Flora of Colombia
{{Short description|Collective plants of Colombia}}
The Flora of Colombia is characterized by over 32,000 species of green plants. {{cite web |title=Checklist of Colombian Plants |url=https://serv.biokic.asu.edu/neotrop/plantae/projects/index.php?pid=17 |website=Neotropical Flora |publisher=Arizona State University}}
Image:Victoria cruziana flower.jpg grows in the Amazon basin.]]
National Flower of Colombia
The national flower of Colombia is the orchid Cattleya trianae which was named after the Colombian naturalist José Jerónimo Triana. The orchid was selected by botanist Emilio Robledo, in representation of the Colombian Academy of History to determine the most representative flowering plant of Colombia. He described it as one of the most beautiful flowers in the world and selected Cattleya trianae as National symbol.
National Tree of Colombia
The national tree of Colombia is the palm Ceroxylon quindiuense (Quindío wax palm) which was named after the Colombian Department of Quindío where is located the Cocora valley, the only habitat of this restricted range species. The Quindío wax palm was selected as the national tree by the government of Belisario Betancur and was the first tree officially declared as a protected species in Colombia. C.{{nbsp}}quindiuense is the only palm that grows at such high altitudes in Colombia and is the tallest monocot in the world.
Endemism
File:Heliconia rostrata 4.jpg species worldwide. Most of them are endemic species]]
Image:Baudó-range-Colombia-USGS.png in the Colombian pacific coast have many endemic plants.]]
Colombia has the largest number of endemic species (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) worldwide. About 10% of the species in the world live in Colombia. Some determinant factors in the distribution range of the species are the wide diversity of habitats available due to the variety of altitudes, weather conditions, temperatures, soils and sunlight on the coasts, in the Andes {{Cite web |title=Plantas y Flora de Colombia |url=https://visitaconcepcion.com/plantas |website=Plantas de Colombia, VisitaConcepcion}} and in the rainforest lowlands.
Endemics can easily become endangered or extinct due to their restricted habitat and vulnerability to the actions of man, including the introduction of new organisms.
=Ecoregions with high endemism=
According to the Colombian Ministry of Environment, the following ecoregions have the highest percentage of botanic endemic species:
- Colombian Amazon basin
- Catatumbo River basin
- Mid Magdalena river basin
- Pacific coastal region
Tree species
Many of the Colombian trees are endangered species due to the high quality of the woods and timber industry exploitation (such as Colombian oak Quercus humboldtidiana and Colombian mahogany) and as source of tanning substances for the leather industry (such as mangrove and Encenillo tree Weinmannia tomentosa).
Some tree species described in Colombia are:
Image:Caryocar nuciferum - Lemaire.JPG)]]
Image:Anadenanthera peregrina.jpg)]]
- Anadenanthera peregrina
- Amazon Grape
- Adenolisianthus arboreus
- Aiouea angulata
- Anthodiscus montanus
- Astrocaryum triandrum
- Attalea septuagenata
- Bactris coloniata
- Banara ibaguensis
- Blakea granatensis
- Bonnetia holostyla
- Bulnesia carrapo
- Brazil Nut
- Borojoa patinoi
- Caryocar nuciferum
- Caryodaphnopsis cogolloi
- Casearia megacarpa
- Coccothrinax argentata
- Cryosophila kalbreyeri
- Cyathea incana
- Cyrilla racemiflora
- Chelyocarpus dianeurus
- Cherimoya
- Dendropanax colombianus
- Esenbeckia alata
- Feijoa
- Guaiacum officinale
- Garcia nutans
- Graffenrieda grandifolia
- Hirtella enneandra
- Huberodendron patinoi
- Hampea thespesioides
- Henriettella goudotiana
- Humiriastrum melanocarpum
- Itaya amicorum
- Macrosamanea consanguinea
- Neosprucea sararensis
- Platonia insignis
- Quararibea asterolepis
- Quararibea cordata
- Ouratea tumacoensis
- Reinhardtia ssp.
