria. It takes its name from the Tell-settlement of Ezero.
Ezero follows the copper age cultures of the area (Karanovo VI culture, Gumelniţa culture, Kodzadjemen culture, and Varna culture), after a settlement hiatus in Northern Bulgaria. It bears some relationship to the earlier Cernavodă III culture to the north. Some settlements were fortified.
The Ezero culture is interpreted as part of a larger Balkan-Danubian early Bronze Age complex, a horizon reaching from Troy Id-IIc into Central Europe, encompassing the Baden of the Carpathian Basin and the Coţofeni culture of Romania. According to Hermann Parzinger, there are also typological connections to Poliochne IIa-b and Sitagroi IV.
Economy
Agriculture is in evidence, along with domestic livestock. There is evidence of grape cultivation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} Metallurgy was practiced.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
Interpretation
Within the context of the Kurgan hypothesis, it would represent a fusion of native "Old European culture" and intrusive "Kurgan culture" elements. It could also represent an Anatolian-influenced culture, either coming from Anatolia (in Renfrew's hypothesis), or heading to Asia Minor.
Genetics
=Haplogroups=
Genetic studies have shown that the Ezero culture had a male haplogroup R1b. Among the female haplogroups were J2a1, T, U5a1, T2d2, W.{{Cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |last2=Alpaslan-Roodenberg |first2=Songül |last3=Acar |first3=Ayşe |last4=Açıkkol |first4=Ayşen |last5=Agelarakis |first5=Anagnostis |last6=Aghikyan |first6=Levon |last7=Akyüz |first7=Uğur |last8=Andreeva |first8=Desislava |last9=Andrijašević |first9=Gojko |last10=Antonović |first10=Dragana |last11=Armit |first11=Ian |last12=Atmaca |first12=Alper |last13=Avetisyan |first13=Pavel |last14=Aytek |first14=Ahmet İhsan |last15=Bacvarov |first15=Krum |date=2022|title=The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm4247 |journal=Science |volume=377 |issue=6609 |pages=eabm4247 |doi=10.1126/science.abm4247 |pmid=36007055 |pmc=10064553 |s2cid=251843620 |issn=0036-8075}}
=Autosomal DNA=
Genetically the Ezero culture was of local Neolithic origin mainly, also had a contribution from WSH, but this contribution was of varying degrees in the Ezero samples.{{Cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |last2=Alpaslan-Roodenberg |first2=Songül |last3=Acar |first3=Ayşe |last4=Açıkkol |first4=Ayşen |last5=Agelarakis |first5=Anagnostis |last6=Aghikyan |first6=Levon |last7=Akyüz |first7=Uğur |last8=Andreeva |first8=Desislava |last9=Andrijašević |first9=Gojko |last10=Antonović |first10=Dragana |last11=Armit |first11=Ian |last12=Atmaca |first12=Alper |last13=Avetisyan |first13=Pavel |last14=Aytek |first14=Ahmet İhsan |last15=Bacvarov |first15=Krum |date=2022|title=The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm4247 |journal=Science |volume=377 |issue=6609 |pages=eabm4247 |doi=10.1126/science.abm4247 |pmid=36007055 |pmc=10064553 |s2cid=251843620 |issn=0036-8075}}
Notes
Sources
- G.Il. Georgiev et al. (eds.), Ezero, rannobronzovoto selishte. Sofii︠a︡ : Izd-vo na Bŭlgarskata akademii︠a︡ na naukite, Arkheologicheski institut 1979 (excavation report of Tell Ezero).
- {{cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |author-link1=J. P. Mallory |last2=Adams |first2=Douglas Q. |author-link2=Douglas Q. Adams |year=1997 |chapter=Ezero culture |title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC |publisher=Taylor & Francis |pages=188 |isbn=1884964982 }}
External links
- https://web.archive.org/web/20050817120446/http://archaeology.ro/so_cernav_eng.htm
{{Bronze Age footer}}
Category:Archaeological cultures of Europe
Category:Archaeological cultures in Bulgaria