Flâneur

Image:Étienne Carjat, Portrait of Charles Baudelaire, circa 1862.jpg]]

{{lang|fr|Flâneur}} derives from the Old Norse verb {{lang|non|flana}}, "to wander with no purpose".[https://www.etymonline.com/word/flaneur "flaneur"]. Etymonline.

The terms of {{lang|fr|flânerie}} date to the 16th or 17th century, denoting strolling, idling, often with the connotation of wasting time. But it was in the 19th century that a rich set of meanings and definitions surrounding the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} took shape.{{cite book |last=Turcot |first=Laurent |title=Le promeneur à Paris au XVIIIe siècle |date=2008 |publisher=Gallimard| location=Paris |isbn=978-2070783663 |pages=10–43}}

The {{lang|fr|flâneur}} was defined in 1872 in a long article in Pierre Larousse's {{lang|fr|Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle}}. It described the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} in ambivalent terms, equal parts curiosity and laziness, and presented a taxonomy of {{lang|fr|flânerie}}: {{lang|fr|flâneurs}} of the boulevards, of parks, of the arcades, of cafés; mindless {{lang|fr|flâneurs}} and intelligent ones."{{cite book |title=Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle |volume=8 |date=1872 |chapter=v. flâneur"; "flânerie |chapter-url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k205356p |editor-first=Pierre |editor-last=Larousse |editor-link=Pierre Larousse |via=Bibliothèque nationale de France}}

By then, the term had already developed a rich set of associations. Sainte-Beuve wrote that to {{lang|fr|flâne}} "is the very opposite of doing nothing". Honoré de Balzac described {{lang|fr|flânerie}} as "the gastronomy of the eye".{{cite web |first=Honoré |last=de Balzac |author-link=Honoré de Balzac |url= http://www.futurelab.net/blog/2012/02/fl%C3%A2neurs-and-gastronomy-eye |title=Flâneurs and the "Gastronomy of the Eye" |via=Future Lab}} Anaïs Bazin wrote that "the only, the true sovereign of Paris is the {{lang|fr|flâneur}}". Victor Fournel, in {{lang|fr|Ce qu'on voit dans les rues de Paris}} (What One Sees in the Streets of Paris, 1867), devoted a chapter to "the art of {{lang|fr|flânerie}}". For Fournel, there was nothing lazy in {{lang|fr|flânerie}}. It was, rather, a way of understanding the rich variety of the city landscape; it was like "a mobile and passionate photograph" ("{{lang|fr|un daguerréotype mobile et passioné}}") of urban experience.{{sfn|Fournel|1867|p=268}}

With Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Man of the Crowd", the flâneur entered the literary scene. Charles Baudelaire discusses "The Man of the Crowd" in "The Painter of Modern Life";Baudelaire, Charles. The Painter of Modern Life, and Other Essays. Translated by Jonathan Mayne. London: Phaidon, 1964. it would go on to become a key example in Walter Benjamin's essay "On Some Motifs in Baudelaire", which theorizes the role of the crowd in modernity.Benjamin, Walter. “On some motifs in Baudelaire.” In Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings. Vol. 4, 1938-1940, by Walter Benjamin, 313–55. edited by Edmund Jephcott, Howard Eiland, and Michael W. Jennings. Cambridge, Mass; London: Harvard University Press, 2003.

In the 1860s, in the midst of the rebuilding of Paris under Napoleon III and the Baron Haussmann, Charles Baudelaire presented a memorable portrait of the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} as the artist-poet of the modern metropolis:{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Baudelaire |author-link=Charles Baudelaire |title=The Painter of Modern Life |location=New York |publisher=Da Capo Press |date=1964}} Originally published, in French, in Le Figaro, 1863.

