Flying ointment

The ointment is known by a wide variety of names, including witches' flying ointment, green ointment, magic salve, or lycanthropic ointment. In German it was {{lang|de|Hexensalbe}} ({{lit|witch salve}}) or {{lang|de|Flugsalbe}} ({{lit|flying salve}}). Latin names included {{lang|la|unguentum sabbati}} {{lit|sabbath unguent}}), {{lang|la|unguentum pharelis}}, {{lang|la|unguentum populi}} ({{lit|poplar unguent}}) or {{lang|la|unguenta somnifera}} ({{lit|sleeping unguent}}).{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V0oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3295|title=The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications|first=Christian|last=Rätsch|year=2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781594776625|page=3295}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGIoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA403|title=Pagan Christmas: The Plants, Spirits, and Rituals at the Origins of Yuletide|first1=Christian|last1=Rätsch|first2=Claudia|last2=Müller-Ebeling|year=2006|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781594776601|page=403}}

File:Illustration Atropa bella-donna0.jpg]]

File:239 Hyoscyamus niger L.jpg]]

File:Goya - Caprichos (68).jpg – from the series Los Caprichos ]]

Poisonous ingredients listed in works on ethnobotany include: belladonna,Schultes, Richard Evans; Hofmann, Albert (1979). The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens (2nd ed.). Springfield Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. pps. 261-4. henbane bell, jimson weed, black henbane, mandrake, hemlock, and/or wolfsbane,Rätsch, Christian, The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications pub. Park Street Press 2005Schultes, Richard Evans; Albert Hofmann (1979). Plants of the Gods: Origins of Hallucinogenic Use New York: McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|0-07-056089-7}}.Hansen, Harold A. The Witch's Garden pub. Unity Press 1978 {{ISBN|978-0913300473}} most of which contain atropine, hyoscyamine, and/or scopolamine.Furst, Peter T. Hallucinogens and Culture pub. Chandler and Sharp 1976 (volume in series on cross-cultural themes) p.138. Scopolamine can cause psychotropic effects when absorbed transdermally.Sollmann, Torald, A Manual of Pharmacology and Its Applications to Therapeutics and Toxicology. 8th edition. Pub. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia and London 1957. These tropane alkaloids are classified as deliriants in regards to their psychoactive effects.

Francis Bacon (attributed as "Lord Verulam") listed the ingredients of the witches ointment as "the fat of children digged out of their graves, of juices of smallage, wolfe-bane, and cinque foil, mingled with the meal of fine wheat."{{cite encyclopedia |year=1970 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Occult |publisher=Bracken Books |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.69154/2015.69154.The-Encyclopedia-Of-The-Occult#page/n158/mode/1up |page=306 |author=Lewis Spence |via=Internet Archive}}

With the exception of Potentilla reptans, the plants most frequently recorded as ingredients in Early Modern recipes for flying ointments are extremely toxicTampion, John : Dangerous Plants, pub. David and Charles, Canada 1977. {{ISBN|0 7153 7375 7}} and have caused numerous fatalities when eaten,A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants : A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, Toxicologists, and Biologists by Frohne, Dietrich and Pfänder, Hans Jürgen of University of Kiel, translated from second German edition by Norman Grainger Bisset, London : a Wolfe Science Book and one of the volumes in the illustrated series Wolfe Atlases, pub. Wolfe Publishing Ltd. 1984. whether by confusion with edible species{{cite journal | last1 = Mateo Montoya | first1 = A | last2 = Mavrakanas | first2 = N | last3 = Schutz | first3 = JS | year = 2009 | title = Acute anticholinergic syndrome from Atropa belladonna mistaken for blueberries | journal = Eur J Ophthalmol | volume = 19 | issue = 1| pages = 170–2 | pmid = 19123171 | doi = 10.1177/112067210901900130 | s2cid = 9387171 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/blog2/blog281115.htm |title=The POISON GARDEN Website blog - 28th November 2015 |publisher=Thepoisongarden.co.uk |access-date=2019-03-12}} or in cases of criminal poisoningSchenk, Gustav Das Buch der Gifte translated by Michael Bullock as The Book of Poisons pub. Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1956 page 28, re. A. belladonna as Lithuanian criminal poison 'Maulda'. or suicide.{{cite journal|pmc=4894214 | pmid=27366377 | doi=10.5152/TJAR.2013.43 | volume=41 | title=Anticholinergic Toxic Syndrome Caused by Atropa Belladonna Fruit (Deadly Nightshade): A Case Report | journal=Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim | pages=226–8 | last1 = Demirhan | first1 = A | last2 = Tekelioğlu | first2 = ÜY | last3 = Yıldız | first3 = İ | last4 = Korkmaz | first4 = T | last5 = Bilgi | first5 = M | last6 = Akkaya | first6 = A | last7 = Koçoğlu | first7 = H | year = 2013| issue=6 }}

