Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma

Born at the Ducal Palace of Colorno as the second child and the only son of Philip, Duke of Parma and Princess Louise Élisabeth of France, he was considered to be the favorite grandson of his maternal grandfather King Louis XV of France and his popular wife Queen Marie Leczinska. As a grandson in the male line of King Philip V of Spain, he was created an infante of Spain upon his father's death.

As the heir to one of the largest collection of sovereign duchies, Ferdinand was an attractive candidate for many royal ladies of Europe.

Possible candidates included Princess Maria Beatrice Ricciarda of Modena, daughter of Ercole III d'Este and (like Ferdinand) an in law of Marie Antoinette. She was, through her mother, heiress to the Duchy of Massa and Carrara, but despite being the last descendant of the Este, she was not also the heiress to the Duchy of Modena and Reggio due to the Salic law that was in force there. Ferdinand's marriage to Princess Maria Beatrice, however, was probably little more than a wishful thinking of Parma's minister, Guillaume du Tillot, considering that she had been engaged from early childhood to the third-born heir of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.At first Archduke Leopold of Austria, later on his younger brother Archduke Ferdinand, following the change in the internal order of Habsburg-Lorraine succession that had resulted from the sudden death of another older brother. Another candidate was Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde d'Orléans who offered a very large dowry; she was the only surviving daughter of Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans and the sister of Philippe Égalité.

The decision of who his future spouse would be was sealed by his mother's close correspondence with the powerful Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, who had promised Ferdinand's parents the throne of the Netherlands, which had been returned to Austrian rule under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. This never occurred and, as a result, an alliance with the Austrian Empire was used to cement the two nations.

At the age of nine, Ferdinand began taking harpsichord lessons with the composer Giuseppe Colla.{{Cite encyclopedia |author=Sven Hansell|author2= Rebecca Green|date=2001|entry=Colla, Giuseppe|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06099}}

Guillaume du Tillot was again used during Ferdinand's reign when he lost his father in 1765 at age 14. Negotiations and ideas were passed from Vienna to Parma, and in 1769 Ferdinand was to marry Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria; the eighth child of the Empress and elder sister of the Queen of Naples and Sicily and the future Queen of France. Maria Amalia had a marriage by proxy in Vienna on 27 June and left her home on 1 July. The future duchess would meet her husband at Mantua on 16 July. His wife was with her brother Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand with members of the Sforza family. On 19 July there was a formal ceremony for all at the Ducal Palace of Colorno where Ferdinand had been born. During many festivities, the couple made their official entrance to Parma on 24 July. They had nine children in just under twenty years.

File:Ferrari - Ferdinand I of Parma.jpg, however, it was painted by Pietro Melchiorre Ferrari]]

Expelling the Jesuits, abolishing the jurisdiction of the Inquisition within his domains, and suppressing many redundant monasteries, Ferdinand has sometimes been classed among the more minor exponents of Enlightened absolutism.

Ferdinand ceded the Duchy of Parma to France in the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801). The Treaty of Aranjuez was signed on 21 March 1801 between France and Spain. The overall accord confirmed the terms presented in the Treaty of San Ildefonso. Moreover, Ferdinand agreed to surrender the Duchy of Parma (with Piacenza and Guastalla) to France. Ferdinand's son Louis received the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which became the Kingdom of Etruria. Ferdinand III, the Habsburg Grand Duke of Tuscany, was compensated with the secularized territories of the Archbishop of Salzburg.

He died in Parma at age 51, suspected to be poisoned although French authorities cited another reason for his death, and was buried in the church of Fontevivo Abbey. On his deathbed, however, he named a regency council with his wife Maria Amalia as its head, clearly still opposing the terms of the Treaty of Aranjuez regarding his duchy. The regency lasted only for days and the Duchy of Parma was annexed to France.

