Filippovka kurgans

The style of the artifacts from the Filippovka kurgans is considered as Scythian Animal Style. Some of the artifacts having Achaemenid stylistic elements, it has been suggested that they were made by Achaemenid craftsmen by order from Filippovka nomads.

The numerous burials at Filippovka are dated to the 2nd half of the 5th century and the 4th century (c.450-300 BCE), and correspond to the Early Sarmatian culture of the southern Ural region.{{cite journal |last1=Yablonsky |first1=Leonid Teodorovich |title=New Excavations of the Early Nomadic Burial Ground at Filippovka (Southern Ural Region, Russia) |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |date=2010 |volume=114 |issue=1 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627646}}

The style of many artifacts looks quite archaic, prompting some historians to date them to the 6th century BCE and to the Sauromatian (pre-Sarmatian) period (ca. 600-400 BCE), but detailed analysis confirms dates of c.450-300 BCE for all the Filippovka kurgan, representing a transitory phase between the Sauromatians and the Earliest Sarmatians.

The finds of weaponry in the Filippovka kurgans also allowed for the definition of the Early Sarmatian heavy-armed warrior: "He wore a forged-iron helmet with a nose piece and cheek pieces. Scale armor of leather protected his body. He carried a twig-woven quiver for a bow and sometimes more than 200 arrows, covered with leather and decorated with an umbo; an arms belt with a buckle for crossing the belts; a richly decorated quiver hook; a long spear with a massive head and spike; a short iron akinakes sword; and iron axe. This complete image recalls a picture from a novel featuring medieval western European knights; these Sarmatian "prototypes," however, are 2,000 years older".

File:Золото сарматских вождей. Gold of the Sarmatian, gold vase.jpg|Gold amphora with argali-shaped handles, Filippovka kurgan 1, 4th century BCE.

File:Filippovka kurgans cup.jpg|Filippovka kurgans cup

File:Золото сарматских вождей. Gold of the Sarmatian - Bear.jpg|Bear-shaped vessel, Filippovka kurgan 1, 4th century BCE.

File:Золото сарматских вождей. Gold of the Sarmatian - Mirror, Filoppovka.jpg|Mirror, Filippovka kurgan 1, 4th century BCE.{{cite journal |last1=Okorokov |first1=Konstantin |last2=Perevodchikova |first2=Elena |title=The 2013 Finds in the Context of the Animal Style of the Kurgan 1 of the Necropolis Filippovka 1 |journal=Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik |date=July 2020 |issue=1 |pages=28–45 |doi=10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.2 |url=https://doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.2}}

File:Золото сарматских вождей. Gold of the Sarmatian - Silver ewer.jpg|Silver ewer, Filippovka kurgan 1, 4th century BCE.

File:Золото сарматских вождей. Gold of the Sarmatian - Gold pendants.jpg|Earrings, Filippovka kurgan 1, 4th century BCE.

Numerous weapons, armour, helmets were found in the excavations of Filippovka kurgan 1:{{cite journal |last1=Yablonsky |first1=L.T. |title=РАННЕСАРМАТСКИЙ РЫЦАРЬ (Sarmatian warrior) |journal=Поволжская археология (The Volga River Region Archaeology) |date=2013 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=104-135 |url=http://archtat.ru/content/uploads/2017/12/PA_2013_24.pdf}}

File:Filippovka 1 Iron armour from burial 2 mound 4.jpg|Filippovka 1 Iron armour from burial 2 mound 4

File:Filippovka 1, Horn armour from mound 29.jpg|Filippovka 1, Horn armour from mound 29

File:Filippovka 1, bronze arrowheads from burial 2, mound 4.jpg|Filippovka 1, bronze arrowheads from burial 2, mound 4

File:Filippovka 1, iron helmets from mound 11.jpg|Filippovka 1, iron helmets from mound 11

File:Filippovka 1, iron sowrds and daggers.jpg|Filippovka 1, iron swords and daggers

