Fakhr-ol-dowleh Mosque

{{Short description|Shi'ite mosque in Tehran, Iran; Iran National Heritage List site}}

{{Infobox religious building

| name = Fakhr-ol-dowleh Mosque

| native_name = {{lang|fa|مسجد فخرالدوله}}

| native_name_lang = fa

| image = Fakhr al-Dawla mosque.JPG

| image_upright = 1.4

| caption = Fakhr-ol-dowleh Mosque, with its half-octagonal entrance

| map_type = Tehran

| map_size = 250

| map_relief = 1

| map_caption = Location of the mosque in Tehran

| coordinates = {{coord|35|41|54|N|51|26|14|E|type:landmark_region:IR|display=inline,title}}

| coordinates_footnotes =

| religious_affiliation = Shia Islam

| status = Mosque

| functional_status = Active

| location = Fakhr Mosque Alley and Moshki Street, Darvazeh Shemiran, Tehran, Tehran province

| country = Iran

| heritage_designation = 2004

| architect = Nikolai Markov

| architecture_type = {{nowrap|Mosque architecture}}

| architecture_style = {{ubl|Pahlavi|Qajar|Persian}}

| founded_by = Princess Fakhr-ol-dowleh

| established = 1324 SH; {{AH|1364|link=yes}}

| year_completed = 1328 SH; {{AH|1368}}

| dome_quantity = One {{small|(maybe more)}}

| minaret_quantity = Four

| materials = Bricks; plaster; tiles

| date_demolished =

| module = {{Infobox historic site

| embed = yes

| designation1 = INHL

| designation1_offname = Fakhr-ol-dowleh Mosque

| designation1_type = Built

| designation1_criteria =

| designation1_date = 16 October 2004

| delisted1_date =

| designation1_partof =

| designation1_number = 11205

| designation1_free1name = Conservation organization

| designation1_free1value = Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran

| designation1_free2name =

| designation1_free2value =

| designation1_free3name =

| designation1_free3value =

}}

| footnotes =

}}

The Fakhr-ol-dowleh Mosque ({{Langx|fa|مسجد فخرالدوله}}; {{langx|ar|مسجد فخر الدولة}}){{efn|Also spelled as Fakhr al-Dawla Mosque and Fakhrodoleh Mosque.}} also known as the Fakhr Mosque, originally named as the Amin-ol-dowleh Mosque ({{Langx|fa|مسجد امین‌الدوله}}), is a Shi'ite mosque on Fakhrabad Street in the Shemiran Gate neighborhood of Tehran, in the province of Tehran, Iran.{{cite url |title=City and citizenship |work=hamshahrionline.ir |url=http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/254043/City/identity |date= |access-date= }} The mosque was designed by Nikolai Markov and completed in 1949 CE. Princess Fakhr-ol-Dowleh, a daughter of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar, was the founder of the mosque and named it after her father-in-law, Amin-ol-dowleh. However, the mosque now bears the name of its founder.

Some minor and major changes were made to the building over the years, and some parts of it have been damaged due to the construction in the front of the building, and the passing of subway trains from the nearby Darvazeh Shemiran Metro Station. The mosque was added to the Iran National Heritage List on 16 October 2004, administered by the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran.{{Cite web |last= |date=2004-12-29 |script-title=fa:مسجد فخر تهران در فهرست آثار ملی ثبت شد |trans-title=Fakhr mosque of Tehran has been registered in the National Heritage List |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/9783834/مسجد-فخر-تهران-در-فهرست-آثار-ملی-ثبت-شد |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=IRNA, The Islamic Republic News Agency |lang=fa}}