{{blockquote|text=The crowd is his element, as the air is that of birds and water of fishes. His passion and his profession are to become one flesh with the crowd. For the perfect {{lang|fr|flâneur}}, for the passionate spectator, it is an immense joy to set up house in the heart of the multitude, amid the ebb and flow of movement, in the midst of the fugitive and the infinite. To be away from home and yet to feel oneself everywhere at home; to see the world, to be at the centre of the world, and yet to remain hidden from the world—impartial natures which the tongue can but clumsily define. The spectator is a prince who everywhere rejoices in his incognito. The lover of life makes the whole world his family, just like the lover of the fair sex who builds up his family from all the beautiful women that he has ever found, or that are or are not—to be found; or the lover of pictures who lives in a magical society of dreams painted on canvas. Thus, the lover of universal life enters into the crowd as though it were an immense reservoir of electrical energy. Or we might liken him to a mirror as vast as the crowd itself; or to a kaleidoscope gifted with consciousness, responding to each one of its movements and reproducing the multiplicity of life and the flickering grace of all the elements of life.}} But Baudelaire's association of the flâneur with artists and the world of art has been questioned.Richard Wrigley, ‘Unreliable Witness: the flâneur as artist and as spectator of art in 19th-century Paris’, Oxford Art Journal, vol. 39, no. 2, 2016, pp. 267-84

Drawing on Fournel, and on his analysis of the poetry of Baudelaire, Walter Benjamin described the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} as the essential figure of the modern urban spectator, an amateur detective and investigator of the city. More than this, his {{lang|fr|flâneur}} was a sign of the alienation of the city. {{Clarification needed|reason=Are the cities alienated or do they cause alienation|date=October 2023}} For Benjamin, the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} met his demise with the triumph of consumer capitalism.{{cite book |first=Walter |last=Benjamin |author-link=Walter Benjamin |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XYsqAQAAIAAJ |title=Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism |translator-first=Harry |translator-last=Zohn |location=London |date=1983 |page=54|isbn=9781859841921 }}

In these texts, the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} was often juxtaposed and contrasted with the figure of the {{lang|fr|badaud}}, the gawker or gaper. Fournel wrote: "The {{lang|fr|flâneur}} must not be confused with the {{lang|fr|badaud}}; a nuance should be observed there .... The simple {{lang|fr|flâneur}} is always in full possession of his individuality, whereas the individuality of the {{lang|fr|badaud}} disappears. It is absorbed by the outside world ... which intoxicates him to the point where he forgets himself. Under the influence of the spectacle which presents itself to him, the {{lang|fr|badaud}} becomes an impersonal creature; he is no longer a human being, he is part of the public, of the crowd."{{sfn|Fournel|1867|p=270}}{{sfn|Shaya|2004}}

In the decades since Benjamin, the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} has been the subject of a remarkable number of appropriations and interpretations. The figure of the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} has been used—among other things – to explain modern, urban experience, to explain urban spectatorship, to explain the class tensions and gender divisions of the nineteenth-century city, to describe modern alienation, to explain the sources of mass culture, to explain the postmodern spectatorial gaze.See, among others: {{harv|Buck-Morss|1986}}; {{harv|Buck-Morss|1989}}; {{harv|Wolff|1985}}; {{harv|Charney|Schwartz|1995}}; {{harv|Tester|1994}}; {{harv|Parkhurst Ferguson|1994}}; {{harv|Friedberg|1993}}. And it has served as a source of inspiration to writers and artists.

The historical feminine rough equivalent of the {{lang|fr|flâneur}}, the {{lang|fr|passante}} (French for 'walker', 'passer-by'), appears prominently in the work of Marcel Proust. He portrayed several of his female characters as elusive, passing figures, who tended to ignore his obsessive (and at times possessive) view of them. Increasing freedoms and social innovations such as industrialization later allowed the {{lang|fr|passante}} to become an active participant in the 19th century metropolis, as women's social roles expanded away from the domestic and the private, into the public and urban spheres.