File:Filippovka, individuals on a dagger blade, Kurgan 4, Burial 2.jpg

The people buried in Filippovka combined Western (Timber Grave and Andronovo) and Eastern characteristics. Compared with classical Sauromatians, Early Sarmatians, such as those of Filippovka, generally display an increased incidence of eastern Asiatic features. They most closely resembled the Saka populations of Central Asia, particularly from the Altai region (Pazyryk), and were very different from the western Scythians, or the Sarmatians of the Volga River area to the west:{{cite book |title=The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasures from the Russian Steppes : the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, and the Archaeological Museum, Ufa |date=2000 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-959-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWcjhsRCWG4C&pg=PA39 |page=39 |language=en}}

{{quote|In skull shape and facial structure, the Filippovka specimens differ considerably from remains of Scythians and Volga River-area Sarmatians. The Filipovka skulls most closely resemble those of Saka from Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea region, and those of the Usuns from Eastern Kazhakhstan.|The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasures from the Russian Steppes.}}

File:Filippovka kurgan stags.jpg

File:Filippovka kurgan dagger.jpg in the Altai region.{{cite journal |last1=Shemakhanskaya |first1=Marina |last2=Treister |first2=Mikhail |last3=Yablonsky |first3=Leonid |title=The technique of gold inlaid decoration in the 5th-4th centuries BC: silver and iron finds from the early Sarmatian barrows of Filippovka, Southern Urals |journal=ArcheoSciences. Revue d'archéométrie |date=31 December 2009 |issue=33 |pages=211–220 |doi=10.4000/archeosciences.2223 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/archeosciences/2223?lang=en |language=fr |issn=1960-1360 |quote=The use of the technique of decorating iron and bronze objects with gold inlays by the nomads of Eurasia already in the 7th century BC is attested by the decoration of a battle axe (Čugunov et al., 2006: 121, no. 13, pl. 26) and arrowheads (Čugunov et al., 2006: 123-124, no. 16, pls. 31-32) from the princely Arzhan-2 barrow in Southern Siberia (Armbruster, 2007: 99). This technique remained in use in the period between the 6th and the 4th century BC, as indicated by the finds of: a gold-inlaid iron knife handle in the Shibe barrow in Southern Siberia (Popescu et al., 2001: no. 201), a gold-inlaid iron pin in the barrow no. 22 of the cemetery Doge-Bary in Tuva (Čugunov, 1998: 302, Fig. 16, 3), and the plaques in the barrow no. 3 of the Tasmola-V necropolis in Central Kazakhstan (Popescu et al., 1998: nos. 145-150). The locations of the finds span the vast belt stretching from the Altai Mountains in the east to the Southern Urals in the west.|doi-access=free }}]]