History

In 1945, Fakhr-ol-Dowleh, who was married to Amin-ol-Dowleh junior, son of Mirza Ali Khan Amin-ol-Dowleh, decided to build a mosque named after Mirza Ali Khan in front of her house. However, the name of the mosque, and the neighborhood it's located in, changed to Fakhr-ol-Dowleh over time.{{Cite web |last=Shabazi |first=Dariush |script-title=fa:مسجد امین‌الدوله (فخرالدوله) |trans-title=Amin al-Dawla mosque (Fakhr al-Dawla) |url=https://www.darioush-shahbazi.com/articles/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87 |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=www.darioush-shahbazi.com |lang=fa-ir }} She appointed Russian architect Nikolai Markov, one of the most notable architects in Iran at the time, to design and build the mosque.{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2018 |script-title=fa:مسجد فخرالدوله یادگاری از زن کاردان قاجار |trans-title=Fakhr al-Dawla mosque, a relic of a deft Qajar woman |url=http://newspaper.hamshahrionline.ir/ |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Hamshahri Online |lang=fa }}{{cite url |url=http://www.chn.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=82938&Serv=0&SGr=0 |title=Tehran Mosque Fakhr |work=CHN.ir |access-date=2015-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111239/http://www.chn.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=82938&Serv=0&SGr=0 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }} Construction of the building took four years to complete.{{Cite web |last=Jafari |first=Mojgan |date=10 March 2019 |script-title=fa:یادگار یک بانوی نیکوکار فخر دروازه شمیران |trans-title=Memorial of a charitable lady, pride of the Shemiran Gate |url=https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/news/213665/یادگار-یک-بانوی-نیکوکار-فخر-دروازه-شمیران |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=The Centre for the Great Islamic Encyclopaedia. Centre for Iranian and Islamic Studies |lang=fa}}

Ayatollah Haj Mirza Khalil Kamarah'i served as imam at the mosque for over thirty years.{{cite journal |author=Jafarian, Rasool |title=Review of attitudes and activities of the late Ayatollah Mirza Khalil Kamareyi |journal=miqat Hajj |date=Winter 1382 |number=46 }}

Architecture

Built during the second Pahlavi era, the mosque design is a combination of the Qajar and Persian architectural styles visible in its original geometry and composition, based on a plan of Byzantine temples.{{cite web |url=https://www.destinationiran.com/visit-tehran-tourist-attractions.htm |title=Tehran: Tourist attractions: Fakhr Mosque |work=Destination Iran |date=2022 |access-date=25 April 2025 }} The building façade consists of bricks and marquetry mosaics and the half-octagonal-shaped entrance has four small minarets on each corner. The main structure consists of a cube-shaped main building with two shabestans inside.{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2014 |script-title=fa:آسیب مترو به گنبد مسجد فخرالدوله |trans-title=Damages from subway to the dome of the Fakhr al-Dawla mosque |url=http://jamejamonline.ir/fa/news/712175 |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Jam-e-Jam Online |lang=fa}} The dome of the building originally wasn't very high; the current taller dome was built in subsequent years. Some parts of the current structure, such as the taller dome, added ayeneh-kari inside the mosque, and the women's section in the front yard, were added to the building later.

= Damage to the building =

In January 2011, a historic building near the Fakhr-ol-Dowleh Mosque, named the Building of Flags, considered the first apartment hotel in Iran, was due to be registered on the National Heritage List. This building was demolished before the registration in order to build a new commercial complex. Part of the construction site for the high-rise complex impinged on the front of the historic mosque, even though construction of structures higher than {{Convert|7|m|ft}} adjacent to registered historic and heritage buildings is forbidden by regulations for the protection of the cultural heritage in Iran.{{Cite web |date=2011-01-10 |script-title=fa:تخریب کامل ساختمان تاریخی پرچم دروازه شمیران تا پایان هفته |trans-title=Complete demolition of the historic Building of Flags in Shemiran Gate by the end of the week |url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/1228140/تخریب-کامل-ساختمان-تاریخی-پرچم-دروازه-شمیران-تا-پایان-هفته |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Mehr News Agency |lang=fa}}

Also, subway trains pass under the mosque every two minutes. The tremors caused by passing trains have cracked the dome of the mosque, and some mosaics on the facade have fallen off the walls.{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2016 |script-title=fa:مسجدی هم سطح با عالی قاپوی اصفهان/نفس موقوفه "فخرالدوله" به شماره افتاد |trans-title=mosque on the same level as Isfahan's Ālī Qāpū/The breath of the "Fakhr al-Dawla" endowment is numbered |url=http://www.shabestan.ir/ |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Shabestan News Agency |lang=fa |archive-date=2021-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914082805/http://shabestan.ir/ |url-status=dead}}