Following

A struggling, unemployed young writer (credited as "The Young Man") takes to following strangers around the streets of London, ostensibly to find inspiration for his first novel. Initially, he sets strict rules for himself regarding whom he should follow and for how long, but he soon discards them as he focuses on a well-groomed, handsome man in a dark suit. The man in the suit, having noticed he is being followed, quickly confronts the Young Man and introduces himself as "Cobb". Cobb reveals he is a serial burglar and invites the Young Man (who tells Cobb his name is "Bill") to accompany him on burglaries. The material gains from these crimes seem to be of secondary importance to Cobb. He takes pleasure in rifling through the personal items in his targets' flats and drinking their wine. He explains his true passion is using the shock of robbery, and violation of property, to make his victims re-examine their lives. He sums up his attitude thus: "You take it away, and show them what they had."

The Young Man is thrilled by Cobb's lifestyle. He attempts break-ins of his own, as Cobb encourages and guides him. At Cobb's suggestion, he alters his appearance, cutting his hair short and wearing a dark suit. He assumes the name "Daniel Lloyd", based on the credit card Cobb gives to him, and begins to pursue a relationship with a blonde woman whose flat he and Cobb burgled. The Blonde turns out to be the girlfriend of a small-time gangster (known only as the "Bald Guy"), with whom she broke up after he murdered a man in her flat. Soon, the Blonde confides that the Bald Guy is blackmailing her with incriminating photographs. The Young Man breaks into the Bald Guy's safe, but is caught in the act by an unidentified man. He then bludgeons the man with a claw hammer and flees with the Bald Guy's money and photos. Upon returning to his flat, he finds the photos are innocuous modeling shots.

Confronting the Blonde, the Young Man learns that she and Cobb have been working together, to manipulate him into mimicking Cobb's burglary methods. She tells him that Cobb had recently discovered a murdered woman's body during one of his burglaries, and is attempting to deflect suspicion from himself by making it appear as though multiple burglars share his MO.

The Young Man leaves to turn himself in to the police. The Blonde reports her success to Cobb, who then reveals he actually works for the Bald Guy. The story about the murdered woman was part of a plot to deceive both the Blonde and the Young Man: The Blonde has been blackmailing the Bald Guy with evidence from the murder he committed in her flat, and he wants her murdered in a way that cannot be connected to him. Cobb bludgeons the Blonde to death with the same claw hammer the Young Man used during the burglary of the Bald Guy's safe and leaves it at the scene. The police, checking out the Young Man's story, find the Blonde murdered and the claw hammer with his fingerprints on it. The Young Man is thus implicated for the murder of the Blonde. Cobb, meanwhile, vanishes into a crowd.

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}

• Jeremy Theobald as The Young Man Bill / Daniel Lloyd
• Alex Haw as Cobb
• Lucy Russell as The Blonde
• John Nolan as The Policeman
• Dick Bradsell as The Bald Guy
• Gillian El-Kadi as Home Owner
• Jennifer Angel as Waitress
• Nicolas Carlotti as Barman
• Darren Ormandy as Accountant

{{div col end}}

Following was written, directed, filmed, and co-produced by Christopher Nolan. It was filmed in London on black-and-white 16mm film stock.{{Cite web |last=Adlakha |first=Siddhant |date=2020-08-25 |title=How Christopher Nolan's Earliest Films Following and 'Doodlebug' Set a Course for Non-Linear Identity Crises |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/christopher-nolan-following-doodlebug-non-linear-identity-crises |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=IGN |language=en}} Nolan used a non-linear plot structure for the film, a device he again used in Memento, Batman Begins, The Prestige, Dunkirk, Tenet and Oppenheimer. This type of storytelling, he says, reflected the audience's inherent uncertainty about characters in film noir:

In a compelling story of this genre we are continually being asked to rethink our assessment of the relationship between the various characters, and I decided to structure my story in such a way as to emphasize the audience's incomplete understanding of each new scene as it is first presented.

Following was written and planned to be as inexpensive to produce as possible, but Nolan has described the production of the film as "extreme", even for a low-budget shoot. With little money, limited equipment, and a cast and crew who were all in full-time employment on weekdays, the production took a full year to complete.{{cite web|last=Duncker|first=Johannes|url=http://www.christophernolan.net/following_making.php|title=The Making of Following|date=6 June 2002|work=christophernolan.net|access-date=19 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513200348/http://www.christophernolan.net/following_making.php|archive-date=13 May 2008|df=dmy-all}}

To conserve expensive film stock, every scene in the film was rehearsed extensively to ensure that the first or second take could be used in the final edit. Filming took place on Saturdays for 3–4 months; Nolan shot about fifteen minutes of footage each day. This time frame also moderated the cost of film stock and allowed him to pay for it out of his salary. For the most part, Nolan filmed without professional film lighting equipment, largely employing available light. This was made easier by the decision to use 16 mm black and white film,Tobias, S. [https://www.avclub.com/christopher-nolan-1798208223 Interview:Christopher Nolan], avclub.com, 5 June 2002. Retrieved 13 September 2011. since that eliminated the need to match light colour. He also used the homes of his friends and family as locations.

