Fist
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
File:Human fist different sides.svg
{{short description|Hand wherein all fingers are folded into palms firmly}}{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Closed fist.jpg
| caption1 = Closed fist
| image2 = Open fist.jpg
| caption2 = Open fist
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A fist is the shape of a hand when the fingers are bent inward against the palm and held there tightly. To make or clench a fist is to fold the fingers tightly into the center of the palm and then to clamp the thumb over the middle phalanges; in contrast to this "closed" fist, one keeps the fist "open" by holding the thumb against the side of the index finger. One uses the closed fist to punch the lower phalanges against a surface, or to pound with the little-finger side of the hand's heel; one uses the open fist to knock with the middle knuckle of the middle finger.
Speakers of some English dialects may use the word "nieve" or "neef" to refer to a fist.
{{oed | nieve}}
Physiology and neurology
Making a fist is virtually unknown among other primates. This is because while "most primate hands are long of palm and finger [and] short of thumb", the proportions are the opposite for humans.{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21568703-how-dual-use-bodily-structure-came-existence-making-fist-it |url-access=subscription |title=The evolution of the hand: Making a fist of it |publisher=The Economist|date=22 December 2012 |access-date=2013-05-05}}
At least one study has claimed that the clenching of one's fist can be used to recall information.{{cite web|last=Szalavitz |first=Maia |url=https://healthland.time.com/2013/04/29/grasping-memory-with-both-hands/?xid=rss-topstories |title=Clenching Fists Can Help Improve Memory, Researchers Find |publisher=TIME Healthland |date=29 April 2013 |access-date=2013-05-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730000437/http://healthland.time.com/2013/04/29/grasping-memory-with-both-hands/?xid=rss-topstories |archive-date= 30 July 2014 }}
Some studies have shown that making fists can help humans to cope with stress or anxiety because the mind gets preoccupied with the tightening of the muscle to focus on the issue at hand.{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8072887/Clenched-fist-can-help-us-deal-with-stress-scientists-say.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022064659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8072887/Clenched-fist-can-help-us-deal-with-stress-scientists-say.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-10-22 |title=Clenched fist can help us deal with stress, scientists say |publisher=Telegraph |date=19 October 2010 |access-date=2013-05-05}}
Boxing
Formation of a fist for the purpose of punching is the most basic knowledge taught in the sport of boxing. Fists are taught in martial arts like karate, kung fu, and taekwondo for the process of punching and striking.{{cite web|url=http://www.fightingarts.com/reading/article.php?id=510 |title=Making A Fist |publisher=FightingArts.com |date=15 August 2011 |access-date=2013-05-05}} Fight 100% says "more than 90% of the people actually don't know how to make a fist correctly", and adds that correct formation means the user "won't break [their] hand", "won't strain their wrist", will "be able to launch very powerful punches", and "be able to knock someone out in one punch".{{cite web |url=http://www.fight100.com/how-to-make-a-fist.html |title=How To Make A Fist |publisher=Fight100.com |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503112852/http://www.fight100.com/how-to-make-a-fist.html |archive-date=2013-05-03 |url-status=dead }}
Improper formation of the fist while punching or striking an object can cause bruising and broken small bones in the hand known as Boxer's fracture. Boxer's Fracture occurs when metacarpals or small bones in the hand break on the side of the pinky and ring finger. The name derives from the fact that such injuries are most common in boxers and practitioners of other fighting arts.{{Cite web|url = http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/boxers-fracture?print=true|title = Boxer's Fracture|website = WebMD}}
Other uses
The raised fist is also a symbol of rebellion, militance, resistance and unity.{{cite web |url=http://www.docspopuli.org/articles/Fist.html |title=A brief history of the "clenched fist" image |publisher=Docspopuli.org |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-date=2020-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206105310/http://www.docspopuli.org/articles/Fist.html |url-status=dead }}
Various phenomena include the term "fist" in their name, such as the sexual act of fisting and the fist bump greeting.
Pounding one's fist on the table is often done when frustrated. In 1983, Don Francis was at a meeting with the CDC to discuss about the transmission of AIDS through blood transfusions. When his colleagues ignored the warnings, Don Francis pounded his fist on the table demanding to know, how many deaths did we need before we acted?{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
References
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