Five-Pavilion Bridge

{{Infobox bridge

| name = Five-Pavilion Bridge

| native_name = 五亭桥

| native_name_lang = zh

| image = The Five Pavilion bridge.jpg

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| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q10881495|region:CN_type:landmark|display=title,inline}}

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| crosses = Slender West Lake

| locale = Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

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| other_name = Lotus Blossom Bridge

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| heritage = Nationally-Protected Cultural Heritage Site

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| material = Stone

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| length = {{cvt|55|m|ft|sp=us}}

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| open = 1757

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{{chinese

|pic=File:Four Bridges in Rain and Mist.jpg

|picsize=250px

|piccap="Four Bridges in Misty Rain", one of Yangzhou's 24 views under the Qing

|t={{linktext|五|亭|橋}}

|s={{linktext|五|亭|桥}}

|p=Wǔtíng Qiáo

|w=Wu³-t'ing² Ch'iao²

|mi={{IPAc-cmn|wu|3|.|t|ing|2|-|q|iao|2}}

|l="Five-Pavilion Bridge"

|altname=Lotus Bridge

|t2={{linktext|蓮花|橋}}

|s2={{linktext|莲花|桥}}

|p2=Liánhuā Qiáo

|w2=Lien-hua Ch'iao

|l2="Lotus Blossom Bridge"

}}

The Five-Pavilion Bridge, also known as the Lotus Bridge and by other names, is a covered stone arch footbridge in the Slender West Lake National Park in Hanjiang District, Yangzhou, in Jiangsu, China. It is one of the Four Bridges in Misty Rain, one of the 24 Views of Yangzhou under the Qing, and has become a landmark of the city.

Names

The bridge is called the "Five-Pavilion Bridge". Its alternative name, "Lotus Bridge" or "Lotus Blossom Bridge", is a translation of the bridge's original Chinese name,{{sfnp|Finnane|2004|p=194}} either named for the Lotus Blossom Dyke that the bridge connects to on its southern side{{sfnp|Chen & al.|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EoWIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA389 389]}} or for a supposed resemblance of its pavilions to the petals of a lotus flower.{{sfnp|Knapp|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XlXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT369 190]}}

History

The bridge was constructed in 1757{{citation |last= |first= |contribution=Five-Pavilion Bridge |contribution-url=http://ly.shouxihu.net/en/page/jd012/ |title=Official site |url=http://ly.shouxihu.net |date=2023 |publisher=Slender West Lake Scenic Spot |location=Yangzhou}}. (Qianlong 22), connecting the residences on the north bank of the lake to the back of the Temple of the Lotus Mind to the south.{{sfnp|Knapp|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XlXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT369 190]}} Its construction was funded by local salt merchants to welcome the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty during his second southern tour of Jiangnan.{{sfnp|Olivová|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC&pg=PA9 9]}}{{sfnp|Chen & al.|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EoWIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA389 389]}} The bridge self-consciously mirrored the Five Dragon Pavilions in Beijing, combining with the earlier White Dagoba at the Lianxing Temple to emulate the capital's Beihai Park.{{sfnp|Olivová|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC&pg=PA9 9]}} Although representative of a Qing style of covered bridges variously known as "corridor bridges", "rain and wind bridges", and "pavilion bridges",{{sfnp|Chen & al.|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EoWIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA389 389]}} it was still listed by the famed Chinese structural engineer Mao Yisheng as China's "most elegant and artistic bridge".

The bridge was greatly damaged during fighting between the Taiping and Qing armies{{sfnp|Chen & al.|1986|p=23}} over the course of 1853,{{sfnp|Meyer-Fong|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC&pg=PA41 41–2]}} with the pavilions entirely destroyed. They were subsequently repaired by the end of the Qing,{{sfnp|Chen & al.|1986|p=23}}{{sfnp|Olivová|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC&pg=PA17 17]}} but only three of the five pavilions remained standing in 1929.{{sfnp|Snow & al.|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/millards-1929.08.10/page/10/mode/2up 568]}} The bridge was later renovated in 1933, 1951{{ndash}}1953,{{sfnp|Knapp|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XlXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT373 194]}} 1956, and 1982.{{citation |last=Danielson |first=Eric N. |date=26 January 2012 |contribution-url=http://yangziman.over-blog.com/2015/07/yangzhou-still-a-former-rival-to-suzhou.html |contribution=Yangzhou Historic Sites Index |publisher= |location= |url=http://yangziman.over-blog.com |title=The Long River}}. As the "Lotus Bridge", the Five-Pavilion Bridge was inscribed along with the nearby White Dagoba as the 533rd Major Cultural Heritage Site under National-Level Protection added during the 6th round of nominations on 25 May 2006.{{sfnp|State Council|2006}}

