First Battle of Sacket's Harbor

Sacket's Harbor is located on the southeast shore of Lake Ontario in Northern New York State. It was developed as the chief shipbuilding yard for the United States during the War of 1812, and twelve warships were completed there. With a good strategic position on the lake, abundant resources, and an excellent natural harbor, the small village of several hundred people was engulfed as it developed as the center of military and naval operations for the war's northern theater. Following the first battle, the village and harbor were developed and fortified as a large and centralized military complex, served by several thousand troopsPaine, 1920 pp. 293–304 and 3,000 workers at the shipyard. The complex became the fourth largest center of population in the state in this period.

File:USS Scourge -- sail plan.jpg, including {{USS|Scourge|1812|6}}.]]

{{Campaignbox War of 1812}}

{{Campaignbox War of 1812: Naval}}

On July 19, 1812, Captain Melancthon Taylor Woolsey, of {{USS|Oneida|1809|6}}, discovered from the masthead of his brig five enemy vessels sailing up to Sacket's Harbor. The British vessels, which belonged to the Provincial Marine, were {{HMS|Royal George|1809|2}}; (24 guns), {{ship||Prince Regent|1812 schooner|2}} (22 guns), Earl of Moira (20 guns), {{ship||Governor Simcoe|1793 ship|2}} (10 guns), and {{ship||Seneca|1812 ship|2}} (2 guns). The British captured a merchant ship carrying flour nearby and sent its crew shore with the demands that the US surrender {{USS|Oneida|1809|6}} and Lord Nelson, a merchant ship that US forces had captured before war was declared. They said that if a shot was fired at them, the British would burn the village of Sacket's Harbor.{{cite web |url=http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/county/jefferson/hounsfield/1stbattle.html |title=The First Battle of Sackets Harbor, New York 19 July 1812 |website=usgennet.org |date=2001 |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116155532/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/county/jefferson/hounsfield/1stbattle.html |url-status=dead }}

The first shots were fired by the British at the brig Oneida, which attempted to escape the incoming British vessels but failed and returned to Navy Point. The British continued on and dropped anchor. Back at the point, Oneida was moored with one broadside of nine guns to the enemy, while the others were taken out and hastily placed on a breastwork along the shoreline, near where a 32-pounder cannon, intended for Oneida, but found too heavy, had been mounted on a pivot. Below the cannon a protective mound had been constructed about {{convert|6|ft|m}} high.Roosevelt, 1883 pp. 150–151

Alarm guns were fired and expresses were sent to call in the neighboring militias. Most of the militia did not arrive in time to render assistance; however, by the end of the day, some 3,000 local militia had assembled but they did not engage. The British had been misinformed about the defenses of the harbor and assumed there was nothing to be feared in the way of ordnance. The force at that time in town was, besides the crew of Oneida, a regiment under Colonel Bellinger, a volunteer company of artillery under Captain Camp, and the militia.

File:Melancthon Taylor Woolsey.jpg commanded American troops during the battle.]]

Captain Woolsey, leaving his brig in charge of a lieutenant, took command on shore, the 32-pounder being in charge of William Vaughan, a sailing master, and the other guns under that of Captain Camp. There was no shot in town larger than {{convert|24|lb|kg|adj=on}} balls, which were used with the aid of patches made of carpet, in the 32-pounder. By the time these arrangements were made, the enemy had arrived within range, nearly in front of the battery.

The action was commenced; the first shot was fired from the 32-pounder, which failed to hit any of the British ships. A shout of laughter was heard from the fleet just after, indicating that the American's first shot fell too short of target. The British returned a salvo briskly at the American battery and continued for two hours. Most of the British shots were reportedly accurate. The Americans returned fire throughout the bombardment; Oneida{{'}}s broadsides and their 32-pounder inflicted many hits or near hits on the Royal Navy vessels.Cooper, 1856 pp. 401–403

Towards the close of the action, as the flagship Royal George was maneuvering to fire another broadside, a 24-pound shot struck her stern and raked her whole length, killing eight men, and doing much damage. Royal George also had severe damage to her top mast and rigging. Other British warships were damaged but the extent is unknown. Upon this, the signal of retreat was given and the British fleet bore away for Kingston, Upper Canada, without ceremony. The American band struck up the national tune of "Yankee Doodle," and the troops yelled three cheers of victory.