- Ruehssia cundurango
- Simaba cedron
- Syagrus smithii
- Tessmannianthus quadridomius
- Trigonobalanus excelsa
Fruits of Colombia
Image:Pupunha (Bactris gasipaes) 7.jpg|Chontaduro fruit (Bactris gasipaes)
Image:Tamarillos.jpg|Tomato tree or tamarillo (Solanum betaceum)
Image:Melicoccus bijugatus.jpg|Mamoncillo (Melicoccus bijugatus)
File:Psidium cattleianum fruit.jpg|Arazá or Strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum)
Image:Physalis.jpg|Uchuva or Cape gooseberry fruit (Physalis edulis)
Image:Soursop fruit.jpg|Guanabana or Soursop fruit (Annona muricata)
Image:Gui1 cashewfruit2.jpg|Marañon or Cashew (Anacardium occidentale)
Acca sellowiana Fruit MHNT Fronton.jpg|Feijoa or Pineapple guava (Feijoa sellowiana)
Image:Lulo.jpg|Lulo or Naranjilla (Solanum quitoense)
Image:Starr_010423-0066_Passiflora_tarminiana.jpg|Curuba
Image:Passiflora fruit 8043.jpg|Maypop (Passiflora incarnata)
Image:Purple passionfruit.jpg|Gulupa or purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis)
Genera
There are over 3900 Genera in the flora of Colombia Some representational Genera are included below.
Image:Streptosolen closeup.jpg)]]
Image:Caesalpinia pulcherrima.jpg was sacred to precolumbian peoples]]
Image:Frailejon Espeletia schultzii.jpg]]
Image:Frailejones chiles.JPG]]
Image:Starr 010423-0060 Passiflora tarminiana.jpg]]
Image:Passion Flower Passiflora Flower 3008px.jpg
Image:Passiflora vitifolia-Folio.jpg]]
Image:Passiflora loefgrenii1.jpg]]
Image:Passiflora picturata4.jpg]]
Image:Starr 031114-0020 Passiflora subpeltata.jpg]]
=''[[Abarema]]''=
=''[[Acidocroton]]''=
=''[[Aiphanes]]''=
=''[[Aniba]]''=
=''[[Brownea]]''=
=''[[Brunellia]]''=
=''[[Calatola]]''=
=''[[Centronia]]''=
=''[[Ceroxylon]]''=
=''[[Clusia]]''=
=''[[Eschweilera]]''=
=''[[Espeletia]]''=
=''[[Freziera]]''=
=''[[Grias]]''=
=''[[Guarea]]''=
=''[[Gustavia (plant)|Gustavia]]''=
=''[[Herrania]]''=
=''[[Huilaea]]''=
=''[[Inga]]''=
=''[[Lejeunea]]''=
- Lejeunea drehwaldii (syn. Sphaerolejeunea umbilicata{{Cite GBIF|id=9401910|taxon=Lejeunea drehwaldii|access-date=2024-04-10|mode=cs1}})
=''[[Leptolejeunea]]''=
=''[[Macrolobium]]''=
=''[[Magnolia]]''=
- Magnolia calimaensis
- Magnolia calophylla
- Magnolia cararensis
- Magnolia caricifragrans
- Magnolia cespedesii
- Magnolia colombiana
- Magnolia espinalii
- Magnolia georgii
- Magnolia gilbertoi
- Magnolia guatapensis
- Magnolia henaoi
- Magnolia hernandezii
- Magnolia katiorum
- Magnolia lenticellata
- Magnolia mahechae
- Magnolia narinensis
- Magnolia polyhypsophylla
- Magnolia santanderiana
- Magnolia urraoense
- Magnolia virolinensis
- Magnolia wolfii
- Magnolia yarumalense
=''[[Mayna (plant)|Mayna]]''=
=''[[Meriania]]''=
=''[[Metteniusa]]''=
=''[[Miconia]]''=
=''[[Moquilea]]''=
=''[[Oenocarpus]]''=
=''[[Orphanodendron]]''=
=''[[Parmentiera]]''=
=''[[Passiflora]]''=
=''[[Phytelephas]]''=
=''[[Pouteria]]''=
=''[[Pradosia]]''=
=''[[Prunus]]''=
- Prunus buxifolia
- Prunus guanaiensis
- Prunus huantensis
- Prunus integrifolia
- Prunus littlei
- Prunus subcorymbosa
- Prunus villegasiana, synonym of Prunus integrifolia
=''[[Rinorea]]''=
=''[[Rollinia]]''=
=''[[Romeroa]]''=
=''[[Schoenocephalium]]''=
=''[[Solanum]]''=
- Solanum sibundoyense
- Solanum betaceum (tamarillo)
=''[[Streptosolen]]''=
=''[[Swartzia]]''=
=''[[Utricularia]]''=
=''[[Vantanea]]''=
=''[[Wettinia]]''=
=''[[Xylosma]]''=
=''[[Zamia]]''=
=''[[Zygia]]''=
Orchid species
Colombia has the largest number of orchids in the world. Among others:
