Fare capping

File:Canary Wharf Elizabeth line gateline.jpg, London. Transport for London introduced fare capping for Oyster card users in 2005.]]

Fare capping enables public transport passengers to pay the lowest possible fare for their trips over a period of time. Passengers pay a single-ride fare for each trip they take. Depending on the public transport system, this may be with a proprietary stored-value card, or passengers may use their own credit or debit card. The passenger pays the full fare for each trip within a period, such as a day or a week, until a certain threshold is met. This threshold may be a certain number of trips, or a monetary value. After the threshold is met, all rides for the rest of the period are free or discounted.{{Rp|page=5}} This cap is often equivalent to the price of the comparable unlimited pass.{{Rp|page=380}}

Fare capping is often presented in contrast to unlimited-ride passes, which are offered by many transport operators. Passes are favored by commuters and other frequent public transport users, who benefit from having unlimited access to public transport services. Infrequent users of public transport services may not know if they will ride enough to need a pass, and some frequent riders may not be able to afford the upfront cost.{{Rp|page=9}}

Fare capping eliminates the need to purchase passes in advance, and offers passengers the best price on their trips regardless of how often they ride. This benefits infrequent passengers, who may be incentivized to make more trips using public transport because they will always pay the lowest price. Fare capping also benefits transport operators, who can simplify the way they sell tickets and passes.{{Cite conference |last1=Chalabianlou |first1=Reza |last2=Lawrence |first2=Adam |last3=Baxter |first3=Brian |date=2015 |title=A review and assessment of fare capping as a passenger incentive mechanism for Australia and New Zealand |url=https://australasiantransportresearchforum.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/ATRF2015_Resubmission_253.pdf |conference=Australasian Transport Research Forum}}{{Rp|page=8}}

File:Tripperpas-2.JPG

An early implementation of fare capping was launched in 2000 in Groningen, the Netherlands, on Arriva buses. The Tripperpas used contactless smart card technology from Motorola and ERG Group, and introduced a number of new features. The Tripperpas was set up as a line of credit, where passengers were billed for the rides they took at the end of every month. Fare capping on the Tripperpas was advertised as the "best price guarantee," billing passengers for only up to the cost of the equivalent Sterabonnement season ticket.{{Cite journal |last=Cheung |first=Francis |date=2004-01-01 |title=Tripperpas Smart Card Project: Lessons from the Netherlands |journal=Transportation Research Record |volume=1887 |issue=1 |pages=147–152 |doi=10.3141/1887-17 |issn=0361-1981 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite web |date=1999-07-12 |title=Motorola to test smart card in Netherlands |url=https://www.atmmarketplace.com/news/motorola-to-test-smart-card-in-netherlands/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |work=ATM Marketplace}}

At the conclusion of its 2-year trial, the Tripperpas system was shut down, with only 4,000 cards in use, of the 11,000 cards planned to be issued. The fare capping feature was not advertised well, and some passengers believed that fares would actually be higher than the single-ride Strippenkaart tickets that the system sought to replace. The successor to the Strippenkaart and Sterabonnement tickets, the OV-chipkaart, was introduced in 2005 without fare capping.{{Cite web |last=Balaban |first=Dan |date=2023-01-27 |title=Dutch National Rail Operator to Launch Open-Loop Payments as Part of Nationwide Rollout in Netherlands |url=https://www.mobility-payments.com/2023/01/27/dutch-national-rail-operator-to-launch-open-loop-payments-as-part-of-nationwide-rollout-in-netherlands/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |work=Mobility Payments}}

The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority in Washington, D.C. proposed a fare capping program in 2003, shortly after the introduction of the SmarTrip fare card. WMATA concluded that it could implement fare capping on Metrobus services, which charge a flat fare, but that the distance-based fares of the Washington Metro posed a larger challenge. The technology and marketing for Washington Metro fare capping were both deemed to be too complex, and the proposal was abandoned.{{Cite book |last1=Pettine |first1=Amy |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/26510 |title=Fare Capping: Balancing Revenue and Equity Impacts |last2=Rosenblum |first2=Eryn |last3=Manford |first3=Brian |date=2022-02-25 |publisher=Transportation Research Board |series=TCRP Synthesis 160 |location=Washington, D.C. |doi=10.17226/26510 |access-date=2023-12-24 |doi-access=free|isbn=978-0-309-29546-8 }}{{Rp|page=11}}

