Fidus
{{Short description|German painter (1868–1948)}}
{{Infobox artist
| birth_name = Hugo Reinhold Karl Johann Höppener
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1868|08|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = Lübeck, North German Confederation
| image = Fidus by Wilhelm Fechner, c. 1902 (cropped).PNG
| caption = Photo of Fidus, c. 1902
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1948|02|23|1868|08|08|df=yes}}
| death_place = Woltersdorf
| movement = Symbolism
| nationality = German
}}
Hugo Reinhold Karl Johann Höppener (October 8, 1868 – February 23, 1948), known under the pseudonym Fidus, was a German illustrator, painter, and publisher. Part of the symbolist movement, his later work took influence from the Art Nouveau and Vienna Secession styles. By the turn of the century, his works were among the most popular in Germany and their rediscovery influenced the Psychedelia movement. Much of his art draws from his beliefs in mysticism and Germanic neopaganism.
Biography
File:Fidushaus Woltersdorf 2.jpg in Woltersdorf near Berlin. This house was built after designs by Fidus between 1908 and 1910. Today it is a cultural heritage monument.]]
Born the son of a confectioner in Lübeck, Höppener demonstrated artistic talent at an early age. Around 1886 he met the "apostle of nature" and artist Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1851–1913), and joined Diefenbach's commune near Munich. On Diefenbach's behalf, he served a brief prison sentence for public nudity, earning him the name Fidus ("faithful").
File:Denkmal_für_die_Gefallenen_Woltersdorfer_des_Ersten_Weltkrieges_1.jpg
In 1892 he moved to Berlin, set up another commune, and worked as an illustrator on the magazine Sphinx. His work appeared frequently in Jugend and other illustrated magazines. He created many ornamental drawings, especially for book decoration, as well as ex-libris, posters and designs. He was one of the first artists to use advertising postcards to promote his work. He also contributed to the early homosexual magazine Der Eigene, published by Adolf Brand.[https://books.google.com/books?id=I_nrc3BCZgcC&dq=fidus+hoppener&pg=PA122 Harry Oosterhuis, Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany]
He held mystical Theosophical beliefs, and became interested in German mythology. His early illustrations contained dream-like abstractions, while his later work was characterised by motifs such as peasants, warriors, and other naked human figures in natural settings. He often combined mysticism, eroticism, and symbolism, in Art Nouveau and Sezessionist styles. By 1900 he was one of the best known painters in Germany, and had come under the influence of writers such as Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, Heinrich and Julius Hart, and the anti-materialist garden city and Wandervogel movements. His most famous painting is Light Prayer, which he made in eleven versions from 1890 to 1938.{{cite book |last1=Schuster |first1=Marina |last2=Ulbricht |first2=Justus H. |year=2002 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEOULSe_utwC&pg=PA144 |chapter='Baldur' und andere. Oder: 'Krieger im Heere des Lichts'. Bildwelten des sakralen Nationalismus |trans-chapter="Baldur" and others. Or: "Warrior in the army of light". Imagery of sacred nationalism |editor-last=Braungart |editor-first=Wolfgang |title=Kitsch. Faszination und Herausforderung des Banalen und Trivialen |trans-title=Kitsch. Fascination and challenge of the banal and trivial |series=Untersuchungen zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte |language=de |volume=112 |location=Tübingen |publisher=Max Niemeyer |page=144 |isbn=3-484-32112-1 }} In 1908 he joined the {{ill|Germanic Faith Community|de|Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (Ludwig Fahrenkrog)}}, a religious group led by the painter Ludwig Fahrenkrog, which combined Germanic neopaganism with teachings about self-redemption.{{cite book |last=Dohe |first=Carrie B. |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkmTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |title=Jung's Wandering Archetype: Race and religion in analytical psychology |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |page=111 |isbn=978-1-138-88840-1 }} In 1912 he designed a famous poster for a congress on "biological hygiene" in Hamburg, showing a man in the process of breaking his bonds and rising up to the stars.[http://www.berlinischegalerie.de/index.php?id=174&L=1 Berlinische Gallerie]
File:Friedhof Woltersdorf - Fidus-Grab 1.jpg
After 1918, interest in Fidus' work as an illustrator ebbed. Fidus perceived the blood and soil (Blut und Boden) idea in Nazism to fit with his veneration of nature and the human spirit, so he joined the party in 1932. However, he did not receive the support of the Nazi regime and his works were banned altogether in 1937 for the perceived promotion of esoterism.{{cite web | url=https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1666#:~:text=Fidus%20was%20attracted%20to%20Nazism,of%20his%20work%20in%201937 | title=Fidus, Back to Nature – A Couple (1910)}} Fidus renounced his Nazi Party membership and joined the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) party. He died from a stroke in 1948.{{cite web | url=https://www.mutualart.com/Article/From-Universal-Love-to-Nazism-and-Back--/2F61400F8E538184 | title=From Universal Love to Nazism and Back: Fidus|author=Michael Pearce}}
Legacy
By the time Fidus died his art had been almost forgotten. It was rediscovered in the 1960s, and directly influenced the psychedelic concert posters which began to be produced at that time, initially in and around San Francisco.[http://www.hippy.com/php/article-243.html Kennedy and Ryan, Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830033310/http://www.hippy.com/php/article-243.html |date=2007-08-30 }} There is an archive of Fidus work at the Berlinische Galerie. Another large archive of Fidus materials (including artworks, diaries, correspondence, and photographs) is held by the Jack Daulton Collection in Los Altos Hills, California.{{cite web | url=http://www.symbolismus.com/fidushugoh246ppener.html | title=Web Site Name }}http://www.thedaultoncollection.com/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}
Gallery of selected works
File:Fidus - Entwurf für einen Beethoven-Tempel, 1903.jpg|Entwurf für einen Beethoven-Tempel (Design for a Beethoven Temple), illustration, 1903
File:Fidus - Lichtgebet (1894).jpg|upright=1.4|Lichtgebet (Light Prayer), oil on canvas, 1894, Deutsches Historisches Museum
File:Fidus Und wieder einmal schwand die Sonne.jpg|Und wieder einmal schwand die Sonne (And Once Again the Sun Disappeared), oil on canvas, 1893
File:FidusSchwertwache.jpg|Schwertwache (Swordguard), illustration, 1912
File:Fidus - Giordano Bruno, Aquarell 1900.jpg|Giordano Bruno, watercolor, colored chalks, gold bronze, and pencil on vellum, 1900
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
- [https://fidus-museum.org Fidus-Museum], scanned historic publications about and by Fidus.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070830033310/http://www.hippy.com/php/article-243.html Article with several images of Fidus' work]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20160117055453/http://fidushaus.com/ Fidushaus] is a Jugendstil, Art Nouveau website featuring works by Fidus.
{{German Youth Movement}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:19th-century German painters
Category:19th-century German male artists
Category:German Symbolist painters
Category:German Youth Movement
Category:Art Nouveau illustrators
Category:20th-century German painters
Category:20th-century German male artists