File:Sarmatian ancestry proportions.png period (Prokhorovka period in Southern Ural) sees a marked influx of Central Asian nomads (Altaian-like ancestry), which continues into the Late Sarmatian period.{{cite journal |last1=Järve |first1=Mari |last2=Saag |first2=Lehti |last3=Scheib |first3=Christiana Lyn |last4=Pathak |first4=Ajai K. |last5=Montinaro |first5=Francesco |last6=Pagani |first6=Luca |last7=Flores |first7=Rodrigo |last8=Guellil |first8=Meriam |last9=Saag |first9=Lauri |last10=Tambets |first10=Kristiina |last11=Kushniarevich |first11=Alena |last12=Solnik |first12=Anu |last13=Varul |first13=Liivi |last14=Zadnikov |first14=Stanislav |last15=Petrauskas |first15=Oleg |last16=Avramenko |first16=Maryana |last17=Magomedov |first17=Boris |last18=Didenko |first18=Serghii |last19=Toshev |first19=Gennadi |last20=Bruyako |first20=Igor |last21=Grechko |first21=Denys |last22=Okatenko |first22=Vitalii |last23=Gorbenko |first23=Kyrylo |last24=Smyrnov |first24=Oleksandr |last25=Heiko |first25=Anatolii |last26=Reida |first26=Roman |last27=Sapiehin |first27=Serheii |last28=Sirotin |first28=Sergey |last29=Tairov |first29=Aleksandr |last30=Beisenov |first30=Arman |last31=Starodubtsev |first31=Maksim |last32=Vasilev |first32=Vitali |last33=Nechvaloda |first33=Alexei |last34=Atabiev |first34=Biyaslan |last35=Litvinov |first35=Sergey |last36=Ekomasova |first36=Natalia |last37=Dzhaubermezov |first37=Murat |last38=Voroniatov |first38=Sergey |last39=Utevska |first39=Olga |last40=Shramko |first40=Irina |last41=Khusnutdinova |first41=Elza |last42=Metspalu |first42=Mait |last43=Savelev |first43=Nikita |last44=Kriiska |first44=Aivar |last45=Kivisild |first45=Toomas |last46=Villems |first46=Richard |title=Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance |journal=Current Biology |date=22 July 2019 |volume=29 |issue=14 |page=Fig.3 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982219307122#bib149 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free }}{{cite book |title=The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasures from the Russian Steppes : the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, and the Archaeological Museum, Ufa |date=2000 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-959-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWcjhsRCWG4C&pg=PA39 |page=39 |language=en |quote=In skull shape and facial structure, the Filippovka specimens differ considerably from remains of Scythians and Volga River-area Sarmatians. The Filipovka skulls most closely resemble those of Saka from Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea region, and those of the Usuns from Eastern Kazhakhstan.}}]]

File:South Ural barrows, 6th-4th century BCE (map with names).png

The region between the Caspian Sea and of the Southern Urals originally had populations of Srubnaya (1900 BC–1200 BCE) and Andronovo (c. 2000–1150 BCE) ancestry ancestry, but, starting with the Iron Age (c.1000 BCE) became a region of intense ethnic and cultural interraction between European and Asian components.{{cite journal |last1=Järve |first1=Mari |last2=Saag |first2=Lehti |last3=Scheib |first3=Christiana Lyn |last4=Pathak |first4=Ajai K. |last5=Montinaro |first5=Francesco |last6=Pagani |first6=Luca |last7=Flores |first7=Rodrigo |last8=Guellil |first8=Meriam |last9=Saag |first9=Lauri |last10=Tambets |first10=Kristiina |last11=Kushniarevich |first11=Alena |last12=Solnik |first12=Anu |last13=Varul |first13=Liivi |last14=Zadnikov |first14=Stanislav |last15=Petrauskas |first15=Oleg |last16=Avramenko |first16=Maryana |last17=Magomedov |first17=Boris |last18=Didenko |first18=Serghii |last19=Toshev |first19=Gennadi |last20=Bruyako |first20=Igor |last21=Grechko |first21=Denys |last22=Okatenko |first22=Vitalii |last23=Gorbenko |first23=Kyrylo |last24=Smyrnov |first24=Oleksandr |last25=Heiko |first25=Anatolii |last26=Reida |first26=Roman |last27=Sapiehin |first27=Serheii |last28=Sirotin |first28=Sergey |last29=Tairov |first29=Aleksandr |last30=Beisenov |first30=Arman |last31=Starodubtsev |first31=Maksim |last32=Vasilev |first32=Vitali |last33=Nechvaloda |first33=Alexei |last34=Atabiev |first34=Biyaslan |last35=Litvinov |first35=Sergey |last36=Ekomasova |first36=Natalia |last37=Dzhaubermezov |first37=Murat |last38=Voroniatov |first38=Sergey |last39=Utevska |first39=Olga |last40=Shramko |first40=Irina |last41=Khusnutdinova |first41=Elza |last42=Metspalu |first42=Mait |last43=Savelev |first43=Nikita |last44=Kriiska |first44=Aivar |last45=Kivisild |first45=Toomas |last46=Villems |first46=Richard |title=Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance |journal=Current Biology |date=22 July 2019 |volume=29 |issue=14 |pages=e4-e5 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982219307122#bib149 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free }} From the 7th century BCE, Early Saka nomads started to settle in the Southern Urals, coming from Central Asia, the Altai-Sayan region, and Central and Northern Kazakhstan. The Itkul culture (7th-5th century BCE) is one of these Early Saka cultures, based in the eastern foothills of the Urals, which was assimilited into the Early Sarmatian culture. Circa 600 BCE, groups from the Saka Tasmola culture settled in the southern Urals. Circa 500 BCE, other groups from the area of Ancient Khorezm settled in the western part of the southern Urals, who also assimilated into the Early Sarmatians.

