Flight 105 UFO sighting
{{Short description|UFO sighting in 1947}}
{{good article}}
File:Kenneth Arnold, Emil J Smith, and Ralph Stephens.png (left) "comparing notes" with Flight 105's Captain Emil J. Smith (center) and co-pilot Ralph Stephens, in a photograph published on July 8, 1947, by newspapers across the United States.]]
The Flight 105 UFO sighting occurred on July 4, 1947, when three crew members aboard a United Airlines flight reported seeing multiple unidentified flying objects in the skies over the Pacific Northwest. The incident was among at least 800 similar sightings in the United States within a few weeks in the summer of 1947, but the first report by professional pilots. The U.S. military ultimately attributed what the crew members saw to "ordinary aircraft, balloons, birds, or pure illusion".
Background
{{main|Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting|1947 flying disc craze}}
{{1947 flying disc craze}}
On June 24, 1947, private pilot Kenneth Arnold reported that, while in the air over southwest Washington State, he had seen a string of nine shiny objects flying past Mount Rainier at high speeds.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IINjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106|title=Washington Myths and Legends: The True Stories behind History's Mysteries|first=Lynn|last=Bragg|date=September 1, 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781493016044 |via=Google Books}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjI4X7ZOvOIC|title=Watch the Skies!: A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth|first=Curtis|last=Peebles|date=March 21, 1995|publisher=Berkley Books|isbn=9780425151174 |via=Google Books}} The press coined the terms flying saucers and flying discs for the objects, based on Arnold's description. Arnold's was the first notable UFO sighting after the end of World War II, and was followed by a massive wave of similar reports over the next few weeks, ushering in the modern era of ufology.
Sighting
{{Location map+|USA West|width=350|float = right|caption=Locations of Flight 105
Flight 105 departed Boise bound for Pendleton.|places=
{{Location map~|USA West|
lat_dir=N|lat_deg=43|lat_min=36|lat_sec=57|mark = BSicon_AIRCLUB.svg | marksize =16 |
lon_dir=W|lon_deg=116|lon_min=12|lon_sec=6|label=8:04PM Boise | label_size = 100 |position=right}}
{{Location map~|USA West|
lat_dir=N|lat_deg=45|lat_min=40|lat_sec=11|mark = BSicon_AIRCLUB.svg | marksize =16 |
lon_dir=W|lon_deg=118|lon_min=47|lon_sec=29|label=Pendleton| label_size = 100 |position=bottom}}
}}
At 9:04 p.m. MST, United Airlines Flight 105, served by a Douglas DC-3, took off from Boise, Idaho, bound for Pendleton, Oregon.{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109863026/eyewitness-account-of-flying-disc-by/|title=Eyewitness Account of Flying Disc, 5 Jul 1947, 3 - The Columbus Telegram at Newspapers.com|newspaper=The Columbus Telegram|date=5 July 1947 |page=3 }}{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109864076/entire-crew-of-air-liner-sights-saucers/|title="Entire Crew of Air Liner Sights Saucers", 5 Jul 1947, 1 - Rapid City Journal at Newspapers.com|newspaper=Rapid City Journal|date=5 July 1947 |page=1 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109862486/ye-editor-looks-in-vain-for-disc/|title=YE EDITOR LOOKS IN VAIN FOR DISC|date=July 8, 1947|pages=1|via=newspapers.com|publisher=The Spokesman-Review}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZgeJ3uK6fUC|title=The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects|first=Edward|last=Ruppelt|date=October 2, 2006|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781411664777 |via=Google Books|edition=Second }} In a sign of the times, as the plane departed, the Boise tower jokingly suggested to "be on the lookout for 'flying saucers.{{'"}}
Eight minutes into the flight, as the airliner was flying "roughly into the sunset", First Officer Ralph Stevens saw what he thought were one or more approaching aircraft in the twilight sky. He responded by blinking the landing lights of the DC-3 and alerting his co-pilot, Captain E. J. Smith. The two men saw four or five objects, which they would later describe as "flat and circular". Smith would tell the Associated Press that they were "bigger than aircraft", but would say to United Press that because of the objects' positions relative to the airliner, "we can't say anything about their shape except that they were thin and were smooth on the botton {{sic}} and rough appearing on the top. We can't say for sure if they were saucer-like, oval or anything else about their size." One was larger than the others, and they were flying in a "loose formation". The objects disappeared, only to be replaced by four more.{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/62127696/new-reports-of-flying-saucers-baffle/|title=New Reports of 'Flying Saucers' Baffle Nation, 11 Jul 1947, 1 - Baxter Bulletin at Newspapers.com|newspaper=Baxter Bulletin|date=11 July 1947 |page=1 }}
The DC-3 followed the objects for 10 to 15 minutes, or about {{convert|45|mi}}. Smith and Stevens radioed the tower in Ontario, Oregon, as well as another United flight flying east in the area. Neither sighted the objects. They called stewardess Marty Morrow, who was in the cabin of the airliner. She did corroborate what they had seen. The eight passengers did not see the objects, but Smith would attribute this to the objects' positions "mostly dead ahead of us and off the bow". Smith and Stevens were never able to catch up to the objects, which eventually either sped off or disintegrated.
