Fauna and Flora International

{{Infobox organization

| name = Fauna & Flora

| former name = Fauna and Flora Preservation Society, Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire, Fauna & Flora International

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| formation = {{Start date|1903}}

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| type = INGO

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| headquarters = Cambridge

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| region_served = Africa, Asia-Pacific, Central America, Caribbean, Eurasia

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| leader_title = Chairman

| leader_name = Liz Rogers

| leader_title2 = Chief Executive

| leader_name2 = Kristian Teleki{{Cite web|url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/fauna-flora-announces-appointment-of-new-ceo/|title=Fauna & Flora announces appointment of new CEO - Fauna & Flora International}}

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| key_people = Edward Buxton, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands, David Attenborough

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| website = {{url|www.fauna-flora.org}}

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Fauna & Flora is an international nature conservation charity and non-governmental organization based in the United Kingdom.

Founded as the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire, the society created some of the first game reserves and captive breeding programmes during the 20th century. The society's peer-reviewed scientific journal, now known as Oryx, has been publishing conservation science articles since 1904.

Fauna & Flora International is constituted under English law as a company limited by guaranteeRegistered Company Number 2677068 and is a registered charity with its head office in Cambridge.{{EW charity|1011102}} FFI has sister organisations in the U.S. and Australia, and a subsidiary in Singapore. FFI focuses on capacity building, community-based approaches and marine conservation.

FFI has a long history of royal patronage dating back to Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII), who became the group's patron in 1928.[https://www.fauna-flora.org/about/our-patron/ Our Patron], Fauna and Flora International (accessed March 14, 2019). Queen Elizabeth II was FFI's patron for 68 years after her ascension to the throne{{cite news |last1=Neslen |first1=Arthur |title=The Queen and David Attenborough urged to cut ties with charity linked to Finland mining plans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/17/the-queen-and-david-attenborough-urged-to-cut-ties-with-charity-linked-to-finland-mining-plans |work=The Guardian |date=17 August 2016 }} until this was delegated to Prince William, Duke of Cambridge in October 2020 to align with his "longstanding work around conservation and support for communities protecting their natural environment for future generations."{{Cite web|last=Adam.Vallance|date=2020-10-19|title=New wildlife conservation Patronages announced for The Duke of Cambridge|url=https://www.royal.uk/new-wildlife-conservation-patronages-announced-duke-cambridge|access-date=2020-10-19|website=The Royal Family|language=en}} Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands is FFI's current president.{{Cite web|title=People {{!}} Fauna & Flora International|url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/people|access-date=2020-09-19|website=www.fauna-flora.org|language=en}}

History

The Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire was founded as a private organization in 1903 as by a group made up of members of the British aristocracy and American statesmen in colonies in Africa.{{cite journal |last1=Cockerill |first1=Kasmira A. |last2=Hagerman |first2=Shannon M. |title=Historical insights for understanding the emergence of community-based conservation in Kenya: international agendas, colonial legacies, and contested worldviews |journal=Ecology and Society |date=2020 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=art15 |doi=10.5751/ES-11409-250215 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Roderick P |title=Dukes, Earls, and Ersatz Edens: Aristocratic Nature Preservationists in Colonial Africa |journal=Environment and Planning D: Society and Space |date=February 1996 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=79–98 |doi=10.1068/d140079 |bibcode=1996EnPlD..14...79N |s2cid=145766282 }} A central founding figure was Edward Buxton, who had previously sought to protect areas of the UK.{{cite journal |last1=Prendergast |first1=David K. |last2=Adams |first2=William M. |title=Colonial wildlife conservation and the origins of the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire (1903–1914) |journal=Oryx |date=April 2003 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=251–260 |doi=10.1017/S0030605303000425 |doi-access=free }} The goal of the society was to safeguard the future of southern Africa's large mammal populations, which had declined due to over-hunting and habitat encroachment, within game reserves. From 1903 to 1914, the society lobbied the British colonial government to protect areas of natural resources, control the ivory trade and change the policy of exterminating wildlife to control tsetse flies. The Society played a major part in legislation which controlled hunting and preserved habitat in East Africa and South Africa, paving the way for the formation of some of the first National Parks and influencing the future of nature conservation. Modern scholars have characterised these early efforts as extensions of colonialism.{{cite journal |last1=Mkumbukwa |first1=Abdallah R |title=The evolution of wildlife conservation policies in Tanzania during the colonial and post-independence periods |journal=Development Southern Africa |date=December 2008 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=589–600 |doi=10.1080/03768350802447875 |s2cid=153390489 |doi-access=free }} Kruger National Park in South Africa, Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, and several game reserves in Kenya, among others, were first established through the work of the Society.