As a result, a large-scale integrated union of nomads from Central Asia formed in the area in the 5th–4th century BCE, with fairly uniformized cultural practices. This cultural complex, with notable ‘‘foreign elements’’, corresponds to the ‘‘royal’’ burials of Filippovka, and define the "Prokhorovka period" of the Early Sarmatians.

• Taksai kurgan, about 100 km to the west
• Araltobe kurgan

{{reflist}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Okorokov |first1=Konstantin |last2=Tregubov |first2=Vyacheslav |title=About Women’s Clothing with Decorated Sleeves from the Filippovka I Kurgan Cemetery (CC BY 4.0)|journal=Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik |date=June 2021 |issue=я |pages=51–68 |doi=10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2021.1.4 |url=https://nav.jvolsu.com/index.php/en/archive-en/635-2021-vol-20-no-1/articles/1665-okorokov-k-s-tregubov-v-e-about-women-s-clothing-with-decorated-sleeves-from-the-filippovka-i-kurgan-cemetery |language=en-gb|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Okorokov |first1=Konstantin |title=Items of Clothing from the Early Nomadic Kurgans in the Southern Urals: Iconography and Burial Practice (Based on the Materials of Cemeteries Filippovka 1 and Filippovka 2) (CC BY 4.0) |journal=Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik |date=June 2022 |issue=1 |pages=66–90 |doi=10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.4 |url=https://nav.jvolsu.com/index.php/en/archive-en/650-2022-vol-21-no-1/articles/1721-okorokov-k-s-items-of-clothing-from-the-early-nomadic-kurgans-in-the-southern-urals-iconography-and-burial-practice-based-on-the-materials-of-cemeteries-filippovka-1-and-filippovka-2|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Okorokov |first1=Konstantin |last2=Perevodchikova |first2=Elena |title=The 2013 Finds in the Context of the Animal Style of the Kurgan 1 of the Necropolis Filippovka 1 (CC BY 4.0)|journal=Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik |date=July 2020 |issue=1 |pages=28–45 |doi=10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.2 |url=https://nav.jvolsu.com/index.php/en/archive-en/621-2020-vol-19-no-1/articles/1606-okorokov-k-s-perevodchikova-e-v-the-2013-finds-in-the-context-of-the-animal-style-of-the-kurgan-1-of-the-necropolis-filippovka-1|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Anikeeva |first1=Olga |last2=Kolganova |first2=Galina |title=Jewellery from Burial 2 Kurgan 1 Filippovka 1 Cemetery: Manufacturing Techniques, Purpose and Semantics of Images (CC BY 4.0)|journal=Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik |date=July 2020 |issue=1 |pages=6–27 |doi=10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.1 |url=https://nav.jvolsu.com/index.php/en/archive-en/621-2020-vol-19-no-1/articles/1605-anikeeva-o-v-kolganova-g-yu-jewellery-from-burial-2-kurgan-1-filippovka-1-cemetery-manufacturing-techniques-purpose-and-semantics-of-images|doi-access=free }}

{{Central Asian history}}

{{Rulers of Ancient Central Asia}}

Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 5th century BC

Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 4th century BC

Category:Archaeological sites in Russia

Category:Kurgans

Category:Tumuli in Russia

Category:Buildings and structures in Orenburg

Category:Sauromatian culture