Feline cognitive dysfunction

The exact cause of FCD is currently unknown. Genetic factors may predispose an animal to the condition.{{Cite web|url=https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/neurological/c_ct_cognitive_dysfunction_syndrome|title=Dementia (Geriatric) in Cats {{!}} petMD|website=www.petmd.com|access-date=2018-12-16}} Signs of cognitive dysfunction may be connected with a prosencephalon or cerebrum problem.{{Cite web|url=https://www2.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/cognitive-dysfunction|title=Cognitive Dysfunction|date=2017-10-09|website=Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine|language=en|access-date=2018-12-16}}

Older cats display more symptoms of the disease than younger cats.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HmB3ix5IQ8C&pg=PA113|title=The Welfare of Cats|author=Irene Rochlitz|date=17 April 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-3227-1|pages=113–114}} Behavioural symptoms usually become apparent in cats older than 10 years.

Main signs of FCD can be summarized with the acronym DISH:

• Disorientation,
• reduced social Interactions,
• Changes in Sleep patterns,
• loss of Housetraining skills.

Affected cats may wander aimlessly and look lost in space, seem restless and anxious, fail to recognize familiar faces such as their owners, caretakers or other cats in the clowder, display decreased interest in social interactions or increased aggression, experience insomnia, sometimes along with increased nocturnal vocalizations{{cite web|url=http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/cat-care/common-cat-behavior-issues/older-cats-behavior-problems|title=Older Cats with Behavior Problems|publisher=|accessdate=10 January 2017}} with no apparent reason.

Signs of FCD can be found in a number of other pathologies such as brain tumors{{cite web|url=http://www.petplace.com/article/cats/keeping-your-cat-healthy/senior-cat-care/cognitive-dysfunction-in-cats|title=Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats|last=|first=|website=PetPlace.com|accessdate=10 January 2017}} or non brain-related diseases, which makes it important to exclude the possibility of other causes. For example, excessive urination may signify a kidney disease,{{Cite web|url=http://www.pethealthnetwork.com/cat-health/cat-diseases-conditions-a-z/why-my-cat-peeing-so-much-polyuria|title=Why is My Cat Peeing so Much?|website=Pet Health Network|language=en|access-date=2018-12-16}} and the look of numbness and detachment may be caused by a large variety of conditions, from pain to affected vision.{{Cite web|url=http://www.pethealthnetwork.com/cat-health/cat-diseases-conditions-a-z/sudden-onset-blindness-cats|title=Sudden Onset Blindness in Cats|website=Pet Health Network|language=en|access-date=2018-12-16}}

Arthritis may hinder a cat's ability to get into the litter box in time.  Night-time vocalizing is relatively common in hyperthyroid cats or cats with hypertension, which can also cause retinal detachment and blindness, leading to anxiety and confusion. Progressively painful periodontal disease can discourage the cat from visiting its food bowl with the same enthusiasm it showed at a younger age.

If all other possible diseases are excluded, and MRI and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid fail to reveal a physical problem in the brain, then the problem may be treated by an animal behaviorist or veterinary psychiatrist.

As the cause of the disease is unknown, there is no way to be certain in prevention of the condition. However, the following measures are considered effective:

• absence of other animals in the house whose presence may be stressful to the cat,
• vitamin E-rich diet,
• conveniently accessible litter boxes,
• ramps for the stairs if the cat experiences difficulties going up and down,
• routine checkups with a veterinarian to detect a disease on early stage.

The disease is little-researched and thus considered incurable at the moment, but its symptoms can be managed with treatment.{{cite book|author=Susan Little|title=August's Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ4_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA977|date=1 September 2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-22652-3|pages=977–978}} Cognitive dysfunction syndrome in dogs is an established diagnosis, but there has been limited research for cats and treatment options are limited.{{cite book|title=Issues in Veterinary Research and Medicine: 2011 Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oc6lUShZgo4C&pg=PA936|date=9 January 2012|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-6435-0|page=936}} Drugs used for treatment of the disease have been approved for use in dogs. However, they are used off-label in treatment of cats.{{cite book|author1=Ilona Rodan|author2=Sarah Heath|title=Feline Behavioral Health and Welfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_lwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA351|date=24 August 2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-7401-2|page=351}} Early diagnosis improves results of long-term treatment.

Improving home environment may help in managing the disease.{{cite web|url=http://www.catbehaviorassociates.com/feline-cognitive-dysfunction/|title=Feline Cognitive Dysfunction - Cat Behavior Associates|publisher=|accessdate=10 January 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vetstreet.com/dr-marty-becker/is-your-kitty-confused-4-signs-of-cognitive-dysfunction-syndrome|title=Is Your Kitty Confused? 4 Signs of Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome|website=www.vetstreet.com|pages=1–2|accessdate=10 January 2017}} The treatment must always be arranged with a veterinarian for each particular animal, but the suggested measures include the following (veterinarian's advice is needed for right dosage of any supplements):

• species-appropriate diet rich in omega-3,
• physical and mental exercise, such as treat-release toys,
• S-adenosylmethionine supplement,
• medium-chain triglycerides (can improve brain energy metabolism and decrease the amyloid protein buildup that results in brain lesions in older pets),{{Cite web|url=http://winnfelinehealth.blogspot.com/2010/06/cats-and-dietary-medium-chain.html|title=Cats and Dietary Medium-Chain Triglycerides|access-date=2018-12-16}}
• antioxidants, such as resveratrol (Japanese knotweed), which protects against free radical damage and beta-amyloid deposits, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), phosphatidylserine and apoaequorin,
• vitamins E, C and B complex,
• melatonin as a sedation for nocturnal vocalizations and insomnia,

As the disease progresses, it gradually gets more difficult to ease, which increases the importance of detecting the diseases on the earliest possible stage.

Recommendations include limiting the access to the parts of the house that may present danger to the animal, set a consistent schedule for feeding, playing and interacting with the cat, "talking" with the animal and calling it by the name so that the familiar voice soothes it, and adding more litterboxes in case the cat experiences excessive urination or defecation.

{{Portal|Cats}}

• Canine cognitive dysfunction
• Cerebellar hypoplasia (non-human)
• Feline spongiform encephalopathy

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|author1=Curtis W. Dewey|author2=Ronaldo C. da Costa|title=Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSWJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT551|date=8 September 2015|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-119-06204-2}}
• {{cite book|author=Karen Overall|title=Manual of Clinical Behavioral Medicine for Dogs and Cats|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHoK9PKpqn4C&pg=PA798|date=4 June 2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-24065-9|pages=432–439}}

Category:Cat diseases