Image:Restrepia antennifera Orchi 02.jpg|Restrepia antennifera
Image:Restrepia aristulifera Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia aristulifera
Image:Restrepia aspasicensium Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia aspasicensium
Image:Restrepia brachypus Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia brachypus
Image:Restrepia contorta Orchi 02.jpg|Restrepia contorta
Image:Restrepia cuprea Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia cuprea]
Image:Restrepia dodsonii Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia dodsonii
Image:Restrepia elegans.jpg|Restrepia elegans
Image:Restrepia falkenbergii Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia falkenbergii
Image:Restrepia flosculata Orchi 02.jpg|Restrepia flosculata
Image:Restrepia guttulata Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia guttulata
Image:Restrepia iris Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia iris
Image:Restrepia lansbergii Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia lansbergii
Image:Restrepia muscifera Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia muscifera
Image:Restrepia nittiorhyncha Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia nittiorhyncha
Image:Restrepia pandurata Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia pandurata
Image:Restrepia roseola Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia roseola
Image:Restrepia sanguinea Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia sanguinea
Image:Restrepia teaguei Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia teaguei
Image:Restrepia trichoglossa.jpg|Restrepia trichoglossa
Image:Restrepia wageneri Orchi 01.jpg|Restrepia wageneri
Image:Masdevallia agaster.jpg|Masdevallia agaster
Image:Masdevallia angulifera Orchi 01.jpg|Masdevallia angulifera
Image:Masdevallia barlaeana.jpg|Masdevallia barlaeana
Image:Masdevallia bicolor.jpg|Masdevallia bicolor
Image:Masdevallia bulbophyllopsis.jpg|Masdevallia bulbophyllopsis
Image:Masdevallia civilis.jpg|Masdevallia civilis
Image:Masdevallia caudata Orchi 01.jpg|Masdevallia caudata
Image:Masdevallia urosalpinx.jpg|Masdevallia constricta
Image:Masdevallia floribunda Orchi 03.jpg|Masdevallia floribunda
Image:Masdevallia fractiflexa.jpg|Masdevallia fractiflexa
Image:Masdevallia herradurae Orchi 05.jpg|Masdevallia herradurae
Image:Masdevallia ignea.jpg|Masdevallia ignea
Image:Masdevallia-mejiana.jpg|Masdevallia mejiana
Image:Masdevalliaventricosa2.jpg|Masdevallia nidifica
Image:Masdevallia rolfeana.jpg|Masdevallia rolfeana
Image:Masdevallia striatella.jpg|Masdevallia striatella
Image:Masdevallia tovarensis.jpg|Masdevallia tovarensis
Image:Masdevallia triangularis.jpg|Masdevallia triangularis
Image:Masdevalliaveitchiana.jpg|Masdevallia veitchiana
Image:Masdevalliaventricularia2.jpg|Masdevallia ventricularia
Image:Masdevallia pteroglossa.jpg|Masdevallia wageneriana
Image:Masdevallia weberbaueri OrchidsBln0906.jpg|Masdevallia weberbaueri
Image:Dracula chestertonii.jpg|Dracula chestertonii
Image:Dracula cordobae.jpg|Dracula cordobae
Image:Dracula houtteana.jpg|Dracula houtteana
Image:Dracula lotax toapel.jpg|Dracula lotax
Image:Dracula sodiroi.jpg|Dracula sodiroi
Image:Dracula vampira.jpg|Dracula vampira
Image:Pleurothallis racemiflora.jpg|Pleurothallis racemiflora
Image:Pleurothallis tubata.jpg|Pleurothallis tubata
Image:Oncidium-brunleesianum.jpg|Oncidium brunleesianum
Image:Oncidium cebolleta.jpg|Oncidium cebolleta
Image:Oncidium croesus.jpg|Oncidium croesus
