Fitzwilliam Sonatas

The two sonatas used by Dart for his edition were probably written between 1724 and 1726,Terence Best, "Handel's Chamber Music", Early Music 13, no. 4 (November 1985): 476–499. The citations are on p. 479 and in the table on p. 485. but were not likely intended to be associated, either as a pair or together with the other four recorder sonatas by Handel. They were first associated in 1948, when Thurston Dart named them after the Fitzwilliam Museum at the University of Cambridge, where the autograph sources are kept.George Buelow, A History of Baroque Music, sixth edition (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004): 622 "[https://books.google.com/books?id=aw1TTtpp4FwC&pg=PA622&lpg=PA622&dq=%22fitzwilliam+sonatas%22+handel Notes to pages 489–498]" (accessdate = 21 February 2009). {{ISBN|0-253-34365-8}}. Said autographs were part of the bequest that founded the museum, made in 1816 by Richard FitzWilliam, 7th Viscount FitzWilliamIan Chilvers, "Fitzwilliam Museum", in The Oxford Dictionary of Art, 3rd edition (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), {{ISBN|0-19-860476-9}}. (not related to the Earls Fitzwilliam), who had bought them at auction following the death of J.C. Smith the Younger (1712–95), from the portion of his collection remaining after a major gift to King George III.

In 1974 a new edition of three recorder sonatas under the same name was made by the German musicologist Klaus Hofmann.Georg Friedrich Händel, Fitzwilliam-Sonaten für Altblockflöte und Generalbaß, edited by Klaus Hofmann, 3 vols. (Neuhausen-Stuttgart: Hänssler-Verag, 1974). This edition restored the D minor sonata to its original seven-movement form, and added as no. 3 the Sonata in G major, HWV 358, probably composed much earlier than the other two Fitzwilliam recorder sonatas, at some time between 1707 and 1710.Terence Best, "Handel's Chamber Music", Early Music 13, no. 4 (November 1985): 476–499. The citation is in the table on p. 485. Even with correction of an evidently defective, very high passage at the end of the third movement, Hofmann admits that "Handel must have been counting on a superlative instrumental soloist", and suggests that "perhaps an instrument in g' ought also to be kept in mind" (as opposed to the usual alto recorder in f').Georg Friedrich Händel, Fitzwilliam-Sonaten für Altblockflöte und Generalbaß, edited by Klaus Hofmann, vol. 3: Sonate G-dur (Neuhausen-Stuttgart: Hänssler-Verag, 1974), p. 2. The attribution of this sonata to the recorder is contested, however. Both David Lasocki and Terence Best assign it to the violin,David Lasocki, "New Light on Handel 's Woodwind Sonatas", American Recorder 21, no. 4 (February 1981): 169; Terence Best, "Critical Commentary", in G. F. Handel, The Complete Sonatas for Violin and Basso Continuo / Die gesamten Sonaten für Violine und Basso Continuo / Les sonates complètes pour violon et basse continue, edited by Terence Best, basso continuo realized by Peter Holman, 50–54 (London: Faber Music Limited; Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Sydney: Boosey & Hawkes (Australia) Pty. Ltd.; New York: G. Schirmer Inc.; Auckland: Roderick Biss Music Ltd., 1983), 50, although Best concedes that the extremely high notes at the end of the last movement which, in his opinion, rule out the recorder, "are difficult even for a modern player" of the violin, and "do not fit the bass comfortably: it is possible that Handel made a mistake in notation", as Hofmann contended. whereas Jean-Claude Veilhan endorses Hofmann's view,George Frideric Handel, Sonate en sol majeur pour flûte à bec alto et basse continue (Fitzwilliam MS 261), transcription Jean-Claude Veilhan, réalisation de la basse, Danièle Salzer (Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1990). and Winfried Michel acknowledges the possibility.George Frideric Handel, Die Sonaten für Altblockflöte und B.c. , edited by Winfried Michel, 2nd edition (Münster: Mieroprint, 1992) is a facsimile edition including HWV 358, though in his transcribed edition, George Frideric Handel, Sonaten für Altblockflöte und Basso Continuo / Sonatas for Treble Recorder and Basso Continuo, edited by Winfried Michel, Camera Flauto Amadeus 122 (Winterthur: Amadeus Verlag/B. Päuler, 1994) Michel includes only the six sonatas in G minor, F major, A minor, C major, B-flat major, and D minor.