File:Reem-Lavan001.jpg refer to the Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), in reference to successful reintroduction campaigns led by the society.]]

The society also pioneered the practice of captive breeding and species reintroduction. In response to the extinction of the Arabian oryx, Operation Oryx in collaboration with Phoenix Zoo during the 1960s and with follow-up during subsequent decades successfully re-established wild populations in Oman, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.{{cite journal |last1=Fitter |first1=Richard |title=Operation Oryx—the success continues |journal=Oryx |date=July 1984 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=136–137 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300018962 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Grimwood |first1=Ian. R. |title=Operation Oryx: The Three Stages of Captive Breeding |journal=Oryx |date=September 1967 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=110–118 |doi=10.1017/S003060530000613X |doi-access=free }} The practice of captive breeding and release first pioneered during Operation Oryx are now widely used in conservation initiatives.

The society was renamed the Fauna Preservation Society before being renamed Fauna and Flora Preservation Society in 1981 and finally to Fauna and Flora International in 1995.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Modern activities

In addition to global headquarters in the David Attenborough Building in Cambridge, FFI coordinates conservation programmes in countries across the Caribbean, Central America, Africa, Eurasia and the Asia-Pacific.

The society's scientific journal – Oryx – The International Journal of Conservation – is published on its behalf by Cambridge University Press.{{cite web | url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/publications/oryx-international-journal-conservation/ | title=Oryx—The International Journal of Conservation }} Since 2008, FFI has also published the Cambodian Journal of Natural History,{{Cite web|title=Cambodian Journal of Natural History {{!}} Fauna & Flora International|url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/publications/cambodian-journal-natural-history|access-date=2020-09-18|website=www.fauna-flora.org|language=en}} the first peer-reviewed journal in Cambodia, in partnership with the Royal University of Phnom Penh.

FFI established the Mountain Gorilla Project in Rwanda in 1979 at the request of David Attenborough following the broadcast of Life on Earth.{{Cite web |date=11 December 2019 |title=Attenborough at the double – Twin landmarks for FFI's greatest ambassador {{!}} Fauna & Flora International |url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/attenborough-double-twin-landmarks-ffis-greatest-ambassador |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.fauna-flora.org |language=en}} It is now known as the International Gorilla Conservation Programme and is run jointly with the World Wide Fund for Nature.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=History {{!}} International Gorilla Conservation Project|url=http://igcp.org/about/history/}}

In Portugal, FFI works with Liga para a Proteção da Natureza on the reintroduction of the Iberian lynx.{{Cite web|title=Supporting the reintroduction of the Iberian lynx in Portugal |url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-reintroduction-iberian-lynx-portugal |website=Fauna & Flora International}}

In 2004, FFI facilitated the purchase of a former colonial cattle ranch in Kenya and conversion into Ol Pejeta Conservancy, a wildlife sanctuary for black rhinoceros and other rare megafauna.{{Cite web|title=Our story |url=https://www.olpejetaconservancy.org/about-us/our-story/ |website=Ol Pejeta Conservancy}} FFI also works to reduce human–elephant conflict through working with farmers.{{cite journal |last1=Sitati |first1=N. W. |last2=Walpole |first2=M. J. |last3=Leader-Williams |first3=N. |title=Factors affecting susceptibility of farms to crop raiding by African elephants: using a predictive model to mitigate conflict: Mitigating crop raiding by African elephants |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |date=December 2005 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1175–1182 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01091.x |doi-access=free }}