Twenty-first-century literary criticism and gender studies scholarship has proposed {{lang|fr|flâneuse}} for the female equivalent of the {{lang|fr|flâneur}}, with some additional feminist re-analysis.{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0UcyCwAAQBAJ |title=Flaneuse: Women Walk the City in Paris, New York, Tokyo, Venice and London |last=Elkin |first=Lauren| date=2016 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1448191956}}{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ONOV66dmUUsC&q=flaneuse&pg=PR7 |title=The Invisible Flâneuse?: Gender, Public Space, and Visual Culture in Nineteenth-century Paris |last1=D'Souza |first1=Aruna |last2=McDonough |first2=Tom |date=2006 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0719067846}}{{Cite journal |last=Wolff |first=Janet |s2cid=144714965 |date=1985 |title=The Invisible Flâneuse: Women and the Literature of Modernity |journal=Theory, Culture and Society |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=37–46 |doi=10.1177/0263276485002003005}}{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Elizabeth |title=The sphinx in the city: urban life, the control of disorder, and women |date=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-07850-0 |location=Berkeley |oclc=24319974}}{{Cite book|last=McDowell|first=Linda|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39913875|title=Gender, identity, and place : understanding feminist geographies|date=1999|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=0-8166-3393-2|location=Minneapolis|oclc=39913875}} This proposal derives from the argument that women conceived and experienced public space differently from men in modern cities. Janet Wolff, in The Invisible Flâneuse: Women and the Literature of Modernity (1985), argues that the female figure of the flâneuse is absent in the literature of modernity, because public space had been gendered in modernity, leading, in turn, women's exclusion from public spaces to domestic spaces and suburbs. Elizabeth Wilson, on the other hand, in The Sphinx in the City: Urban Life, the Control of Disorder, and Women (1991), points out women's diverse experiences in public space in the modern metropolises such as London, Paris, Vienna, Berlin, discussing how the modern city was conceived as a place of freedom, autonomy, and pleasure, and how women experienced these spaces. Linda McDowell, in Gender, Identity and Place: Understanding Feminist Geographies (1999), expands this understanding to explain how public space was not experienced as a homogeneous and fixed space, and how women used particular public spaces such as beaches, cafés, and shopping malls to experience this autonomy. Departing from Wilson's approach, Lauren Elkin's Flâneuse: Women Walk the City in Paris, New York, Tokyo, Venice, and London (2017) traces a number of flâneuse women in history, such as Agnès Varda, Sophie Calle, Virginia Woolf, Martha Gellhorn, focusing on their particular relationships with particular cities.

In less academic contexts, such as newspaper book reviews, the grammatically masculine {{lang|fr|flâneur}} is also applied to women (including modern ones) in essentially the same senses as for the original male referents, at least in English-language borrowings of the term.E.g.: {{cite news |title=Raven Leilani, a Flâneur Who Is Going Places |first=Concepción |last=de León |date=August 4, 2020 |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/31/books/raven-leilani-luster.html |access-date=August 5, 2020}} These feminist scholars have argued that the word 'flâneuse' implies women's distinctive modalities of conceiving, interacting, occupying, and experiencing space.

File:Gustave Caillebotte - Paris Street; Rainy Day - Google Art Project.jpg, 1877. Art Institute of Chicago.]]

File:Caillebotte-PontdeL'Europe-Geneva.jpg, oil on canvas, 1876. Musée du Petit Palais, Geneva.]]

While Baudelaire characterized the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} as a "gentleman stroller of city streets",{{cite news |last=Saltz |first=Jerry |title=Modern Machinery |url= http://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/49958/ |access-date=May 9, 2011 |work=New York |date=September 7, 2008}} he saw him as having a key role in understanding, participating in, and portraying the city. A {{lang|fr|flâneur}} thus played a double role in city life and in theory, that is, while remaining a detached observer. This stance, simultaneously {{em|part of}} and {{em|apart from}}, combines sociological, anthropological, literary, and historical notions of the relationship between the individual and the greater populace.{{cite book |last=Turcot |first=Laurent |chapter=Promenades et flâneries à Paris du XVIIe au XXIe siècles: La marche comme construction d'une identité urbaine |title=Marcher en ville: Faire corps, prendre corps, donner corps aux ambiances urbaines |editor-first=Rachel |editor-last=Thomas |date=2010 |publisher=Éditions des archives contemporaines |location=Paris |language=fr |isbn=978-2813000262 |pages=65–84}}

In the period after the French Revolution of 1848, during which the Empire was reestablished with clearly bourgeois pretensions of "order" and "morals", Baudelaire began asserting that traditional art was inadequate for the new dynamic complications of modern life. Social and economic changes brought by industrialization demanded that the artist immerse himself in the metropolis and become, in Baudelaire's phrase, "a botanist of the sidewalk". David Harvey asserts that "Baudelaire would be torn the rest of his life between the stances of {{lang|fr|flâneur}} and dandy, a disengaged and cynical voyeur on the one hand, and man of the people who enters into the life of his subjects with passion on the other".Paris: Capital of Modernity 14.