The historian, occultist and theosophist {{Ill|Carl Kiesewetter|de}} of Meiningen, author of Geschichte des Neueren Occultismus in 1892 and Die Geheimwissenschaften, eine Kulturgeschichte der Esoterik in 1895, was one such casualty.Bert-Marco Schuldes: Psychotropicon zum Bilsenkraut und dem Tod Kiesewetters. In: Psychotropicon. Das Online-Magazin für Psychonauten vom 5. März 2012.

{{blockquote|He little knows the Devil who does believe that witches and wizards can be borne through the air at wondrous speed to far distant places and there hold revels, dances and suchlike with folk of the same typeBishop Jesper Brocmand, Systema universae theologiae 1633}}

{{blockquote|the mediaeval witch-ointments...brought visionary beings into the presence of the patient, transported him to the witches' sabbath, enabled him to turn into a beast.Tylor, Edward B.1924 Primitive Culture : Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom 2 vols. (combined) pub. New York : Brentano's. Originally published 1871.}}

{{blockquote|Magic ointments...produced effects which the subjects themselves believed in, even stating that they had intercourse with evil spirits, had been at the Sabbat and danced on the Brocken with their lovers...The peculiar hallucinations evoked by the drug had been so powerfully transmitted from the subconscious mind to consciousness that mentally uncultivated persons...believed them to be reality.Lewin, Louis Phantastica, Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs : Their Use and Abuse. Translated from the second German edition by P.H.A. Wirth, pub. New York : E.P. Dutton. Original German edition 1924.}}

It has been a subject of discussion between clergymen as to whether witches were able physically to fly to the Sabbath on their brooms with help of the ointment, or whether such 'flight' was explicable in other ways: a delusion created by the Devil in the minds of the witches; the souls of the witches leaving their bodies to fly in spirit to the Sabbath; or a hallucinatory 'trip' facilitated by the entheogenic effects of potent drugs absorbed through the skin.{{cite web|url=http://www.brh.org.uk/gallery/witches.html|title=Witches Gallery|website=Bristol Radical History Group|access-date=19 July 2017}}Harner, Michael J., Hallucinogens and Shamanism, pub. Oxford University Press 1973, reprinted U.S.A.1978 Chapter 8 : pps. 125–150 : The Role of Hallucinogenic Plants in European Witchcraft. An early proponent of the last explanation was Renaissance scholar and scientist Giambattista della Porta, who not only interviewed users of the flying ointment, but witnessed its effects upon such users at first hand, comparing the deathlike trances he observed in his subjects with their subsequent accounts of the bacchanalian revelry they had 'enjoyed'.{{cite book|title=Magiae naturalis|author=John Baptista Porta|year=1584|url=http://www.alternativaverde.it/stel/documenti/Porta/magiae_naturalis.pdf}} (book II, chapter XXVI, "Lamiarum vnguenta,")

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File:Hexen bereiten eine magische Salbe zu.jpeg, 1571)]]