Image:Odontoglossum cruentum Orchi 01.jpg|Oncidium cruentoides
Image:Oncidium pulvinatum.jpg|Oncidium divaricatum
Image:Oncidium floridanum.jpg|Oncidium ensatum
Image:Oncidium flexuosum.jpg|Oncidium flexuosum
Image:Oncidium forbesii.jpg|Oncidium forbesii
Image:Oncidium graminifolium.jpg|Oncidium graminifolium
Image:Oncidium harrisonianum.jpg|Oncidium harrisonianum
Image:Oncidium incurvum.jpg|Oncidium incurvum
Image:Oncidium obryzatum.jpg|Oncidium klotzschianum
Image:Oncidium macronix.jpg|Oncidium longicornu
Image:Oncidium longipes.jpg|Oncidium longipes
Image:Oncidium luridum.jpg|Oncidium luridum
Image:Oncidium nubigenum Orchi 01.jpg|Oncidium nubigenum
Image:Oncidium ochmatocilum.jpg|Oncidium ochmatochilum
Image:Oncidium ornithorhyncum.jpg|Oncidium ornithorhynchum
Image:Oncidium papilio 01.jpg|Oncidium papilio
Image:Oncidium phalaenopsis Orchi 01.jpg|Oncidium phalaenopsis
Image:Oncidium spacelatum1.jpg|Oncidium sphacelatum
Image:Oncidium splendidum0.jpg|Oncidium splendidum
Image:Oncidium varicosum.jpg|Oncidium varicosum
Image:Lemboglossum bictoniense.jpg|Odontoglossum bictoniense (Rhynchostele bictoniensis)
Image:Odontoglossum cordatum01.jpg|Odontoglossum cordatum (Rhynchostele cordata)
Image:Odontoglossum grande Orchi 003.jpg|Odontoglossum grande (Rossioglossum grande)
Image:Odontoglossum pulchellum Orchi 03.jpg|Odontoglossum pulchellum (Cuitlauzina pulchella)
Image:Odontoglossum tenue Orchi 01.jpg|Odontoglossum tenue
Image:Gongora galeata OrchidsBln0906b.jpg|Gongora galeata
Image:Gongora ilense Orchi 01.jpg|Gongora ilense
Image:Gongora truncata semialba.jpg|Gongora truncata
Image:Stelis argentata.jpg|Stelis argentata
Image:Cattleya aclandiae Orchi 01.jpg|Cattleya aclandiae
Image:Cattleya aurantiaca.jpg|Guarianthe aurantiaca
Image:Cattleya bicolor.jpg|Cattleya bicolor
Image:Cattleya bowringiana.jpg|Guarianthe bowringiana
Image:Cattleya dowiana 1880.jpg|Cattleya dowiana
Image:Cattleya gaskelliana.jpg|Cattleya gaskelliana
Image:Cattleya guttata Orchi 05.jpg|Cattleya guttata
Image:Cattleya harrisoniana.jpg|Cattleya harrisoniana
Image:Cattleya intermedia.jpg|Cattleya intermedia
Image:Cattleya labiata.jpg|Cattleya labiata
Image:Cattleya loddigesii.jpg|Cattleya loddigesii
Image:Cattleya lueddemannia.jpg|Cattleya lueddemanniana
Image:Cattleya luteola.jpg|Cattleya luteola
Image:Cattleya maxima Orchi 01.jpg|Cattleya maxima
Image:Cattleya nobilor roseum OrchidsBln0906a.jpg|Cattleya nobilior
Image:Cattleya percevaliana.jpg|Cattleya percivaliana
Image:Cattleya skinneri0.jpg|Cattleya skinneri
Image:Cattleya violacea 3.jpg|Cattleya violacea
Image:Cattleya walkeriana.jpg|Cattleya walkeriana
Image:Cattleya warscewiczii.jpg|Cattleya warscewiczii
Image:Stanhopea hernandezii Orchi 001.jpg|Anguloa brevilabris
Image:Stanhopea anfracta Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea anfracta
Image:Stanhopea annulata Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea annulata
Image:Stanhopea candida Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea candida
Image:Stanhopea cirrhata Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea cirrhata
Image:Stanhopea connata Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea connata
Image:Stanhopea costaricensis - Curtis 146 (ser, 4 no. 16) pl. 8830 (1920).jpg|Stanhopea costaricensis
Image:Stanhopea ecornuta Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea ecornuta
Image:Stanhopea embreei Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea embreei
Image:Stanhopea florida Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea florida