The observer–participant dialectic is evidenced in part by the dandy culture. Highly self-aware, and to a certain degree flamboyant and theatrical, dandies of the mid-nineteenth century created scenes through self-consciously outrageous acts like walking turtles on leashes down the streets of Paris. Such acts exemplify a {{lang|fr|flâneur}}'s active participation in and fascination with street life while displaying a critical attitude towards the uniformity, speed, and anonymity of modern life in the city.

The concept of the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} is important in academic discussions of the phenomenon of modernity. While Baudelaire's aesthetic and critical visions helped open up the modern city as a space for investigation, theorists such as Georg Simmel began to codify the urban experience in more sociological and psychological terms. In his essay "The Metropolis and Mental Life", Simmel theorized that the complexities of the modern city create new social bonds and new attitudes towards others. The modern city was transforming humans, giving them a new relationship to time and space, inculcating in them a "{{lang|fr|blasé}} attitude", and altering fundamental notions of freedom and being:{{sfn|Simmel|1950}}

{{blockquote|text=The deepest problems of modern life derive from the claim of the individual to preserve the autonomy and individuality of his existence in the face of overwhelming social forces, of historical heritage, of external culture, and of the technique of life. The fight with nature which primitive man has to wage for his bodily existence attains in this modern form its latest transformation. The eighteenth century called upon man to free himself of all the historical bonds in the state and in religion, in morals and in economics. Man's nature, originally good and common to all, should develop unhampered. In addition to more liberty, the nineteenth century demanded the functional specialization of man and his work; this specialization makes one individual incomparable to another, and each of them indispensable to the highest possible extent. This specialization makes each man more directly dependent upon the supplementary activities of all others. Nietzsche sees the full development of the individual conditioned by the most ruthless struggle of individuals; socialism believes in the suppression of all competition for the same reason. Be that as it may, in all these positions the same basic motive is at work: the person resists being leveled down and worn out by a social-technological mechanism. An inquiry into the inner meaning of specifically modern life and its products, into the soul of the cultural body, so to speak, must seek to solve the equation which structures like the metropolis set up between the individual and the super-individual contents of life.}}

Writing in 1962, Cornelia Otis Skinner suggested that there was no English equivalent of the term: "there is no Anglo-Saxon counterpart of that essentially Gallic individual, the deliberately aimless pedestrian, unencumbered by any obligation or sense of urgency, who, being French and therefore frugal, wastes nothing, including his time which he spends with the leisurely discrimination of a gourmet, savoring the multiple flavors of his city."{{cite book |first=Cornelia |last=Otis Skinner |author-link=Cornelia Otis Skinner |title=Elegant Wits and Grand Horizontals |date=1962 |location=New York |publisher=Houghton Mifflin}}

In 1917, the Swiss writer Robert Walser published a novella called The Walk ({{langx|de|Der Spaziergang|link=no}}),{{Cite book|title=The Walk|publisher=New Directions Publishing|year=2012|last=Walser|first=Robert|isbn=9780811219921}} a veritable outcome of the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} literature.

Walter Benjamin adopted the concept of the urban observer both as an analytical tool and as a lifestyle. From his Marxist standpoint, Benjamin describes the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} as a product of modern life and the Industrial Revolution without precedent, a parallel to the advent of the tourist. His {{lang|fr|flâneur}} is an uninvolved but highly perceptive bourgeois dilettante. Benjamin became his own prime example, making social and aesthetic observations during long walks through Paris. Even the title of his unfinished Arcades Project comes from his affection for covered shopping streets.{{cite book |first=Walter |last=Benjamin |author-link=Walter Benjamin |chapter=Paris: The Capital of the Nineteenth Century |date=1935 |title=Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism}}

{{blockquote|text=The crowd was the veil from behind which the familiar city as phantasmagoria beckoned to the {{lang|fr|flâneur}}. In it, the city was now landscape, now a room. And both of these went into the construction of the department store, which made use of {{lang|fr|flânerie}} itself in order to sell goods. The department store was the {{lang|fr|flâneur's}} final coup. As {{lang|fr|flâneurs}}, the intelligentsia came into the market place. As they thought, to observe it – but in reality it was already to find a buyer. In this intermediary stage ... they took the form of the {{lang|fr|bohème}}. To the uncertainty of their economic position corresponded the uncertainty of their political function.}}

The {{lang|fr|flâneur}}'s tendency toward detached but aesthetically attuned observation has brought the term into the literature of photography, particularly street photography. The street photographer is seen as one modern extension of the urban observer described by nineteenth century journalist Victor Fournel before the advent of the hand-held camera:{{sfn|Fournel|1867}}{{page needed|date=August 2020}}