In 2000, an FFI-led expedition in the Cardamom Mountains in Cambodia led to the rediscovery of the critically endangered Siamese crocodile in the wild, previously thought extinct. Since then, FFI established and continues to run a captive breeding and release program at Phnom Tamao Wildlife Rescue Centre that has increased the wild population.{{Cite web|date=2020-02-19|title=Record number of baby Siamese crocodiles found in Cambodian wild|url=https://southeastasiaglobe.com/baby-siamese-crocs-found-in-cambodia/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Southeast Asia Globe|language=en-US}} In 2009, FFI, Cambodian authorities and Wildlife Alliance coordinated a crackdown on illegal sassafras oil production, a prerequisite for recreational drug MDMA, in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary in response to its role in deforestation and the harvesting of the critically endangered Cinnamomum parthenoxylon.{{Cite web|date=2009-02-25|title=Cambodian 'ecstasy oil' factories destroyed by international environmental agency|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/feb/25/ecstasy-cambodia|access-date=2020-09-20|website=The Guardian|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Latest raid on 'Ecstasy Oil Factories' in Cambodia {{!}} Fauna & Flora International|url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/latest-raid-on-ecstasy-oil-factories-in-cambodia|access-date=2020-09-20|website=www.fauna-flora.org|date=15 December 2009 |language=en}} This operation is thought to have significantly disrupted the ecstasy market worldwide.{{Cite web|last=Reed|first=Jim|date=2010-06-20|title=Ecstasy 'disappearing' from British clubs|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/10353130/ecstasy-disappearing-from-british-clubs|access-date=2020-09-20|website=BBC Newsbeat|language=en-GB}} FFI also coordinates a master's degree in biodiversity conservation in partnership with the Royal University of Phnom Penh.{{Cite journal|last=Soute|first=Nicholas J.|date=Apr–Jun 2014|title=Building a capacity for conservation: Fauna and Flora International's University capacity building project|url=http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=491920257822345;res=IELAPA|journal=AQ - Australian Quarterly|language=EN|volume=85|issue=2|pages=9}}{{Cite web|title=Royal University of Phnom Penh {{!}} Fauna & Flora International|url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/approaches/conservation-capacity/royal-university-phnom-penh|access-date=2020-09-18|website=www.fauna-flora.org|language=en}} Cambodia designated its first marine protected area around Koh Rong in 2016 following several years of collaboration with FFI and other partners.{{Cite web|date=2016-06-24|title=Cambodia declares first-ever marine protected area|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2016/06/cambodia-declares-first-ever-marine-protected-area/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US}}

In the Carpathian Mountains of Romania, FFI works to reduce poaching of bears and wolves by reducing conflict between farmers and wildlife.{{Cite web|date=2020-07-04|title=How Fauna & Flora International turned to a sheepdog to protect bears and wolves|url=https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/news/how-fauna-flora-international-turned-to-a-sheepdog-to-protect-bears-and-wolves-9115244/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Cambridge Independent|language=en}}

