Fall of Hatra

{{Infobox military conflict

| conflict = Siege of Hatra

| width =

| partof = the Second Mesopotamian campaign of Ardashir I

| image = File:Hatra ruins.jpg

| image_size = 300

| alt =

| caption = The ruins of Hatra

| date = 240 – April 241 AD

| place = Hatra, northern Mesopotamia

| coordinates = {{coord|35|35|17|N|42|43|6|E|display=inline}}

| map_type =

| map_relief =

| map_size =

| map_marksize =

| map_caption =

| map_label =

| territory = Kingdom of Hatra dissolved

| result = {{ublist|Sasanian victory}}

| status =

| combatant1 = Sasanian Empire

| combatant2 = Kingdom of Hatra
Support:
Roman Empire

| commander1 = Ardashir I or Shapur I

| commander2 = Sanatruq II{{KIA}}

| strength1 =

| strength2 =

| casualties1 =

| casualties2 =

| notes =

| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Roman–Persian Wars}}{{Template:Campaignbox Roman–Sassanid Wars}}{{Campaignbox Crisis of the Third Century}}

}}

The fall of Hatra, capital of the Kingdom of Hatra under Sanatruq II, took place in the 3rd century after a lengthy siege by the Sasanian king Shapur I. Hatra was plundered and abandoned, and its kingdom dissolved.

Background

During the Roman-Persian Wars, the Kingdom of Hatra was a buffer state between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire, and the dynasty was mostly under influence of the latter. Its capital city Hatra was strongly fortified, and managed to repulse sieges by Roman emperors Trajan (in 117 AD) and Septimius Severus (in 193 and 197 AD). During the reign of Sanatruq II, the kingdom expanded, and as the Parthian Empire was succeeded by the Sasanian Empire, Hatra shifted its loyalty and became a vassal kingdom of the Romans. The Sasanian king Ardashir I unsuccessfully besieged the city in 220s. Latin dedications from the year 235 in Hatra's ruins suggest there was presence of Roman army in the city in that period.{{cite web |last1=Schmitt |first1=Rüdiger |title=HATRA |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hatra |website=www.iranicaonline.org |publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=16 March 2019}}

Siege and aftermath

Modern sources put the date of Hatra's fall in 240–241 AD (or April 241 AD) per the newly discovered document Cologne Mani Codex (18.2-8), which is the year that Ardashir I crowned his son Shapur I as the co-regent. Either of these may have conquered Hatra. The siege took one year,{{cite book |last1=Ibrāhīm |first1=Jābir Khalīl |title=Pre-Islamic settlement in Jazirah |date=1986 |publisher=Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Culture & Information, State Organization of Antiquities & Heritage |page=107 |language=en}} or two years, according to al-Tabari.{{cite book |last1=Edwell |first1=Peter |title=Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134095735 |page=168 |language=en}}

After the city's conquest, it was plundered, its fortifications were destroyed, the city was deserted and never resettled, and the Kingdom of Hatra was disestablished.{{cite book |title=Mid East |date=1967 |publisher=American Friends of the Middle East |page=56 |volume=7 |language=en}} In 363, Ammianus Marcellinus passed by Hatra together with the Roman army and has described it as an "old city situated in an uninhabited area and deserted for a long time past".

The fall of Hatra is described in medieval Arabic and Persian traditions via stories that mix facts and fiction. The legend tells of the Hatrene princess al-Nadirah who betrayed the city to Shapur I after falling in love with him.

The Sasanian capture of Hatra is thought to be the cause of the Persian war of Gordian III.{{cite web |last1=Wiesehöfer |first1=Joseph |author-link1=Joseph Wiesehöfer |title=ARDAŠĪR I i. History |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-i |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |date=11 August 2011}}

Fall of Hatra

Background

Siege and aftermath

References

Further reading