Fairy prion
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Fairy prion
| image = Fairy_Prion_with_egg.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Pachyptila
| species = turtur
| authority = (Kuhl, 1820)
| range_map = Pachyptila turtur map.svg
}}
The fairy prion (Pachyptila turtur) is a small seabird with the standard prion plumage of blue-grey upperparts with a prominent dark "M" marking and white underneath. The sexes are alike. It is a small prion which frequents the low subantarctic and subtropic seas.
Taxonomy
The fairy prion was formally described in 1820 by the German naturalist Heinrich Kuhl under the binomial name Procellaria turtur.{{ cite book | last=Kuhl | first=Heinrich | author-link=Heinrich Kuhl | date=1820 | title=Beiträge zur Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomie | language=German, Latin | location=Frankfurt am Main | publisher=Verlag der Hermannschen Buchhandlung | page=143 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28230939 }} It is now placed with the other prions in the genus Pachyptila, introduced in 1811 by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger.{{ cite book | last=Illiger | first=Johann Karl Wilhelm | author-link=Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger | year=1811 | title=Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium | language=Latin | location=Berolini [Berlin] | publisher=Sumptibus C. Salfeld | page=274 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29301244 }} The genus name combines the Ancient Greek pakhus , meaning "dense" or "thick", with ptilon, meaning "feather" or "plumage". The specific epithet turtur is Latin for "turtle dove".{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n288/mode/1up 288], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n393/mode/1up 393]}} The word {{lang|grc-Latn|prion}} comes from the Ancient Greek word {{lang|grc-Latn|priōn}}, meaning "a saw", which refers to the serrated edges of its bill.{{cite book |last1=Gotch |first1=A. F. |title=Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals |publisher=Facts on File |year=1995 |isbn=0-8160-3377-3 |location=New York, NY |page=192 |chapter=Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels |orig-year=1979}}
The fairy prion is a member of the genus Pachyptila and of the subgenus Pseudoprion Coues, 1866. Along with the blue petrel, they make up the prions. They in turn are members of the family Procellariidae, and the order Procellariiformes. Prions are small and typically eat just zooplankton{{cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=Shearwaters, petrels, and fulmars (Procellariidae) |encyclopedia=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia |publisher=Gale Group |location=Farmington Hills, MI |last=Maynard |first=B. J. |others=Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator |editor1-last=Hutchins |editor1-first=Michael |edition=2nd |volume=8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins |pages=123–133 |isbn=0-7876-5784-0 |editor2-first=Jerome A. |editor2-last=Jackson |editor3-first=Walter J. |editor3-last=Bock |editor4-first=Donna |editor4-last=Olendorf}} but, as members of the Procellariiformes, they share certain identifying features. They have nasal passages, called naricorns, that attach to the upper bill, as opposed to the nostrils on the albatross which are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates.
The birds produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus, and is used against predators, as well as providing an energy rich food source for chicks, and for the adults during their long flights.{{cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds) |encyclopedia=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia |publisher=Gale Group |location=Farmington Hills, MI |last=Double |first=M. C. |others=Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator |editor1-last=Hutchins |editor1-first=Michael |edition=2nd |volume=8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins |pages=107–111 |isbn=0-7876-5784-0 |editor2-first=Jerome A. |editor2-last=Jackson |editor3-first=Walter J. |editor3-last=Bock |editor4-first=Donna |editor4-last=Olendorf}} They also have a salt gland above the nasal passage which excretes a high saline solution from their nose, helping to desalinate their bodies, due to the large quantity of ocean water that they imbibe. It.{{cite book |last1=Ehrlich |first1=Paul R. |url=https://archive.org/details/birdershandbookf00ehrl_0 |title=The Birders Handbook |last2=Dobkin |first2=David, S. |last3=Wheye |first3=Darryl |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1988 |isbn=0-671-65989-8 |edition=First |location=New York, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/birdershandbookf00ehrl_0/page/29 29]–31 |url-access=registration}}
Description
File:Prion turtur, Soland. Dove-Petrel. "Whiroia.".jpg
The fairy prion is around {{cvt|25|cm}} in length, with a wingspan of {{cvt|56|cm}}. The plumage is blue-grey on its upperparts with a dark "M" extending to the wingtips. The tail is wedge-shaped with a dark tip. The underparts are mostly white. It has a pale blue bill with blue legs and feet. The sexes are alike. In appearance, it is very similar to the fulmar prion (Pachyptila crassirostris), and the two species cannot be distinguished at sea.{{cite book | year=1990 | chapter=Pachyptila turtur Fairy Prion | editor1-last=Marchant | editor1-first=S. | editor2-last=Higgins | editor2-first=P.G. | title=Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part A, Ratites to petrels | location=Melbourne, Victoria | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-553068-1 | pages=541–549 | chapter-url=https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/091_Fairy%20Prion.pdf }}
