Family resemblance (anthropology)
{{Short description|Physical and psychological similarities shared between close relatives}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2017}}
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Family resemblance refers to physical similarities shared between close relatives, especially between parents and children and between siblings.[http://www.abroadintheyard.com/dna-family-resemblance-across-generations/ Who Do You Look Like? DNA and Family Resemblance Across Generations] In psychology, the similarities of personality are also observed.
Genetics
Heritability, defined as a measure of family resemblance, causes traits to be genetically passed from parents to offspring (heredity), allowing evolutionarily advantageous traits to persist through generations.{{cite journal | vauthors = Dolinska B | title = Resemblance and investment in children | language = fr | journal = International Journal of Psychology | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | pages = 285–90 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 22385106 | doi = 10.1080/00207594.2011.645482 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Tremblay BL, Guénard F, Lamarche B, Pérusse L, Vohl MC | title = Familial resemblances in human whole blood transcriptome | journal = BMC Genomics | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 300 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29703154 | pmc = 5921553 | doi = 10.1186/s12864-018-4698-6 | doi-access = free }}{{cite book | vauthors = Bochud M | chapter = Estimating Heritability from Nuclear Family and Pedigree Data | title = Statistical Human Genetics | series = Methods in Molecular Biology | volume = 850 | pages = 171–86 | date = 2012 | pmid = 22307699 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-61779-555-8_10 | isbn = 978-1-61779-554-1 }}{{cite book | title = The Princeton Guide to Evolution|last=Brodie|first=Edmond | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2014 |pages=221–229}} Despite sharing parents, siblings do not inherit identical genes, making studies on identical twins (who have identical DNA) especially effective at analyzing the role genetics play in phenotypic similarity.{{cite journal | vauthors = Plomin R, Daniels D | title = Why are children in the same family so different from one another? | journal = International Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 563–82 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21807642 | pmc = 3147063 | doi = 10.1093/ije/dyq148 }} Studies have found that generational resemblance of many phenotypic traits results from the inheritance of multiples genes that collectively influence a trait (additive genetic variance).{{cite journal | vauthors = Polderman TJ, Benyamin B, de Leeuw CA, Sullivan PF, van Bochoven A, Visscher PM, Posthuma D | title = Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies | language = En | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 47 | issue = 7 | pages = 702–9 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25985137 | doi = 10.1038/ng.3285 | s2cid = 205349969 | url = https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:364460/UQ364460_OA.pdf }} There is evidence of heritability in personality traits. For example, one study found that approximately half of personality differences in high-school aged fraternal and identical twins were due to genetic variation - and another study suggests that no one personality trait is more heritable than another.{{Cite journal|last1=Ahern|first1=Frank M.|last2=Johnson|first2=Ronald C.|last3=Wilson|first3=James R.|last4=McClearn|first4=Gerald E.|last5=Vandenberg|first5=Steven G. | name-list-style = vanc |date= May 1982 |title=Family resemblances in personality |journal=Behavior Genetics|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=261–280|doi=10.1007/bf01067847|pmid=6889860|s2cid=37381242|issn=0001-8244}}
Environment
Family resemblance is also shaped by environmental factors, temperature, light, nutrition, exposure to drugs, the time that different family members spend in shared and non-shared environments, are examples of factors found to influence phenotype.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/environmental-influences-on-gene-expression-536|title=Environmental Influences on Gene Expression {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable|website=www.nature.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-09}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Plomin R, Daniels D | title = Why are children in the same family so different from one another? | journal = International Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 563–82 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21807642 | doi = 10.1093/ije/dyq148 | pmc = 3147063 }}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |title=Evolutionary Theory: Fringe or Central to Psychological Science|last=Sulikowski|first=Danielle | name-list-style = vanc |date=2016-08-08|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|isbn=9782889199204}} Phenotypes found to be largely environmentally determined in humans include personality, height, and weight.{{Cite journal|last=Eysenck|first=H. J.|date= March 1990 |title=Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Individual Differences: The Three Major Dimensions of Personality |journal=Journal of Personality |volume=58|issue=1|pages=245–261|doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00915.x |pmid=23750379}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-are-we-getting-taller/|title=Why are we getting taller as a species?|work=Scientific American|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en}}{{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/human-height|title=Human Height|journal=Our World in Data|date=8 October 2013|access-date=2018-08-09|last1=Roser|first1=Max|author1-link=Max Roser |last2=Appel|first2=Cameron|last3=Ritchie|first3=Hannah |author3-link=Hannah Ritchie }} Twin studies have shown that more than half of the variation in a few major aspects of personality are environmentally determined, and that environmental factors even affect traits like immune response and how children handle stress.{{cite journal | vauthors = Sirota M, Willemsen G, Sundar P, Pitts SJ, Potluri S, Prifti E, Kennedy S, Ehrlich SD, Neuteboom J, Kluft C, Malone KE, Cox DR, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI | title = Effect of genome and environment on metabolic and inflammatory profiles | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = e0120898 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25853885 | pmc = 4390246 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0120898 | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1020898S | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Schreiber JE, Shirtcliff E, Van Hulle C, Lemery-Chalfant K, Klein MH, Kalin NH, Essex MJ, Goldsmith HH | title = Environmental influences on family similarity in afternoon cortisol levels: twin and parent-offspring designs | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 1131–7 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 16997489 | pmc = 2754130 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.07.005 }} Additionally, anomalous findings, such as second-degree relatives of alcoholics, showing surprising similarities to them have led some researchers’ attempts in generating better models that account for the environmental impacts on influences like cultural inheritance, family structure and head of household, which have been shown to influence family resemblance.{{cite journal | vauthors = Cloninger CR, Rice J, Reich T | title = Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. III. Family structure and the analysis of separation experiments | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 366–88 | date = May 1979 | pmid = 572636 | pmc = 1685778 }}
See also
References
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Bibliography
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- {{cite journal | vauthors = Rao DC, Morton NE, Yee S | title = Analysis of family resemblance. II. A linear model for familial correlation | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 331–59 | date = May 1974 | pmid = 4857114 | pmc = 1762612 }}
- {{cite journal | vauthors = Slatis HM, Hoene RE | title = The Effect of Consanguinity on the Distribution of Continuously Variable-Characteristics | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = 1 Pt 1 | pages = 28–31 | date = March 1961 | pmid = 17948464 | pmc = 1932098 }}
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