The first large-scale implementation of fare capping was in 2005, by Transport for London.{{Cite journal |last1=Hightower |first1=Ashley |last2=Ziedan |first2=Abubakr |last3=Crossland |first3=Cassidy |last4=Brakewood |first4=Candace |date=2022-10-01 |title=Current Practices and Potential Rider Benefits of Fare Capping Policies in the U.S.A. |journal=Transportation Research Record |volume=2676 |issue=10 |pages=376–390 |doi=10.1177/03611981221089572 |issn=0361-1981 |doi-access=free }}{{Rp|page=377}} At its introduction, fare capping in London was available for Oyster card users only, and was valid on local services including the Underground and buses. The price cap for Oyster card users was set at the price of an equivalent one-day, unlimited-ride Travelcard.{{Cite press release |last= |first= |date=2005-02-16 |title=World first as daily price capping on Oyster Pre Pay brings benefits to passengers |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2005/february/world-first-as-daily-price-capping-on-oyster-pre-pay-brings-benefits-to-passengers |access-date=2023-12-24 |publisher=Transport for London}} TfL has expanded its fare capping system since its introduction, adding 7-day caps and contactless bank card support in 2014.{{Rp|page=11}}

Another early implementation of fare capping in Europe is in Dublin, starting in 2012. The Dublin fare capping system, using the TFI Leap Card, was expanded to the entire Dublin transport network beginning in 2013. Trips on Dublin Bus, Luas, and Iarnród Éireann services are covered.{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Determination order for the introduction of Leap card multi-operator (Dublin Bus, Iarnród Éireann and Luas) daily and weekly capping rates |url=https://www.nationaltransport.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Leap-Card-Multi-Operator-Capping1.pdf |access-date=2023-12-26 |publisher=National Transport Authority}}{{Rp|page=11}}File:MTA Launches OMNY Help Desk on First Day of Fare-Capping Pilot (51910049018).jpg promoting fare capping with OMNY, making a humorous comparison between fare capping users and "commitment phobes"]]In the United States, two early examples are AC Transit and the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, both in the San Francisco Bay Area, in 2012 and 2014 respectively.{{Rp|page=379}} AC Transit and VTA operate in the same region, and both use the Clipper card, but their fares and fare caps are separate.{{Cite web |last=Fleisher |first=Arielle |date=2019-05-07 |title=Solving the Bay Area's Fare Policy Problem |url=https://www.spur.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/SPUR_Solving_the_Bay_Area%27s_Fare_Policy_Problem.pdf |access-date=2023-12-26 |work=SPUR |page=35}}

In the early 2020s, fare capping has been introduced by the two largest transit agencies in the United States,{{Cite web |date=January 2023 |title=2022 Public Transportation Fact Book |url=https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/APTA-2022-Public-Transportation-Fact-Book.pdf |website=American Public Transportation Association |page=32}} the New York MTA and Los Angeles Metro. In New York, a weekly fare cap is available for OMNY and contactless bank card users, for trips on the Subway and most MTA buses.{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Fare cap |url=https://omny.info/faq/fare-cap |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=OMNY}}{{Cite web |last=Nessen |first=Stephen |date=2023-09-07 |title=MTA eases rules for 'fare capping' on NYC subways, buses |url=https://gothamist.com/news/mta-eases-rules-for-fare-capping-on-nyc-subways-buses |access-date=2023-12-26 |work=Gothamist}} In Los Angeles, a daily and weekly fare cap is available exclusively for TAP card users on Metro Bus and Metro Rail services.{{Cite web |date=2023-06-01 |title=Our new simpler fares began July 1 |url=https://thesource.metro.net/2023/06/01/our-new-simpler-fares-begin-on-saturday-july-1/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |work=The Source |publisher=Los Angeles Metro}}