On July 24, 1812, General Jacob Brown attributed the success of the day to the officers Woolsey, Bellinger, and Camp, in their respective capacities, and especially to the crew of the 32-pounder. William Vaughan, who had commanded the 32-pounder, claimed the honor of having fired the first hostile gun in the war. Julius Torry, one of the men at this gun, was an African American better known as Black Julius, and a great favorite in the camp. He served at his post with remarkable activity and courage. As there was no opportunity for the use of small arms, the greater part of the troops who were drawn up, were spectators of the engagement.

The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved {{convert|25|acres|km2}} of the Sacket's Harbor battlefield.{{Cite web|url=https://www.battlefields.org/visit/battlefields/sackets-harbor-battlefield|title=Sackets Harbor Battlefield|website=American Battlefield Trust|access-date=June 19, 2023|archive-date=June 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619174612/https://www.battlefields.org/visit/battlefields/sackets-harbor-battlefield|url-status=live}}

• Second Battle of Sackett's Harbor
• Bibliography of early American naval history, War of 1812

{{Reflist|25em}}

• {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=James Fenimore |title=History of the Navy of the United States of America |author-link=James Fenimore Cooper |ref=Cooper |year=1856 |publisher=Stringer & Townsend, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_WK3mWOlYYNsC/page/n539 508] |oclc=197401914 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_WK3mWOlYYNsC}}
• {{cite book |last=Lossing |first=Benson |title=The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_24384 |publisher=Harper & Brothers, Publishers |year=1868|isbn=978-0-665-24384-4 }}
• {{cite book |last=Maclay |first=Edgar Stanton |title=A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1893 |ref=Maclay |year=1894 |publisher=D. Appleton & Company, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UHWpn7IEuMoC/page/n684 647] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UHWpn7IEuMoC}}
• {{cite book |last=Mahon |first=John H. |ref=Mahon |title=The War of 1812 |publisher=Da Capo Press, in arrangement with University of Florida Press, 1972 |year=1972 |pages=496 |isbn=0-306-80429-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcp6UTcp8OEC&q=Muller,+Charles+G.+The+Proudest+Day }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• {{cite book |last=Paine |first=Ralph Delahaye |title=The Fight for a Free Sea: A Chronicle of the War of 1812 |year=1920 |author-link=Ralph Delahaye Paine |ref=Paine |publisher=Yale University Press, New Haven, 1920 |orig-year=1920 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fightforafreese00paingoog/page/n249 235] |url=https://archive.org/details/fightforafreese00paingoog}}
• {{cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |title=The Naval War of 1812 |author-link=Theodore Roosevelt |ref=Roosevelt |year=1883 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's sons, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Fb1CAAAAYAAJ/page/n579 541] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Fb1CAAAAYAAJ}}

• {{cite book |first=Benjamin |last=Homans |title=The Military and Naval Magazine of the United States, Volumes 1–2 |year=1833 |publisher=Thompson and Homans, Washington |pages=[https://archive.org/details/militaryandnava00unkngoog/page/n251 393] |url=https://archive.org/details/militaryandnava00unkngoog}}

• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060629150749/http://www.sacketsharborbattlefield.org/ Sackets Harbor Battlefield Alliance]}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509090530/http://www.rudyalicelighthouse.net/OntLts/HorseIs/HorseIs.htm Horse Island Lighthouse, Sacket's Harbor, NY]

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Category:Naval battles of the War of 1812

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Category:1812 in New York (state)

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