Structure

The bridge is {{convert|55.3|m|sp=us}} long.{{sfnp|Knapp|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XlXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT369 190]}} It rests on 12 granite bases of various sizes, supporting 15 arches in three styles. The largest arch has a span of {{convert|7|m|sp=us}}. The largest central pavilion is connected to the four smaller pavilions at each corner by covered walkways.{{sfnp|Chen & al.|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EoWIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA389 389]}} The present pavilions rise on scarlet pillars and are covered with imperial yellow tiles.{{sfnp|Knapp|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XlXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT370 191]}}

References

=Citations=

=Bibliography=

{{citation |last= |first= |date=25 May 2006 |contribution-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921110429/http://www.sach.gov.cn/col/col1618/index.html |contribution=国务院关于核定并公布第六批全国重点文物保护单位的通知 (6th Batch) |location=Beijing |publisher=State Council of the People's Republic of China |language=zh |url=http://www.sach.gov.cn/ |title=Official site |ref={{harvid|State Council|2006}} |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414154432/http://www.sach.gov.cn/ |url-status=dead }}.
{{citation |last=Chen |first=Lifang |author-mask=Chen Lifang |author2=Yu Sianglin |display-authors=1 |date=1986 |ref={{harvid|Chen & al.|1986}} |title=The Garden Art of China |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland}}.
{{citation |last=Chen |first=Shouxiang |author-mask=Chen Shouxiang |author2=Feng Yuan |author3=Huang Qiming |author4=Liang Jiang |author5=Yang Xiaoyan |author6=Zhao Quanli |display-authors=1 |ref={{harvid|Chen & al.|2022}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoWIEAAAQBAJ |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoWIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA361 |title=A General History of Chinese Art |volume=VI |date=2022 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |contribution=Architecture of the Qing Dynasty |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EoWIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA361 361–397] |isbn=978-3-11-079093-1 |translator=Maya Lindenforest |display-translators=0 |editor2=Chen Shouxiang |editor3=Chen Yanlin |editor=Li Xifan |display-editors=0 }}.
{{citation |last=Finnane |first=Antonia |author-link=Antonia Finnane |title=Speaking of Yangzhou: A Chinese City, 1550–1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-hxAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |location=Cambridge |date=2004 |isbn=978-0674013926 }}.
{{citation |last=Knapp |first=Ronald G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlXRAgAAQBAJ |title=Chinese Bridges: Living Architecture from China's Past |publisher=Tuttle |location=North Clarendon |date=2012 |contribution=Wuting Bridge |pages=190–195 |isbn=978-1-4629-0586-7 }}.
{{citation |editor=Lucie B. Olivová |editor2=Vibeke Børdahl |display-editors=0 |title=Lifestyle and Entertainment in Yangzhou |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC&pg=PA41 37–61] |series=NIAS Studies in Asian Topics, No. 44 |date=2009 |publisher=Nordic Institute of Asian Studies |location=Copenhagen |contribution=Gathering in a Ruined City: Metaphor, Practice, and Recovery in Post-Taiping Yangzhou |last=Meyer-Fong |first=Tobie |isbn=978-87-7694-035-5 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC&pg=PA41 }}.
{{citation |editor=Lucie B. Olivová |editor2=Vibeke Børdahl |display-editors=0 |title=Lifestyle and Entertainment in Yangzhou |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC&pg=PA5 3–36] |series=NIAS Studies in Asian Topics, No. 44 |date=2009 |publisher=Nordic Institute of Asian Studies |location=Copenhagen |contribution=Building History and the Preservation of Yangzhou |last=Olivová |first=Lucie B. |isbn=978-87-7694-035-5 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC&pg=PA3 }}.
{{citation |last=Snow |first=Edgar |author-link=Edgar Snow |author2=S.Y. Hu |display-authors=1 |ref={{harvid|Snow & al.|1929}} |date=10 August 1929 |title=China Weekly Review |contribution=Journeying through Kiangsu: From Shanghai to the Capital via the Shanghai Nanking Railway |contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/millards-1929.08.10/page/474/mode/2up |url=https://archive.org/details/millards-1929.08.10/mode/2up |volume=XLIX |issue=11 |location=Shanghai |publisher=Millard Publishing Co. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/millards-1929.08.10/page/474/mode/2up 559–573] }}.