Two further Handel sonatas found in the Fitzwilliam manuscripts have been published under the "Fitzwilliam" rubric: the Sonata for Violin and Continuo in G minor, HWV 364a,Published as three separate items: (1) George Frideric Handel, Fitzwilliam Violin Sonata in G minor: Fair Copy of Handel's Manuscript, edited by Robert Illing (Adelaide: Robert Illing, 1982), {{ISBN|0-949302-10-4}}; (2) George Frideric Handel, Fitzwilliam Violin Sonata in G minor: Keyboard Realization of Handel's Bass by Robert Illing (Adelaide: Robert Illing, 1982) {{ISBN|0-949302-11-2}}; and (3) Robert Illing, Handel, Fitzwilliam Violin Sonata in G minor: A Critical Account (Adelaide: Robert Illing, 1984), {{ISBN|0-949302-09-0}}. and the Sonata for Oboe and Continuo in B-flat major, HWV 357.Published as the second of George Frideric Handel, Three Authentic Sonatas for Oboe & Basso Continuo: in F, opus 1 no. 5; B-flat, "Fitzwilliam"; c, opus 1 no. 8, edited by David Lasocki ([London]: Nova Music, 1975). In the autograph of the G minor violin sonata, Handel copied out the first bar a second time at the foot of the first page, with the solo part written an octave lower, in the alto clef and with the words "Per la Viola da Gamba".Terence Best, "Handel's Chamber Music", Early Music 13, no. 4 (November 1985): 476–499. The citation is on p. 479. Also Terence Best, "Critical Commentary", in G. F. Handel, The Complete Sonatas for Violin and Basso Continuo / Die gesamten Sonaten für Violine und Basso Continuo / Les sonates complètes pour violon et basse continue, edited by Terence Best, basso continuo realized by Peter Holman, 50–54 (London: Faber Music Limited; Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Sydney: Boosey & Hawkes (Australia) Pty. Ltd.; New York: G. Schirmer Inc.; Auckland: Roderick Biss Music Ltd., 1983). The citation is on p. 51. A realization of this version was first published in an edition by Thurston Dart in 1950.George Frideric Handel, Sonata in G minor, for Viola da Gamba (or Viola) and Harpsichord (or Pianoforte), edited and arranged by Thurston Dart, Edition Schott 10114 (London: Schott, 1950).

The three sonatas in Dart's arrangement (the one illustrated in the accompanying sound files) are:

• The Sonata in B-flat major (HWV 377, {{circa|1724–25}}){{Cite web |url=http://gfhandel.org/faqs.htm |title=Handelian FAQs |author1=Brad Leissa |author2=David Vickers |date=3 February 2007 |publisher=gfhandel.org |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321090807/http://gfhandel.org/faqs.htm |archive-date=21 March 2009 |df=dmy }}{{Cite web |url=http://gfhandel.org/301to400.htm#HWV377 |title=377 |work=The HWV Catalog |publisher=gfhandel.org |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223082116/http://gfhandel.org/301to400.htm#HWV377 |archive-date=23 February 2009 |df=dmy }}

1. Corrente
2. Adagio
3. Allegro

• Movements 7 & 6, reversed from their order in the Sonata in D minor (HWV 367a, Op. 1, No. 9a, {{circa|1725–26}}),{{Cite web |url=http://gfhandel.org/301to400.htm#HWV367a |title=367a |work=The HWV Catalog |publisher=gfhandel.org |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223082116/http://gfhandel.org/301to400.htm#HWV367a |archive-date=23 February 2009 |df=dmy }} (using an earlier version of movement 6, the Andante in D minor, HWV 409, {{circa|1725–26}}),{{Cite web |url=http://gfhandel.org/401to558.htm#HWV409 |title=409 |work=The HWV Catalog |publisher=gfhandel.org |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311032941/http://gfhandel.org/401to558.htm#HWV409 |archive-date=11 March 2009 |df=dmy }} and the Menuet in D minor (HWV 462, {{circa|1724–26}}, originally for solo keyboard),{{Cite web |url=http://gfhandel.org/401to558.htm#HWV462 |title=462 |work=The HWV Catalog |publisher=gfhandel.org |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311032941/http://gfhandel.org/401to558.htm#HWV462 |archive-date=11 March 2009 |df=dmy }} with the note values doubled and time signature changed from {{music|time|6|8}} to {{music|time|3|4}}, to which is added a double (variation) composed by Dart.

