Fijian Labour Corps

File:The Official Visits To the Western Front, 1914-1918 Q9830.jpg Chateau, 13 August 1918. He is accompanied by the unit's commander, Captain Kenneth Allardyce.]]

The Fijian Labour Corps (sometimes referred to as the Fiji Labour Corps) was a labour corps unit raised in Fiji that served alongside British Empire forces in the First and Second World Wars. The unit was first formed in 1917 at the proposal of Lala Sukuna, the son of a Fijian chief who had been rejected for service in the British Army on account of his race. The 101-strong unit initially served to support the Western Front providing labour at Calais and Marseilles and worked in Taranto, Italy, after the end of the war. The unit completed its service in 1919 and returned to Fiji. Twelve members of the unit died during the war.

During the Second World War, the unit was re-established in 1942 and served in the Pacific War. This incarnation of the Fijian Labour Corps was much larger, amounting to two battalions and two independent companies. They worked to unload vessels and construct and maintain military facilities, including with the Americans on Bougainville Island. Some 3,000 men served in the unit during the war, of which 29 died. One member received the British Empire Medal for bravery while salvaging cargo from an American ship. The unit was disbanded in 1948.

First World War

=Background and formation =

Fiji had been a colony of Great Britain since 1874.{{cite web |title=About Fiji - History |url=http://www.fijihighcommission.org.uk/about_1.html#:~:text=After%20Fiji%20was%20ceded%20to,the%20population%20picked%20up%20again. |website=Fiji High Commission to the United Kingdom |access-date=27 September 2024}} After the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, white residents of the colony were permitted to serve in combat roles. The first contingent of men arrived on the Western Front the following year, serving as a platoon of the King's Royal Rifle Corps; other contingents followed later. Indigenous Fijians were not permitted to serve with the British government as they were concerned about the recent decline of the indigenous population due to disease.{{cite web |title=Fiji Labour Contingent Loyalty Cross, C Sage, 1915 |url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=2020-11-9-1-1 |website=Online Collection |publisher=National Army Museum}}{{cite web |title=Fiji – Pasifika involvement in the First World War |url=https://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/fiji-pasifika-involvement-in-the-first-world-war |website=Christchurch City Libraries |access-date=23 September 2024 |language=en-NZ}} Lala Sukuna, the son of a Fijian chief, was studying law at the University of Oxford when war broke out. He applied to serve with the British Army but was turned down because of his race. He instead enlisted in the French Foreign Legion where he served with distinction and received the Médaille militaire. He left the force after being wounded and returned to Fiji in 1916.{{cite book |last1=Kirk |first1=Robert W. |title=Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520-1920 |date=7 November 2012 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-6978-9 |page=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_j8-YmmA7-EC |language=en}}

Sukuna proposed that Fijians be allowed to serve in a non-combatant labour unit and this offer was accepted by the British government in 1917.{{cite book |last1=Halter |first1=Nicholas |title=Suva Stories: A History of the Capital of Fiji |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-76046-534-6 |page=327|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=342KEAAAQBAJ |language=en}} The unit consisted of 101 men. The officers and non-commissioned officers were all white except for Sukuna who served as quarter-master sergeant (despite already holding the higher rank of second lieutenant in the Fiji Defence Force).{{cite book |last1=Crawford |first1=John |title=Experience of a Lifetime: People, personalities and leaders in the First World War |date=1 April 2016 |publisher=Massey University Press |isbn=978-0-9941325-4-3 |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTtODwAAQBAJ |language=en}} Their original uniform was a tunic with a sulu kilt and no headwear, though photographs of a detachment being inspected by George V in August 1918 show them in more standard British Army puttees, trousers and caps.{{cite web |title=Fiji Labour Contingent |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/search?filters%5BagentString%5D%5BFiji%20Labour%20Contingent%5D=on |website=Imperial War Museums |access-date=28 September 2024 |language=en}} The commanding officer of the unit throughout its existence was Kenneth Allardyce, formerly of the Fiji Civil Service, who received the temporary rank of lieutenant and the acting rank of captain.{{cite book |last1=College (Berkshire) |first1=Wellington |title=Wellington College Register, 1859-1923 |date=1923 |publisher=Hunt |page=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dejBM16bTlEC |language=en}}{{London Gazette |issue=32124 |date=12 November 1920 |page= 11086|supp=y }}