{{blockquote|text=This man is a roving and impassioned daguerreotype that preserves the least traces, and on which are reproduced, with their changing reflections, the course of things, the movement of the city, the multiple physiognomy of the public spirit, the confessions, antipathies, and admirations of the crowd.}}

An application of {{lang|fr|flâneur}} to street photography comes from Susan Sontag in her 1977 collection of essays, On Photography. She describes how, since the development of hand-held cameras in the early 20th century, the camera has become the tool of the {{lang|fr|flâneur}}:{{cite book |first=Susan |last=Sontag |author-link=Susan Sontag |title=On Photography |date=1979 |page=55 |publisher=Penguin Books Ltd. }}

{{blockquote|text=The photographer is an armed version of the solitary walker reconnoitering, stalking, cruising the urban inferno, the voyeuristic stroller who discovers the city as a landscape of voluptuous extremes. Adept of the joys of watching, connoisseur of empathy, the {{lang|fr|flâneur}} finds the world "picturesque."}}

The {{lang|fr|flâneur}} concept is not limited to someone committing the physical act of a peripatetic stroll in the Baudelairian sense, but can also include a "complete philosophical way of living and thinking", and a process of navigating erudition as described by Nassim Nicholas Taleb's essay "Why I Do All This Walking, or How Systems Become Fragile".{{cite book |last=Taleb |first=Nassim Nicholas |author-link=Nassim Nicholas Taleb |chapter=Why I Walk |title=The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable |orig-year=2007 |edition=2nd |date=2010 |url= https://archive.org/details/blackswanimpacto00tale |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4000-6351-2}} Taleb further set this term with a positive connotation referring to anyone pursuing open, flexible plans, in opposition to the negative "touristification", which he defines as the pursuit of an overly orderly plan.{{cite book |last=Taleb |first=Nassim Nicholas |author-link=Nassim Nicholas Taleb |title=Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder |orig-year=2007 |date=2010 |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0812979688}} Louis Menand, in seeking to describe the poet T. S. Eliot's relationship to English literary society and his role in the formation of modernism, describes Eliot as a {{lang|fr|flâneur}}.{{cite magazine |first=Louis |last=Menand |author-link=Louis Menand |title=Practical Cat: How T.S. Eliot became T.S. Eliot |magazine=The New Yorker |date=September 19, 2011 |url= http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/09/19/practical-cat}} Moreover, in one of Eliot's well-known poems, "The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock", the protagonist takes the reader for a journey through his city in the manner of a {{lang|fr|flâneur}}.

Using the term more critically, in "De Profundis", Oscar Wilde wrote from prison about his life regrets, stating: "I let myself be lured into long spells of senseless and sensual ease. I amused myself with being a flaneur, a dandy, a man of fashion. I surrounded myself with the smaller natures and the meaner minds."{{wikisource-inline|De Profundis (Wilde)|Wilde, Oscar; De Profundis}} (1905).