{{blockquote|anointing themselves with certain unguents...they are carried by night through the air to distant lands to do certain black magic...but nothing of this is true, though they think it to be...while they are thus dead and cold, they have no more feeling than a corpse and may be scourged and burnt; but after the time agreed upon...their senses are liberated, they arise well and merry, relate what they have done, and bring news from other lands.[Italics not original]Ciruelo, Pedro : Tratado en el cual se repruevan todas las supersticiones y hechizerías, pub. Barcelona 1628, P.II, c. 1, N. 6, pps. 45–46, quoted in H.C. Lea : Materials Toward a History of Witchcraft, pub. Thomas Yoseloff New York and London 1957, page 413.}}

Dominican churchman Bartolommeo Spina of Pisa gives two accounts of the power of the flying ointment in his Tractatus de strigibus sive maleficis ('Treatise on witches or evildoers') of 1525.

The first concerns an incident in the life of his acquaintance Augustus de Turre of Bergamo, a physician. While studying medicine in Pavia as a young man, Augustus returned late one night to his lodgings (without a key) to find no one awake to let him in. Climbing up to a balcony, he was able to enter through a window, and at once sought out the maidservant, who should have been awake to admit him. On checking her room, however, he found her lying unconscious – beyond rousing – on the floor. The following morning he tried to question her on the matter, but she would only reply that she had been 'on a journey'.

Bartolommeo's second account is more suggestive and points toward another element in the witches' 'flights'. It concerns a certain notary of Lugano who, unable to find his wife one morning, searched for her all over their estate and finally discovered her lying deeply unconscious, naked and dirty with her vagina exposed, in a corner of the pigsty. The notary 'immediately understood that she was a witch' (!) and at first wanted to kill her on the spot, but, thinking better of such rashness, waited until she recovered from her stupor, in order to question her. Terrified by his wrath, the poor woman fell to her knees and confessed that during the night she had 'been on a journey'.Ginzburg, Carlo. Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath. New York: Pantheon Books, 1991.

Light is cast on the tale of the notary's wife by two accounts widely separated in time but revealing a persistent theme in European Witchcraft. The first is that of Regino of Prüm whose De synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis libri duo (circa 906 C.E.) speaks of women who 'seduced...by demons...insist that they ride at night on certain beasts [italics not original] together with Diana, goddess of the pagans, and a great multitude of women; that they cover great distances in the silence of the deepest night...'Quoted in : Ginzburg, Carlo, Ecstasies. Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath, New York, 1991, {{ISBN|0-226-29693-8}}. First published in Italian as Storia notturna: Una decifrazione del Sabba, 1989. (See also Canon Episcopi).Ginzburg, Carlo. Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath. New York: Pantheon Books, 1991.

The second account dates from some 800 years later, coming from Norway in the early 18th century and is the testimony, at the age of thirteen, of one Siri Jørgensdatter. Siri claimed that when she was seven her grandmother had taken her to the witches' sabbath on the mountain meadow Blockula ('blue-hill'): her grandmother led her to a pigsty, where she smeared a sow with some ointment which she took from a horn, whereupon grandmother and granddaughter mounted the animal and, after a short ride through the air, arrived at a building on the Sabbath mountain.Quoted in Pickering, David : A Dictionary of Witchcraft pub. David Pickering 2014.

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{{blockquote|The hallucinations are frequently dominated by the erotic moment...in those days, in order to experience these sensations, young and old women would rub their bodies with the 'witches' salve'.Hesse, Erich, Narcotics and Drug Addiction pub. New York : Philosophical Library 1946}}

{{blockquote|the witches confess that...they anoint a staff and ride on it to the appointed place or anoint themselves under the arms and in other hairy places...[Italics not original to text].Bergamo, Jordanes de, Quaestio de Strigis (Unpublished manuscript, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris), quoted in Joseph Hansen Quellen und Untersuchen zur Geschichte des Hexenwahns und der Hexengefolgung im Mittelalter pps. 195–200. Pub. 1901 [1905]. Bonn : Carl Georgi.}}