1. A tempo di Menuet
2. Andante
3. Menuet

• Movements 1–5 from the Sonata in D minor (HWV 367a, {{circa|1725–26}}).{{Cite web |url=http://gfhandel.org/301to400.htm#HWV377 |title=367 |work=The HWV Catalog |publisher=gfhandel.org |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223082116/http://gfhandel.org/301to400.htm#HWV377 |archive-date=23 February 2009 |df=dmy }}

1. Largo
2. Vivace
3. Furioso
4. Adagio
5. Alla breve

The movements of Handel's two original sonatas, as given in both Klaus Hofmann's and David Lasocki and Walter Bergmann'sG. F. Handel, The Complete Sonatas for Treble (Alto) Recorder and Continuo, edited by David Lasocki and Walter Bergmann (London: Faber Music Limited; New York: G. Schirmer Inc.; Australia & Canada: Boosey & Hawkes; Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Tokyo: Zen-On Music Co. Ltd,. 1979). editions, are:

• Sonata in B-flat major (HWV 377)

1. [Allegro]
2. Adagio
3. Allegro

• Sonata in D minor (HWV 367a)

1. Largo
2. Vivace
3. Furioso [Hofmann]; Presto [Lasocki/Bergmann]
4. Adagio
5. Alla breve
6. Andante
7. A tempo di menuet

The Sonata in G major (HWV 358) does not even carry the title "Sonata" in the manuscript, let alone any specification of instrumentation, nor are there any tempo markings for its three movements.Terence Best, "Critical Commentary", in G. F. Handel, The Complete Sonatas for Violin and Basso Continuo / Die gesamten Sonaten für Violine und Basso Continuo / Les sonates complètes pour violon et basse continue, edited by Terence Best, basso continuo realized by Peter Holman, 50–54 (London: Faber Music Limited; Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Sydney: Boosey & Hawkes (Australia) Pty. Ltd.; New York: G. Schirmer Inc.; Auckland: Roderick Biss Music Ltd., 1983), 50. The editions by Hofmann and Best,G. F. Handel, The Complete Sonatas for Violin and Basso Continuo / Die gesamten Sonaten für Violine und Basso Continuo / Les sonates complètes pour violon et basse continue, edited by Terence Best, basso continuo realized by Peter Holman (London: Faber Music Limited; Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Sydney: Boosey & Hawkes (Australia) Pty. Ltd.; New York: G. Schirmer Inc.; Auckland: Roderick Biss Music Ltd., 1983). though disagreeing about the intended solo instrument (recorder or violin, respectively), do supply the same tempo markings:

1. [Allegro]
2. [Adagio]
3. [Allegro]

The Violin sonata in G minor (HWV 364a) is marked simply "Violino Solo" in the Fitzwilliam autograph.Terence Best, "Critical Commentary", in G. F. Handel, The Complete Sonatas for Violin and Basso Continuo / Die gesamten Sonaten für Violine und Basso Continuo / Les sonates complètes pour violon et basse continue, edited by Terence Best, basso continuo realized by Peter Holman, 50–54 (London: Faber Music Limited; Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Sydney: Boosey & Hawkes (Australia) Pty. Ltd.; New York: G. Schirmer Inc.; Auckland: Roderick Biss Music Ltd., 1983), 51. The movements as given in Terence Best's editionG. F. Handel, The Complete Sonatas for Violin and Basso Continuo / Die gesamten Sonaten für Violine und Basso Continuo / Les sonates complètes pour violon et basse continue, edited by Terence Best, basso continuo realized by Peter Holman, 50–54 (London: Faber Music Limited; Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Sydney: Boosey & Hawkes (Australia) Pty. Ltd.; New York: G. Schirmer Inc.; Auckland: Roderick Biss Music Ltd., 1983). are:

1. LarghettoAccording to Best's Critical Commentary, "The first movement was originally marked 'adagio'. This is crossed out, and 'Andante larghetto' substituted." (Terence Best, "Critical Commentary", in G. F. Handel, The Complete Sonatas for Violin and Basso Continuo / Die gesamten Sonaten für Violine und Basso Continuo / Les sonates complètes pour violon et basse continue, edited by Terence Best, basso continuo realized by Peter Holman, 50–54 (London: Faber Music Limited; Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Sydney: Boosey & Hawkes (Australia) Pty. Ltd.; New York: G. Schirmer Inc.; Auckland: Roderick Biss Music Ltd., 1983), 51).
2. Allegro
3. Adagio
4. Allegro