=Service and legacy =

File:Embarquement des troupes - Tarente - Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine - APTH002562.jpg

Henry Marks, a significant local businessman and politician, paid £10,000 to cover the fares for the men to travel to Europe and to fund separation allowances for their families. The unit left Fiji on 19 May 1917 and travelled via Honolulu, Vancouver and Liverpool on their journey to France, which they reached in early July.{{cite book |last1=Halter |first1=Nicholas |title=Suva Stories: A History of the Capital of Fiji |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-76046-534-6 |page=xxi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=342KEAAAQBAJ |language=en}} The unit was initially housed at a camp near Calais, surrounded by barbed wire. The wire was later removed as the men proved themselves loyal and efficient workers. The Fijian members of the unit attracted much attention from other soldiers for their height, traditional hairstyles and muscular build. One member of the unit died on 1 January 1918 and is buried in Les Baraques Military Cemetery, Sangatte. Later that month the unit was moved to Marseille to work at the docks there. Members of the force suffered from pneumonia and influenza, with five dying between February and December; they were buried in Mazargues War Cemetery, Marseilles. One member who died in February 1919 is buried at O'Neill's Point Cemetery in Auckland, New Zealand.

After the armistice of 11 November 1918, the Fijian Labour Corps served in Taranto, Italy. There was a shortage of labour in the city and attempts to use members of the British West Indies Regiment as labourers in December 1918 led to a mutiny.{{cite web |title=What happened to the British West Indies Regiment after World War One - World War One - KS3 History - homework help for year 7, 8 and 9. |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z847dp3#zqjpn9q |website=BBC Bitesize |access-date=1 October 2024}}{{cite web |title=The Story Of The British West Indies Regiment In The First World War |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-story-of-the-british-west-indies-regiment-in-the-first-world-war |website=Imperial War Museums |access-date=1 October 2024 |language=en}} Three members of the Fijian Labour Corps died between May and July 1919 and are buried in the Taranto Town Cemetery Extension. Later that year, the unit returned to Fiji, with Allardyce relinquishing his commission on 15 September 1919 upon completion of service. Nine days later, during their return to Fiji, one member of the Fijian Labour Corps died on board the MTS Kia Ora and was buried at sea in the Atlantic Ocean. He is remembered in the United Kingdom Book of Remembrance.{{cite news |last1=Bay |first1=Rsesa Walu |title=Remembrance Day: Armistice Centenary 1918-2018 |url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2018/11/09/remembrance-day-armistice-centenary-1918-2018/ |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=fijisun.com.fj |date=9 November 2018}} The unit arrived at Suva on 31 October 1919.{{cite book |last1=Carruthers |first1=James Edward |title=Memories of an Australian Ministry, 1868 to 1921 |date=1922 |publisher=Epworth Press |page=254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KYK0xHOm5oC |language=en}} One further member died on 27 December 1919 and was buried in Suva Old Cemetery; all further members survived until the end of the war on 31 August 1921.{{cite web |title=The Last Casualties of the First World War |url=https://www.cwgc.org/our-work/blog/the-last-casualties-of-the-first-world-war/ |website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |access-date=24 October 2022 |language=en}}

Around 1,255 people from Fiji and surrounding islands served in some capacity during the war, including the 101 with the Fijian Labour Corps and 357 in the King's Royal Rifle Corps; 173 died. The service given by members of the Fijian Labour Corps was recognised with the award of a Loyalty Cross badge by the colonial government. Edward, Prince of Wales met former members of the Fijian Labour Corps in Fiji during his 1921–22 tour of the Pacific.{{cite book |last1=Burma |first1=Earl Louis Mountbatten Mountbatten of |title=The Diaries of Lord Louis Mountbatten 1920-1922: Tours with the Prince of Wales |date=1987 |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-217608-8 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t4gAAAAMAAJ |language=en}} A commemoration service for the members of the First World War unit was held at the National War Memorial at Veiuto on 19 May 2015, led by President Ratu Epeli Nailatikau.{{cite news |title=Government to honour labour corps |url=https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/government-to-honour-labour-corps/ |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=The Fiji Times |date=17 May 2015}}{{cite news |title=Commemorative Service Today For World War 1 |url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2015/05/19/commemorative-service-today-for-world-war-1/ |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=fijisun.com.fj |date=19 May 2015}}