{{blockquote|in rifleing the closet of the ladie [Alice Kyteler], they found a pipe of oyntement, wherewith she greased a staffe, upon which she ambled and galloped through thick and thin, when and in what manner she listed.Wright, Thomas, ed. A Contemporary Narrative of the Proceedings Against Dame Alice Kyteler, Prosecuted for Sorcery in 1324, by Richard de Ledrede, Bishop of Ossory. London: The Camden Society, 1843.}}

Some sources have claimed that such an ointment would best be absorbed through mucous membranes, and that the traditional image of a female witch astride a broomstick implies the application of flying ointment to the vulva.Emboden, William Narcotic Plants : Hallucinogens, stimulants, inebriants, and hypnotics, their origins and uses 2nd edition (revised and enlarged) pub. Macmillan, New York 1979 {{ISBN|0-02-535480-9}} p.127 The passage from the trial for witchcraft in Ireland of Hiberno-Norman noblewoman Alice Kyteler in 1324 quoted above is, while not explicit, certainly open to interpretations both drug-related and sexual. It is also a very early account of such practices, pre-dating by some centuries witch trials in the early modern period. The testimony of Dame Kyteler's maidservant, Petronilla de Meath, while compromised by having been extracted under torture, contains references not only to her mistress's abilities in the preparation of 'magical' medicines, but also her sexual behaviour, including at least one instance of (alleged) intercourse with a demon.Williams, Bernadette, 'The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler,' History Ireland Vol. 2, No.4 (Winter, 1994)Davidson, Sharon, and John O. Ward, trans. The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: A Contemporary Account (1324). Asheville, NC: Pegasus Press, 2004.

According to the inquisition ('in which were five knights and numerous nobles') set in motion by Richard de Ledrede, Bishop of Ossory, there was in the city of Kilkenny a band of heretical sorcerers, at the head of whom was Dame Alice Kyteler and against whom no fewer than seven charges relating to witchcraft were laid. The fifth charge is of particular interest in the context of the 'greased staffe' mentioned above:

{{blockquote|In order to arouse feelings of love or hatred, or to inflict death or disease on the bodies of the faithful, they made use of powders, unguents, ointments and candles of fat, which were compounded as follows. They took the entrails of cocks sacrificed to demons, certain horrible worms, various unspecified herbs, dead men's nails, the hair, brains, and shreds of the cerements of boys who were buried unbaptized, with other abominations, all of which they cooked, with various incantations, over a fire of oak-logs in a vessel made out of the skull of a decapitated thief.Seymour, St. John D. Irish Witchcraft and Demonology pub. Dorset Press 1992 {{ISBN|0-88029-734-4}}{{page needed|date=July 2017}}}}

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File:Die Giftpflanzen Deutschlands (1910) (20738415388).jpg]]

One possible key to how individuals dealt with the toxicity of the nightshades usually said to be part of flying ointments is through the supposed antidotal reaction some of the solanaceous alkaloids have with the alkaloids of Papaver somniferum (opium poppy).{{Cite book |last=Kulkin |first=Alexander |title=How Do Witches Fly?: A Practical Approach to Nocturnal Flights |publisher=AceN Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780966402704 |location=Mountain View, CA |language=en}} This antagonism was claimed to exist by the movement of Eclectic medicine. For instance, King's American Dispensatory states in the entry on belladonna: "Belladonna and opium appear to exert antagonistic influences, especially as regards their action on the brain, the spinal cord, and heart; they have consequently been recommended and employed as antidotes to each other in cases of poisoning" going on to make the extravagant claim that "this matter is now positively and satisfactorily settled; hence in all cases of poisoning by belladonna the great remedy is morphine, and its use may be guided by the degree of pupillary contraction it occasions."

The synergy between belladonna and poppy alkaloids was made use of in the so-called "twilight sleep" that was provided for women during childbirth beginning in the Edwardian era. Twilight sleep was a mixture of scopolamine, a belladonna alkaloid, and morphine, a Papaver alkaloid, that was injected and which furnished a combination of painkilling and amnesia for a woman in labor. A version is still manufactured for use as the injectable compound Omnopon.