Image:Stanhopea frymirei Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea frymirei
Image:Stanhopea gibbosa Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea gibbosa
Image:Stanhopea grandiflora Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea grandiflora
Image:Stanhopea xytriophora.jpg|Stanhopea graveolens
Image:Stanhopea haseloviana Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea haseloffiana
Image:Stanhopea hernandezii Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea hernandezii
Image:Stanhopea impressa Orchi 002.jpg|Stanhopea impressa
Image:Stanhopea inodora Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea inodora
Image:Stanhopea insignis Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea insignis
Image:Stanhopea intermedia Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea intermedia
Image:Stanhopea jenischiana Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea jenischiana
Image:Stanhopea lietzei Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea lietzei
Image:Stanhopea maculosa Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea maculosa
Image:Stanhopea nigripes Orchi 002.jpg|Stanhopea nigripes
Image:Stanhopea oculata Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea oculata
Image:Stanhopea platyceras Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea platyceras
Image:Stanhopea pozoi Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea pozoi
Image:Stanhopea pseudoradiosa Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea pseudoradiosa
Image:Stanhopea pulla Orchi 003.jpg|Stanhopea pulla
Image:Stanhopea radiosa Orchi 002.jpg|Stanhopea radiosa
Image:Stanhopea reichenbachiana Orchi 002.jpg|Stanhopea reichenbachiana
Image:Stanhopea inodora Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea ruckeri
Image:Stanhopea saccata Orchi 01.jpg|Stanhopea saccata
Image:Stanhopea shuttleworthii Orchi 01.jpg|Stanhopea shuttleworthii
Image:Stanhopea stevensonii Orchi 01.jpg|Stanhopea stevensonii
Image:Stanhopea tigrina Orchi 01.jpg|Stanhopea tigrina
Image:Stanhopea tricornis Orchi 01.jpg|Stanhopea tricornis
Image:Stanhopea wardii Orchi 01.jpg|Stanhopea wardii
Image:Stanhopea warszewicziana Orchi 02.jpg|Stanhopea warszewicziana
Image:Stanhopea xytriophora Orchi 001.jpg|Stanhopea xytriophora
Image:Phragmipedium besseae.jpg|Phragmipedium besseae
Image:Phragmipedium czerwiakowianum Orchi 01.jpg|Phragmipedium boissierianum
Image:Phragmipedium caudatum Orchi 02.jpg|Phragmipedium caudatum
Image:Phragmipedium_lindleyanum_Orchi_02.jpg|Phragmipedium lindleyanum
Image:Phragmipedilum longifolium Orchi 02.jpg|Phragmipedium longifolium
Image:Phragmipedium schlimii Orchi 02.jpg|Phragmipedium schlimii
Image:Phragmipedium warszewiczianum Orchi 02.jpg|Phragmipedium warszewiczianum
Image:Catasetum expansum Orchi 01.jpg|Catasetum expansum
Image:Catasetum fimbriatum Orchi 05.jpg|Catasetum fimbriatum
Image:Catasetum maculatum 1.jpg|Catasetum maculatum
Image:Catasetum pileatum Orchi 04.jpg|Catasetum pileatum
Image:Catasetum-saccatum.jpg|Catasetum saccatum
Image:Acineta chrysantha (1849).jpg|Acineta chrysantha
Image:Brassavola-cucullata1web.jpg|Brassavola cucullata
Image:Brassavola digbiana.jpg|Brassavola digbyana
Image:Brassavola flagellaris Orchi 04.jpg|Brassavola flagellaris
Image:Brassavola glauca.jpg|Brassavola glauca
Image:Brassavola nodosa.jpg|Brassavola nodosa
Image:Scaphosepalum swertifolium-detail.jpeg|Scaphosepalum swertiifolium
Image:Aganisia cyanea Orchi 01.jpg|Aganisia cyanea