Fare capping takes advantage of the advanced capabilities of automated fare collection systems. Since the first major implementation of fare capping in London in 2005, technology has matured significantly, leading to reduced costs.{{Rp|page=377}} This maturity has allowed the expansion of fare capping to smaller operators, using mobile apps in addition to contactless smart cards.{{Cite web |last=Descant |first=Skip |date=2023-08-07 |title=Fare Capping Is Being Adopted by Transit Agencies of All Sizes |url=https://www.govtech.com/fs/fare-capping-is-being-adopted-by-transit-agencies-of-all-sizes |access-date=2023-12-24 |work=Governing}}

The Oyster card, the first major implementation of fare capping, uses MIFARE smart cards with proprietary programming, with equipment connected to proprietary back-office systems. The Oyster card began to support fare capping in 2005, 7 years after the system's initial design began in 1998.{{Cite web |last=Balaban |first=Dan |date=2020-01-01 |title=Oyster Card Here to Stay Despite Strong Growth of Contactless Fare Payments in London |url=https://www.mobility-payments.com/2020/01/01/oyster-card-here-to-stay-despite-strong-growth-of-contactless-fare-payments-in-london/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Mobility Payments |language=en-US}}

In contrast, contemporary payment systems supporting fare capping are available as commercial off-the-shelf systems. These systems provide multiple components of an integrated fare payment system, including mobile apps, smart cards, card readers, and payment processing services. Multiple vendors provide these types of systems as white-label products, which have the transport operator's own branding applied. Examples of such systems include Umo by Cubic Transportation Systems,{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=About Umo Fare Capping |url=https://support.umomobility.com/hc/en-us/articles/360060059854-About-Umo-Fare-Capping- |access-date=2023-12-29 |work=Umo Rider Help Center |publisher=Cubic Transportation Systems}} Justride by Masabi,{{Cite web |title=Justride: The Platform Your Riders Will Love |url=https://www.masabi.com/justride-the-platform-riders-love/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |work=Masabi}} and MOBILEvario by INIT.{{Cite web |last=Scharff |first=Julie |date=2022-08-15 |title=Fare Capping Is Ushering in the Future of Commuting |url=https://www.metro-magazine.com/10178668/fare-capping-is-ushering-in-the-future-of-commuting |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Metro Magazine}}

An example of this technology's maturity is the installation of a new fare system on the Milwaukee County Transit System in Wisconsin, USA. The WisGo payment system, powered by Cubic's Umo, was implemented in under two years, despite delays.{{Cite web |last=Bentley |first=Drake |date=2023-04-01 |title=Here is how the new MCTS fare system works — called WisGo |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/2023/04/01/new-mcts-fare-system-wisgo-milwaukee-buses/70054299007/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel}}

Fare capping is frequently cited as a method to improve the social equity of transport fares.{{Cite book |last=Higashide |first=Steven |url= |title=Better Buses, Better Cities: How to Plan, Run, and Win the Fight for Effective Transit |date=2019 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-64283-015-6 |location=Washington, DC |pages=83–85 |access-date=}}{{Rp|page=9}} A 2022 poll of United States transport operators concluded that in addition to improving equity in transit fares, fare capping can also reduce transport operators' expenses in handling cash, and can contribute to an easier experience for passengers.{{Rp|page=42}}

Fares, and fare capping, can be used by transport operators to influence their passengers' behavior, and therefore the ridership of their services. A 2020 behavioral economics analysis in Vancouver, British Columbia argued that transport operators must carefully consider their messaging around fare capping, as it can have significant positive or negative impacts on behavior.{{Cite journal |last=Byfuglien |first=Andrea |date=2020 |title=Encouraging sustainable transportation through behavioural insights |url=https://sustain.ubc.ca/about/resources/encouraging-sustainable-transportation-through-behavioural-insights-study-assess |journal=UBC Sustainability Scholars Reports |access-date=2023-12-26}}

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Category:Fare collection systems