There is no definite indication of the proportions of solanaceous herbs vs. poppy used in flying ointments, and most historical recipes for flying ointment do not include poppy.

Furthermore, a reputable publication by the former UK Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries (now DEFRA) states specifically that, in cases of poisoning by Atropa belladonna – far from being antidotes – 'Preparations containing morphine or opiates should be avoided as they have a synergic action with atropine', an appropriate antidote being, by contrast, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine salicylate.Cooper, Marion R. and Johnson, Anthony W. Poisonous Plants in Britain and their effects on Animals and Man, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food Reference Book 161 (replacing Bulletin 161) pub. HMSO London, 1984 {{ISBN|0 11 242529 1}} page 213

The first mention of an unguent in relation to a popular belief of orgiastic flying occurs in Roland of Cremona's theological summa, written in the 1230s.Ayelet Even-Ezra, "Cursus: an early thirteenth century source for nocturnal flights and ointments in the work of Roland of Cremona," Magic, Ritual and Witchcraft 12/2 (Winter 2017), 314–330 The use by witches of flying ointments was first described, according to known sources, by Johannes Hartlieb in 1456{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}.

It was also described by the Spanish theologian Alfonso Tostado (d. 1455) in Super Genesis Commentaria (printed in Venice, 1507), whose commentary tended to accredit the thesis of the reality of the Witches' Sabbath.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} In 1477 Antone Rose confessed that the devil gave her a stick 18 inches in length on which she would rub an ointment and with the words "go, in the name of the Devil, go" would fly to the "synagogue" (an alternative name for Sabbath in early witchcraft).Encyclopedia of witchcraft and demonology, Page 50, octopus, 1974

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There is, in the work of the playwright Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla (1607–1648) of Toledo, an exchange concerning the flying ointment, the (following) passage occurring in the play

Lo que quería el Marqués de Villena ('What the Marquis of Villena Wanted').Quoted in : Baroja, Julio Caro The World of the Witches pub. Phoenix 2001 (Original Title Las brujas y su mundo) {{ISBN|9781842122426}})

{{blockquote|

Marquis: Others believe that witches can fly.

Zambapalo: And can't they?

Marquis: Certainly not, you ignorant fellow.

Zambapalo: Since I'm no specialist in these matters, I must ask you what happens.

Marquis: They all rub themselves with ointment.

Zambapalo: And then what?

Marquis: The ointment, which is an opiate made of henbane given them by the Devil, sends them to sleep, and they dream such a dream that they think they are not dreaming at all. And since the Devil has great power to deceive, he makes them all dream the same dream. And that is why they think they are flying through the air, when they are really fast asleep. And although they never fly at all, they think, as soon as they wake, that they have all been to see the calf, and all visited the fields at Baraona. When, by God, in reality, more than two of them have been seen sleeping in their rooms with the ointment on them.}}

• In Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown", Goody Cloyse, after meeting the Devil, says "I was all anointed with the juice of smallage, and cinquefoil, and wolf's bane" to which the Devil replies "[m]ingled with fine wheat and the fat of a new-born babe".
• In Mikhail Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita, Margarita, after agreeing to act as hostess at Dr Woland's ball, uses the ointment to become a witch and fly to the estate where the event is being held.
• In Clayton Rawson's Death from a Top Hat, two recipes by Johann Weyer, a 16th-century demonologist, are given in a footnote:

:1-Water hemlock, sweet flag, cinquefoil, bat's blood, deadly nightshade and oil.

:2-Baby's fat, juice of cowbane, aconite, cinquefoil, deadly nightshade and soot.

• In the movie serial Warlock, the villain kills an unbaptised boy to get this "Flying Ointment".
• In Jodi Picoult's Salem Falls, a group of four girls practicing witchcraft ingest a flying ointment made of belladonna.
• In the book Calling on Dragons (Book three of the Enchanted Forest Chronicles), the witch Morwen uses a flying potion on a straw basket and a broomstick, not on herself.
• In E. L. Konigsburg's Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth, two characters try to make a flying ointment.
• In the 2015 horror film The Witch, a witch kills an infant child and makes flying ointment out of his corpse.
• In the 2016 movie, The Love Witch, the main character applies a flying ointment to her body.
• In the 2019 movie, Portrait of a Lady on Fire, the two main characters apply a flying ointment to their armpits.
• In the 2020 movie, Gretel & Hansel, directed by Oz Perkins, the witch, caressing a precious jar filled with ointment, applies it to herself, and then initiates Gretel into witchcraft by inducing her to do the same.