• Aestheticism
• Decadent movement
• {{lang|fr|Dérive}}
• The Idler (1993)
• Mopery
• People-watching
• Vagrancy - Drifter, a person who moves or drifts from place to place
• {{lang|de|Wandervogel}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book |first=Victor |last=Fournel |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k757298 |title=Ce qu'on voit dans les rues de Paris |date=1867 |page=268 |via=Bibliothèque nationale de France}}
• {{cite book |author-link=Walter Benjamin |first=Walter |last=Benjamin |title=Arcades Project |editor1-first=Howard |editor1-last=Eiland |editor2-first=Rolf |editor2-last=Tiedemann |translator-first=Kevin |translator-last=McLaughlin |date=1999}}
• {{cite book |first=Walter |last=Benjamin |title=The Writer of Modern Life: Essays on Charles Baudelaire |editor-first=Michael |editor-last=Jennings |translator1-first=Howard |translator1-last=Eiland |translator2-first=Edmund |translator2-last=Jephcott |translator3-first=Rodney |translator3-last=Livingstone |translator4-first=Harry |translator4-last=Zohn |date=2006}}
• {{cite book|last=Brand |first=Dana |title=The Spectator and the City in Nineteenth-century American Literature |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1991 |isbn=978-0-521-36207-8}} This book argues that there were also {{lang|fr|flâneurs}}, in the original sense, in 19th-century American cities.
• {{cite book |author-link=Susan Buck-Morss |first=Susan |last=Buck-Morss |title=The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |date=1989}}
• {{cite journal |first=Susan |last=Buck-Morss |title=The Flâneur, the Sandwichman and the Whore: The Politics of Loitering |journal=New German Critique |volume=39 |date=1986|issue=39 |pages=99–140 |doi=10.2307/488122 |jstor=488122 }}
• {{cite book |author-link=Federico Castigliano |first=Federico |last=Castigliano |title=Flâneur: The Art of Wandering the Streets of Paris |date=2017 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1546942092}}
• Castigliano, Federico (2022). Flaneuring the buyosphere: A comparative historical analysis of shopping environments and phantasmagorias. Journal of Consumer Culture, 14695405221111454[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14695405221111454]
• {{cite book |editor-first1=Leo |editor-last1=Charney |editor-first2=Vanessa |editor-last2=Schwartz |title=Cinema and the Invention of Modern Life |location=Berkeley |date=1995}}
• {{cite book |first=Anne |last=Friedberg |title=Windowshopping: Cinema and the Postmodern |location=Berkeley |date=1993}}
• {{cite book |author-link=David Harvey (geographer) |first=David |last=Harvey |title=Paris: Capital of Modernity |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |date=2003}}
• {{cite book |first=Priscilla |last=Parkhurst Ferguson |chapter=The Flâneur: The City and Its Discontents |title=Paris as Revolution: Writing the Nineteenth-century City |location=Berkeley |date=1994}}
• {{cite book |first=Louis |last=Huart |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62352r |title=Physiologie du flâneur |language=fr |location=Paris |date=1841 |via=Bibliothèque nationale de France}}
• {{cite journal |first=Gregory |last=Shaya |title=The Flâneur, the Badaud, and the Making of a Mass Public in France, circa 1860–1910 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=41–77 |date=2004 |url= http://historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu/journals/ahr/109.1/shaya.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060913090609/http://historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu/journals/ahr/109.1/shaya.html |archive-date=September 13, 2006 |doi=10.1086/ahr/109.1.41|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite book |first=Georg |last=Simmel |author-link=Georg Simmel |chapter=The Metropolis and Mental Life |editor-first=D. |editor-last=Weinstein |translator-first=Kurt |translator-last=Wolff |title=The Sociology of Georg Simmel |location=New York |publisher=Free Press |date=1950 |pages=409–424}}
• {{cite book |editor-first=Keith |editor-last=Tester |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-OGPMUcnNvQC |title=The Flâneur |location=London |date=1994|isbn=9780415089128 }}
• {{cite book |first=James V. |last=Werner |url= http://www.wcenter.ncc.edu/gazette/wernerreview.htm |title=American Flaneur: The Cosmic Physiognomy of Edgar Allan Poe |series=Studies in Major Literary Authors Series |date=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050102100409/http://www.wcenter.ncc.edu/gazette/wernerreview.htm |access-date=March 6, 2006|archive-date=January 2, 2005 }}
• {{cite book |first=Edmund |last=White |title=The Flâneur: A Stroll Through the Paradoxes of Paris |date=2001 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1582341354 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/flaneurstrollthr00whit }}
• {{cite magazine |first=Elizabeth |last=Wilson |url= http://newleftreview.org/?page=article&view=1665 |title=The Invisible Flâneur |magazine=New Left Review |volume=I |issue=191 |date=1992}}

{{refend}}

{{wiktionary|flâneur}}

• {{cite web |last=Crickenberger |first=Heather Marcelle |url= http://benjaminflaneur.blogspot.com |title=Benjamin's Flâneur: An introduction to Walter Benjamin's writings on the flâneur |work=BenjaminFlaneur.Blogspot.com |date=August 4, 2011 |ref=none}}
• {{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Van Godtsenhoven |first=Karen |title=Women's Passages: A Bildungsroman of female flânerie |publisher=Ghent University |date=2005 |hdl=1854/4333 |ref=none}}

{{Walking}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flaneur}}

Category:19th-century fashion

Category:French words and phrases

Category:Modernism

Category:Psychogeography

Category:Stock characters

Category:Walking