Second World War

File:Fijian Labour Corps 1945 return to Suva from the Solomons.jpg

After the December 1941 Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire, the Pacific became an important theatre of the Second World War and the Fijian Labour Corps was re-established.{{cite web |title=Fiji Labour Corps c. 6 May 1944 |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205057515 |website=Imperial War Museums |access-date=23 September 2024 |language=en}} The 1st Battalion of the Fiji Labour Corps was formed by command of the governor of Fiji on 1 October 1942.{{cite book |title=Fiji Royal Gazette |date=1942 |page=475 |publisher=Authority |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff8RWUYpDh4C |language=en}} By the end of 1942, 1,375 men had enlisted in the Fijian Labour Corps. It was much larger than it had been in the previous war, consisting of two battalions and two independent dock companies. The units served on Fiji and elsewhere in the Pacific unloading vessels and building and maintaining military facilities.{{cite book |last1=Lowry |first1=Robert |last2=Lowry |first2=Bob |title=Fortress Fiji: Holding the Line in the Pacific War, 1939-45 |date=2006 |publisher=Robert Lowry |isbn=978-0-9775129-0-4 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uf5Pi77k1GMC |language=en}} The 1st Battalion was responsible for unloading 582 vessels by the war's end in 1945. One of the independent companies was deployed to Torokina, Bougainville Island, in Papua New Guinea where they served as stevedores to help supply the nearby Torokina Airfield.{{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Brij V. |last2=Fortune |first2=Kate |title=The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia |date=1 January 2000 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1 |page=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC |language=en}}

One member of the Fijian Labour Corps, Private Ramelusi Druma, won the British Empire Medal in December 1942 for bravery during his work as a winchman while salvaging cargo from a wrecked US ship.{{cite book |last1=Great Britain Ministry of Information |title=What the British Empire has done |date=1944|page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBkyAQAAIAAJ |language=en}} While Druma was unloading the cargo, a heavy motor lorry, it swung loose. He remained at the winch, dodging the vehicle each time it swung past him until it was safely landed.{{cite book |last1=Hammerton |first1=John Alexander |title=The Second Great War: A Standard History |date=1943 |publisher=Amalgamated Press Limited |page=2461 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWF8v70IsaQC |language=en}} In 1943, a call for 1,000 volunteers from the men of Indian background on Fiji was opposed by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company who wanted them to remain on the farms and only 331 enlisted.{{cite book |last1=Denoon |first1=Donald |title=The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders |date=25 March 2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00354-4 |page=303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ9ULYwX3zgC |language=en}} This was sufficient to form a company that served on Fiji.{{cite book |last1=Burns |first1=Sir Alan |title=Fiji |date=1963 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |isbn=978-91-30-03954-8 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvkVAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}

Of the 11,000 people from Fiji who served in the war in some capacity, 3,000 served with the Fijian Labour Corps.{{cite book |last1=Wanhalla |first1=Angela |title=Of Love and War: Pacific Brides of World War II |date=2023 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-1-4962-3799-6 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxbgEAAAQBAJ |language=en}} The unit suffered 29 fatalities during the war, of whom 15 are buried in cemeteries in Suva and the rest have no known grave and are commemorated on the Suva Memorial to the missing. Among those killed was Lieutenant Ratu Jovesa Tagiveitaua, a corporal, and 27 privates.{{cite web |title=Your Search Results |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/search-results/?Surname=&Forename=&Initials=&ServiceNum=&Regiment=Fijian+Labour+Corps&CountryCommemoratedIn=null&Cemetery=&Unit=&Rank=&SecondaryRegiment=&SecondaryUnit=&AgeOfDeath=0&DateDeathFromDay=1&DateDeathFromMonth=January&DateDeathFromYear=&DateDeathToDay=1&DateDeathToMonth=January&DateDeathToYear=&DateOfDeath=&Honours=null&AdditionalInfo=&Size=100&Page=1 |website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |access-date=23 September 2024}} The Fijian Labour Corps was disbanded in 1948.{{cite book |title=The Ordinances of the Colony of Fiji: Enacted Between... And..., Together with the Fiji Royal Gazette Supplement..., Containing Proclamations, Rules, Regulations, Etc., Published During the Same Period and an Index to Legislation in Force on. 1948 |date=1948 |publisher=Government Press |page=xxi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=px-zYyyvX40C |language=en}}