• The Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band song '11 Moustachioed Daughters' – a track on the Album The Doughnut in Granny's Greenhouse – is a darkly comic and surprisingly detailed evocation of the traditional Witches' Sabbath, featuring the flying-ointment-related lines :

{{blockquote|'and belladonna, to make your eyes like a...beast's!

To anoint the body and make it shine,

To drink and make thyself divine,

To choose another's form and make it...thine!'}}

• The Swedish symphonic metal band Therion has a song called Unguentum Sabbati (Ointment of the Sabbat) on the album Sitra Ahra.

File:Illustration Aconitum napellus0.jpg|Wolfsbane or aconite, Aconitum napellus (virulent poison)

File:Illustration Conium maculatum0.jpg|Hemlock, Conium maculatum (virulent poison)

File:Illustration Cicuta virosa0.jpg|Cowbane or water hemlock, Cicuta virosa (virulent poison)

File:Herbier de la France (10038460935).jpg|Hemlock water dropwort or water hemlock, Oenanthe crocata (virulent poison)

File:Sium latifolium Sturm13.jpg|Greater water parsnip or sium, Sium latifolium (root poisonous)

File:Illustration Berula erecta0.jpg|Lesser water parsnip or sium, Berula erecta

File:Illustration Aethusa cynapium0.jpg|Fool's parsley, Aethusa cynapium (poison)

File:Illustration Apium graveolens0.jpg|Wild celery, Apium graveolens (wild form of well-known vegetable)

File:Illustration Potentilla reptans0.jpg|Creeping cinquefoil, Potentilla reptans

File:Acorus calamus - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-006.jpg|Sweet flag or strewing rush, Acorus calamus (aromatic)

File:Koeh-018.jpg|Belladonna or deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna (virulent poison)

File:Henbane flower.jpg|Henbane flower

File:Jimsonweed flower.jpg|Jimsonweed flower

File:Jimsonweed seed capsule.jpg|Jimsonweed seed capsule

File:Opium poppy flower - Isle of Man.jpg|Opium poppy flower

File:Opium poppy seed capsule.jpg|Opium poppy seed capsules

File:Atropa belladonna 074.jpg|Deadly nightshade flower

File:Soot, roet.jpg|Domestic chimney soot

File:Adeps Humanus IMG 1893 edit.jpg|Human fat

File:Pipistrellus flight2.jpg|Common pipistrelle in flight (bat's blood)

• Besom
• Cunning folk
• Deliriants
• Hedgewitch
• Nightshades
• Stregheria
• Witches' Sabbath
• Johannes Hartlieb
• Will Erich Peuckert

{{reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040713235155/http://www.shanmonster.com/witch/flying.html Flying Potions and Getting to the Sabbat]
• [http://www.shadowplayzine.com/Articles/belladonna.htm Belladonna] in flying ointments
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092926/http://www.traditionalwitchcraft.org/raven.html Ritual of the Raven]
• [http://www.chasclifton.com/papers/If_Witches_No_Longer_Fly.pdf If Witches No Longer Fly: Today's Pagans and the Solanaceous Plants]
• [http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/atropa.html King's American Dispensatory on Belladonna]
• [https://www.angelfire.com/electronic/awakening101/flying_ointments.html FLYING OINTMENTS: Their Ingredients and Their Use]
• [http://www.answers.com/topic/witches-ointment Witches' Ointment: Information from the Gale Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology]

{{witchcraft}}

Category:European witchcraft

Category:Hallucinations

Category:Poisons

Category:Flight folklore

Category:Hyoscyamus

Category:Magic substances