Aftermath
The following day, press outlets nationwide related Smith's and Stevens's accounts of what they had seen. Writing in 1948, one journalist recalled that "no report shook the incredulous so much as the account of Captain Emil J. Smith, veteran airline pilot, and his crew{{nbsp}}... Here was substance, something that seemed above flimsy reports. The whole affair reeked of humor, but the story of Captain Smith and his crew, like a very few other reports, suggested a deeper, more authentic meaning running below the surface of the nation's belly laugh. These were reportedly competent men shaken by their own eyesight. There was a substantial evidence which grew in the atmosphere of mirth."{{cite thesis |last=Wennergren |first=Emil Earl |date=1948 |title=The "Flying Saucers" Episode |publisher= University of Iowa |url=https://iro.uiowa.edu/discovery/delivery/01IOWA_INST:ResearchRepository/12730522520002771#13730804330002771}}
Smith, Stevens, and Arnold were photographed "comparing notes".{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109867627/more-flying-discs-seen-over-nation/|title=More Flying Discs Seen Over Nation, Trio Describe Flying Saucers, 8 Jul 1947, 1 - Lodi News-Sentinel at Newspapers.com|newspaper=Lodi News-Sentinel|date=8 July 1947 |page=1 }} The Idaho Statesman had Arnold and its aviation editor retrace Flight 105's route in a plane belonging to the newspaper. They saw nothing out of the ordinary. Arnold later said that he felt vindicated by Smith and Stevens's sighting, explaining, "Everybody can't be seeing things{{nbsp}}... I might doubt myself, but can't doubt such observers as Capt. E. J. Smith".{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109867666/first-man-to-report-discs-now-feels/|title=First Man To Report Discs Now Feels He's Vindicated, 20 Jul 1947, 8 - The Birmingham News at Newspapers.com|newspaper=The Birmingham News|date=20 July 1947 |page=8 }} On July 12, Arnold and Smith were interviewed by agents of the FBI.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTkqAQAAIAAJ|title=UFOs and the National Security State: 1941-1973|first=Richard M.|last=Dolan|date=March 21, 2000|publisher=Keyhole Publishing Company|isbn=9780967799506 |via=Google Books}} In late July, Arnold and Smith went to Seattle to investigate the Maury Island hoax, an alleged encounter with a UFO.{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107820552/crashed-bomber-reported-carrying-flying/|title=Crashed Bomber Reported Carrying Flying Disc, 3 Aug 1947, 1 - The Ogden Standard-Examiner at Newspapers.com|newspaper=The Ogden Standard-Examiner|date=3 August 1947 |page=1 }}
On July 28, a "disklike object" was sighted on Flight 105 by a different pair of pilots.{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109867697/theyre-back-yep-saucers/|title=They're Back! Yep, Saucers!, 29 Jul 1947, 1 - The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|date=29 July 1947 |page=1 }}
Explanation and legacy
Air Materiel Command ultimately concluded that "since the sighting occurred at sunset, when illusory effect are most likely, the objects could have been ordinary aircraft, balloons, birds, or pure illusion."Keyhoe, The Flying Saucers Are Real, p.163 The Air Force would later point out the power of suggestion likely influenced observers during the craze.Psychoanalyzing The Flying Saucers, Air Force Newsletter February 1950
Despite official explanations, the Flight 105 sighting was incorporated into UFO folklore and conspiracy theories.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IINjCgAAQBAJ|title=Washington Myths and Legends: The True Stories behind History's Mysteries|first=Lynn|last=Bragg|date=September 1, 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781493016044 |via=Google Books}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/679369874/|title=UFOs over Washington, 23 Jun 2020, a7 - The Spokesman-Review at Newspapers.com|website=Newspapers.com}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/341015086/|title=The skies lit up with UFOs in the Golden Age, 3 Aug 2004, 14 - The Dispatch at Newspapers.com|website=Newspapers.com}}