FFI began work in Myanmar in 2008. In 2010, a research team including FFI described the Myanmar snub-nosed monkey, a new species.{{Cite web|date=2010-10-30|title=FFI discovers new species of snub-nosed monkey {{!}} News {{!}} Fauna & Flora International|url=http://www.fauna-flora.org/news-FFI-discovers-new-species-of-snub-nosed-monkey.php|access-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030074451/http://www.fauna-flora.org/news-FFI-discovers-new-species-of-snub-nosed-monkey.php|archive-date=2010-10-30}}{{cite journal |last1=Geissmann |first1=Thomas |last2=Lwin |first2=Ngwe |last3=Aung |first3=Saw Soe |last4=Aung |first4=Thet Naing |last5=Aung |first5=Zin Myo |last6=Hla |first6=Tony Htin |last7=Grindley |first7=Mark |last8=Momberg |first8=Frank |title=A new species of snub-nosed monkey, genus Rhinopithecus Milne-Edwards, 1872 (Primates, Colobinae), from northern Kachin state, northeastern Myanmar |journal=American Journal of Primatology |date=January 2011 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=96–107 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20894 |pmid=20981682 |s2cid=467234 }} FFI also conducts sea turtle conservation.{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Robert |last2=Myint |first2=Ko |last3=Maw |first3=Phone |last4=Zaw |first4=Phone |last5=Tiwari |first5=Manjula |title=Improving marine turtle conservation in Myanmar |journal=Oryx |date=July 2019 |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=409 |id={{ProQuest|2248187461}} |doi=10.1017/S0030605319000383 |s2cid=198263980 |doi-access=free }} In 2018, The Guardian published an article claiming that FFI was embroiled in a row with ethnic Karen people in Myanmar and indigenous rights groups over plans to protect up to 800,000 acres of pristine forest from poachers, loggers and palm oil companies. The initiative was seen as potentially displacing villages from ancestral lands without free, prior and informed consent, and having the potential to jeopardise a ceasefire agreement between the Myanmar government and the Karen National Union, which could lead to further conflict in the area.{{cite news |last1=Carroll |first1=Joshua |title=Displaced villagers in Myanmar at odds with UK charity over land conservation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/nov/02/displaced-villagers-myanmar-at-odds-with-uk-charity-over-land-conservation-tanintharyi |work=The Guardian |date=2 November 2018 }} FFI responded by asserting that indigenous people are "at the heart" of their work and that any protected area boundaries will not be decided without free, prior and informed consent.{{Cite web|title='Ridge to reef' conservation in Tanintharyi {{!}} Fauna & Flora International|url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/ridge-reef-conservation-tanintharyi|access-date=2020-10-28|website=www.fauna-flora.org|language=en}} In 2020, FFI were involved in the description of another new primate species, Trachypithecus popa, from Myanmar. There are thought to be around 200 individuals remaining in the wild.{{Cite news|date=2020-11-11|title=Newly discovered primate 'already facing extinction'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54894681|access-date=2020-11-11}}{{cite journal |last1=Roos |first1=Christian |last2=Helgen |first2=Kristofer M. |last3=Miguez |first3=Roberto Portela |last4=Thant |first4=Naw May Lay |last5=Lwin |first5=Ngwe |last6=Lin |first6=Aung Ko |last7=Lin |first7=Aung |last8=Yi |first8=Khin Mar |last9=Soe |first9=Paing |last10=Hein |first10=Zin Mar |last11=Myint |first11=Margaret Nyein Nyein |last12=Ahmed |first12=Tanvir |last13=Chetry |first13=Dilip |last14=Urh |first14=Melina |last15=Veatch |first15=E. Grace |last16=Duncan |first16=Neil |last17=Kamminga |first17=Pepijn |last18=Chua |first18=Marcus A. H. |last19=Yao |first19=Lu |last20=Matauschek |first20=Christian |last21=Meyer |first21=Dirk |last22=Liu |first22=Zhi-Jin |last23=Li |first23=Ming |last24=Nadler |first24=Tilo |last25=Fan |first25=Peng-Fei |last26=Quyet |first26=Le Khac |last27=Hofreiter |first27=Michael |last28=Zinner |first28=Dietmar |last29=Momberg |first29=Frank |title=Mitogenomic phylogeny of the Asian colobine genus Trachypithecus with special focus on Trachypithecus phayrei (Blyth, 1847) and description of a new species |journal=Zoological Research |date=18 November 2020 |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=656–669 |doi=10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.254 |pmid=33171548 |pmc=7671912 |doi-access=free }}{{cite news |title=New species of primate identified in Myanmar – and is already endangered |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/11/popa-scoop-100-year-old-monkey-faeces-reveals-new-species-in-myanmar |work=The Guardian |agency=Agence France Presse |date=11 November 2020 }}

FFI was one of the organisations that successfully campaigned for the banning of microbeads in cosmetic products in the UK in 2019 over concerns that it contributes to marine plastic pollution.{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Shehab|title=The UK has banned 'microbeads' in cosmetics — tiny pieces of plastic that pollute the ocean|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uk-bans-microbeads-environmental-concerns-2018-1|access-date=2020-09-19|website=Business Insider}}{{Cite web|title=World leading microbeads ban comes into force|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/world-leading-microbeads-ban-comes-into-force|access-date=2020-09-19|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}

In 2020, FFI called on governments worldwide to adopt a moratorium on all deep sea mining, citing its impact on marine lifeKaren McVeigh, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/12/david-attenborough-calls-for-ban-on-devastating-deep-sea-mining David Attenborough calls for ban on 'devastating' deep sea mining], The Guardian (March 12, 2020). and launched a campaign calling for $500 billion per year to be invested to protecting wildlife.{{Cite news|last=Green|first=Matthew|date=2020-09-30|title=David Attenborough leads call for world to invest $500 billion a year to protect nature|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-un-biodiversity-attenborough-idUSKBN26L0GQ|access-date=2020-10-06}} Both campaigns were supported by David Attenborough and the latter was supported by over 130 other organisations.