Ferdinand and his wife Maria Amalia had nine children:{{Cite book|last=Carrai|first=Guido|title=Maria Amalia, duchessa di Parma e Piacenza 1746-1804|year=2018|isbn=978-80-270-3974-6}}

1. Princess Carolina (22 November 1770 – 1 March 1804); married in 1792 to Maximilian, Crown Prince of Saxony and had eight children.{{Cite book|last=Carrai|first=Guido|title=Maria Amalia, duchessa di Parma e Piacenza 1746-1804|year=2018|isbn=978-80-270-3974-6}}{{Cite book|last=Stanga|first=Idelfonso|title=Maria Amalia di Borbone duchessa di Parma 1746-1804|year=1932}}
2. Prince Louis (5 July 1773 – 27 May 1803); married in 1795 to his cousin, Princess Maria Luisa of Spain, and they had two children.{{Cite book|last=Stanga|first=Idelfonso|title=Maria Amalia di Borbone duchessa di Parma 1746-1804|year=1932}} Louis became the first King of Etruria.
3. Princess Maria Antonia (28 November 1774 – 20 February 1841); she was engaged to a prince of the House of Savoy but he died{{Cite book|last=Botti|first=Ferruccio|title=La Principessa Maria Antonia di Borbone suora orsolina}} and she became a Ursuline nun in 1803 with the name of Sister Luisa Maria.{{Cite book|last=Botti|first=Ferruccio|title=La Principessa Maria Antonia di Borbone suora orsolina}}
4. Princess Maria Carlotta (1 September 1777 – 6 April 1813); she became a Dominican nun in 1797 with the name of Sister Giacinta Domenica.{{Cite book|last=Spiazzi|first=Raimondo|title=Cronache e fioretti del monastero di San Sisto all'Appia|year=1993}}{{Cite book|last=Stanga|first=Idelfonso|title=Maria Amalia di Borbone duchessa di Parma 1746-1804|year=1932}}
5. Prince Philip Maria (22 May 1783 – 2 July 1786); died at the age of three years due to scurvy.{{Cite book|last=Stanga|first=Idelfonso|title=Maria Amalia di Borbone duchessa di Parma 1746-1804|year=1932}}Justin C. Vovk: In Destiny's Hands: Five Tragic Rulers, Children of Maria Theresa (2010)
6. Princess Maria Antonietta Luisa (21 October 1784 – 22 October 1785); died at the age of one year due to smallpox.{{Cite book|last=Stanga|first=Idelfonso|title=Maria Amalia di Borbone duchessa di Parma 1746-1804|year=1932}}{{Cite book|last=Carrai|first=Guido|title=Maria Amalia, duchessa di Parma e Piacenza 1746-1804|year=2018|isbn=978-80-270-3974-6}}
7. Princess Maria Luisa (17 April 1787 – 22 November 1789); died at the age of two due to pleurisy.{{Cite book|last=Stanga|first=Idelfonso|title=Maria Amalia di Borbone duchessa di Parma 1746-1804|year=1932}}{{Cite book|last=Carrai|first=Guido|title=Maria Amalia, duchessa di Parma e Piacenza 1746-1804|year=2018|isbn=978-80-270-3974-6}}
8. Stillborn son and daughter (21 May 1789).{{Cite book|last=Stanga|first=Idelfonso|title=Maria Amalia di Borbone duchessa di Parma 1746-1804|year=1932}}

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|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref={{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|page=96}}

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|1= 1. Ferdinand, Duke of Parma

|2= 2. Philip, Duke of Parma

|3= 3. Louise Élisabeth of France

|4= 4. Philip V of Spain

|5= 5. Elisabeth Farnese

|6= 6. Louis XV of France

|7= 7. Marie Leszczyńska

|8= 8. Louis, Dauphin of France

|9= 9. Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria

|10= 10. Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma

|11= 11. Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg

|12= 12. Louis, Duke of Burgundy

|13= 13. Marie Adélaïde of Savoy

|14= 14. Stanisław I Leszczyński

|15= 15. Katarzyna Opalińska

}}

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{{Princes of Parma}}

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