Distribution and habitat
The fairy prion is found throughout oceans and coastal areas in the Southern Hemisphere.{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=C. |author-link1=Colin Harrison (ornithologist) |url=https://archive.org/details/birdsofworld0000harr/page/51 |title=Birds of the World |last2=Greensmith |first2=A. |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=1993 |isbn=1-56458-295-7 |editor1-last=Bunting |editor1-first=E. |location=New York, NY |page=[https://archive.org/details/birdsofworld0000harr/page/51 51]}} Their colonies can be found in the Falklands Isles, the Bass Strait Islands of Australia, the Crozet Isles, as well as the Chatham Islands, the Antipodes Islands, and the Snares Islands of New Zealand amongst many other places.{{Cite web |title=Fairy Prion (Pachyptila turtur) - BirdLife species factsheet |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/fairy-prion-pachyptila-turtur/text |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=datazone.birdlife.org}}
Behavior
=Food and feeding=
The diet consists mainly of planktonic crustaceans and tiny fish, which they catch by either seizing prey while on the surface or by dipping their bill into the water while in flight.{{Cite journal | last=Harper | date=1987 | title=Feeding behaviour and other notes on 20 species of Procellariiformes at sea | journal=Notornis | volume=34 | issue=3 | pages=169–192 | url=https://notornis.osnz.org.nz/feeding-behaviour-and-other-notes-20-species-procellariiformes-sea | access-date=2022-01-19 | archive-date=2022-01-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130121359/https://notornis.osnz.org.nz/feeding-behaviour-and-other-notes-20-species-procellariiformes-sea | url-status=dead }}
=Breeding=
They breed colonially and prefer small islands. Nests are situated in soil, hidden by vegetation, and dug with the bill or feet, or in a hollow in a crevice. When coming back to their nest at night, they will coo softly and listen for their mate.
Conservation
Widespread and common throughout its large range, with an estimated population of 5,000,000, the fairy prion is evaluated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Its range is {{convert|24600000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.BirdLife International (2009)
References
{{Reflist}}
Sources
- {{cite encyclopedia |last=Double | first = M. C. |editor1-first = Michael | editor1-last = Hutchins | editor2-first = Jerome A. | editor2-last = Jackson |editor3-first = Walter J. | editor3-last = Bock | editor4-first = Donna | editor4-last = Olendorf | others = Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator | encyclopedia = Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia | title = Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds) | edition = 2nd | year = 2003 | publisher = Gale Group | volume = 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins | location = Farmington Hills, MI | isbn = 0-7876-5784-0 | pages = 107–111}}
- {{cite book|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Paul R.|last2=Dobkin|first2=David, S.|last3=Wheye|first3=Darryl|title=The Birders Handbook|edition=First|year=1988|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-671-65989-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/birdershandbookf00ehrl_0/page/29 29]–31|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/birdershandbookf00ehrl_0}}
- {{cite book |last1=Gotch | first1 = A. F. | title = Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals | year = 1995 | orig-year = 1979 | publisher = Facts on File | location = New York, NY | isbn = 0-8160-3377-3 | page = 192| chapter = Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels}}
- {{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=C. |last2=Greensmith |author-link1=Colin Harrison (ornithologist) |first2=A. |editor1-first=E. |editor1-last=Bunting |title=Birds of the World |year=1993 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=New York, NY |isbn=1-56458-295-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/birdsofworld0000harr/page/51 51] |url=https://archive.org/details/birdsofworld0000harr/page/51 }}
- {{cite encyclopedia |last=Maynard | first = B. J. |editor1-first = Michael | editor1-last = Hutchins | editor2-first = Jerome A. | editor2-last = Jackson | editor3-first = Walter J. | editor3-last = Bock | editor4-first = Donna | editor4-last = Olendorf | others = Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator | encyclopedia = Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia | title = Shearwaters, petrels, and fulmars (Procellariidae) | edition = 2nd | year = 2003 | publisher = Gale Group | volume = 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins | location = Farmington Hills, MI | isbn = 0-7876-5784-0 | pages = 123–133}}
External links
- [https://ebird.org/species/faipri1 eBird]
- [https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/fairy-prion New Zealand Birds Online]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q601988}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Birds of the Falkland Islands
Category:Birds of the Chatham Islands
Category:Birds of the Indian Ocean
Category:Birds of New South Wales
Category:Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean
Category:Birds of Victoria (state)
Category:Birds of the Campbell Islands
Category:Fauna of the Crozet Islands