Handel re-used the first movement of Sonata 1, a courante, in the opera, Scipione (HWV 20, 1704).{{Cite web |url=http://gfhandel.org/1to42.htm#HWV20 |title=20 |work=The HWV Catalog |publisher=gfhandel.org |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130024748/http://gfhandel.org/1to42.htm#HWV20 |archive-date=30 January 2009 |df=dmy }} The second movement was re-used in his Organ Concerto in F major, Op. 4, No. 4 (HWV 292).{{Cite web |url=http://gfhandel.org/201to300.htm#HWV292 |title=292 |work=The HWV Catalog |publisher=gfhandel.org |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223082111/http://gfhandel.org/201to300.htm#HWV292 |archive-date=23 February 2009 |df=dmy }} The third movement was used in the Violin Sonata, Op. 1, No. 3 (HWV 361).{{Cite web |url=http://gfhandel.org/301to400.htm#HWV361 |title=292 |work=The HWV Catalog |publisher=gfhandel.org |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223082116/http://gfhandel.org/301to400.htm#HWV361 |archive-date=23 February 2009 |df=dmy }}

Modern scholars agree that the B{{music|flat}} major sonata must have been written for the recorder, despite there being no mention of this on the autograph.Martha Bixler, "A Handel Sonata Roundup: Editions, Then & Now", American Recorder 39, no. 5 (November 1998): 9–16; the cited passage is on p. 12. One of the reasons for this is that, "when Handel used the third movement again in his A major violin sonata, he changed the key to A major, which would seem to eliminate the possibility that the B{{music|flat}} major version is for the violin."David Lasocki, "New Light on Handel 's Woodwind Sonatas", American Recorder 21, no. 4 (February 1981): 163–170; the cited passage is on p. 167. In addition, the key and range were unsuitable for the oboe, according to one source, though another writer claims that, although "the key would be suitable for the oboe, but less so for the flute," nevertheless "The range is too high for the oboe, and all of Handel's genuine flute and oboe sonatas go significantly below f′ (flute sonatas to d′, oboe sonatas to c′ or d′)".David Lasocki, "New Light on Handel 's Woodwind Sonatas", American Recorder 21, no. 4 (February 1981): 163–170; the cited passage is on pp. 167–168.

The second and third of Dart's sonatas were originally a single sonata (HWV 367a), and was broken into two parts by Thurston Dart in his edition of 1948. The sonata designated by Dart as No. 2 consists of movement 7 of this D minor sonata followed by an earlier version of movement 6 of the same work, concluding with an unrelated minuet by Handel, together with a double (variation) composed by Dart.Terence Best, "Handel's Chamber Music", Early Music 13, no. 4 (November 1985): 476–499, citation on 486. Anthony Hicks, "Handel, George Frideric, §17: Instrumental Chamber Music", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrel (New York: Grove's Dictionaries, 2001). It has since been published in its original form.Edited by Terence Best in the Hallische Händel-Ausgabe im Auftrage der Georg Friedrich Händel-Gesellschaft iv/18, 19, 45 (Kassel), and in George Frideric Handel, The Complete Sonatas for Treble (Alto) Recorder and Basso Continuo, edited by David Lasocki, continuo realization by Walter Bergmann (London: Faber Music; New York: G. Schirmer, 1979). This D-minor Sonata was later arranged by an unknown hand as a flute Sonata in B minor (HWV 367b), published by Walsh in about 1730 as op. 1, no. 9.

• List of compositions by George Frideric Handel

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite journal|last=Lasocki|first=David|author2=Best, Terence|date=July 1981|title=Wind issue: A New Flute Sonata by Handel|journal=Early Music|volume=9|issue=3|pages=307–311|doi=10.1093/earlyj/9.3.307|ref=none}}
• {{Cite book|last=Young|first=Percy M.|title=Handel|series=The Master Musicians|publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd|year=1965|isbn=0-460-03161-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/handel00youn_0|ref=none}}

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Category:Sonatas by George Frideric Handel