Following received generally positive reviews. The film has an approval rating of 83% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 7.10/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Super brief but efficient, Following represents director Christopher Nolan's burgeoning talent in tight filmmaking and hard-edge noir."{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/following/ |title=Following (1999) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |publisher=Fandango |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=29 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129072559/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/following/ |url-status=live }} On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/following |title=Following Reviews |website=Metacritic |publisher=CBS Interactive |access-date=31 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722053237/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/following |url-status=live }}

Los Angeles Times reviewer Kevin Thomas was particularly impressed with the film, saying it was a "taut and ingenious neo-noir" and that "as a psychological mystery it plays persuasively if not profoundly. Nolan relishes the sheer nastiness he keeps stirred up, unabated for 70 minutes."{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jun-04-ca-43950-story.html|title=Following: 'Following' the Twisting Path of Sinister, Neo Noir Intrigue|last=Thomas|first=Kevin|date=4 June 1999|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-date=5 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105175021/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jun/04/entertainment/ca-43950|url-status=live}} The New Yorker wrote that Following echoed Hitchcock classics, but was "leaner and meaner".{{cite magazine |last1=Diones |first1=Bruce |title=Following |magazine=The New Yorker |date=19 April 1999 |url=http://archives.newyorker.com/default.aspx?iid=15470&startpage=page0000021#folio=018 |page=19 |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=20 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220181421/http://archives.newyorker.com/default.aspx?iid=15470&startpage=page0000021#folio=018 |url-status=live }} TV Guide called it "short, sharp and tough as nails",{{cite news|last=Fox|first=Ken|url=http://www.tvguide.com/movies/following/review/134067|title=Following: Review|work=TV Guide|access-date=19 May 2008|archive-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414072054/http://www.tvguide.com/movies/following/review/134067/|url-status=live}} praising its fast-paced storytelling and "tricky, triple-tiered flashback structure." David Thompson of Sight and Sound commented that "Nolan shows a natural talent for a fluent handheld aesthetic."{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/review/266|title=Following (1998)|date=December 1999|first=David|last=Thompson|work=Sight and Sound|access-date=19 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205114801/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/review/266|archive-date=5 December 2008|df=dmy-all}}

However, Tony Rayns felt that the film's climax was uninspired, saying that "the generic pay off is a little disappointing after the edgy, character based scenes of exposition".{{cite web|last=Rayns|first=Tony|author-link=Tony Rayns|url=http://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/66855/following.html|title=Following|publisher=Time Out|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-date=29 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629074901/http://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/66855/following.html|url-status=live}} Empire's Trevor Lewis questioned the skill of the film's inexperienced cast, saying that they "lack the dramatic ballast to compensate for [Nolan's] erratic plot elisions."{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=5201|title=Empire Reviews Central - Review of Following|first=Trevor|last=Lewis|work=Empire|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-date=24 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324014212/http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=5201|url-status=live}} In contrast, David Thompson was of the opinion that the "unfamiliar cast acquit themselves well in a simple naturalistic style." Filmmaker Joel Schumacher thought Following was the work of a "brilliant" young director. "I always had him in the back of my mind, thinking, 'We're going to hear from this guy, big time.' Then I saw Memento and the promise was fulfilled very fast."{{cite web|url=https://www.ifc.com/2011/10/joel-schumacher-christopher-nolan-the-dark-knight-rises-batman|title=Joel Schumacher explains why he isn't surprised by Christopher Nolan's "The Dark Knight" success|first=Rick|last=Marshall|work=Ifc.com|access-date=22 June 2020|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908202254/http://www.ifc.com/2011/10/joel-schumacher-christopher-nolan-the-dark-knight-rises-batman|url-status=live}}

Following has since been recognized as one of the most notable no-budget films of its time.{{cite web|url=http://www.thevine.com.au/entertainment/top10/top-ten-films-made-on-a-shoestring-budget/|title=Top ten films made on a shoestring budget|first=Scott|last=Henderson|work=TheVine|access-date=24 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824232338/http://www.thevine.com.au/entertainment/top10/top-ten-films-made-on-a-shoestring-budget|archive-date=24 August 2012|url-status=dead}}

Following won several awards during its festival run, including the Tiger Award at the International Film Festival Rotterdam{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/en/about/awards-and-jury/tiger-awards/previous-winners/ |title=Tiger Awards Competition: previous winners |publisher=International Film Festival Rotterdam |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=21 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121013119/http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/en/about/awards-and-jury/tiger-awards/previous-winners/ |url-status=live }} and the "Best First Feature" prize at the San Francisco International Film Festival, among others.[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154506/awards?ref_=tt_awd "Awards for Following"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305114054/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154506/awards?ref_=tt_awd |date=5 March 2016 }}. IMDb. Retrieved 25 June 2013. Following also brought fame to Christopher Nolan in the form of the Black and White award as well as a Grand Jury Prize nomination at Slamdance Film Festival.{{Citation|last1=Nolan|first1=Christopher|title=Following|date=1999-11-05|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154506/awards|last2=Haw|last3=Russell|last4=Nolan|first2=Alex|first3=Lucy|first4=John|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827194725/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154506/awards|url-status=live}}

A Blu-ray and DVD restoration of the film with a new 5.1 sound mix was released by The Criterion Collection for Region A on 11 December 2012. Both the Blu-ray and DVD include a commentary by and an interview with director Christopher Nolan, a chronological edit of the film (also 70 min.), a side-by-side comparison between three scenes of the film and the shooting script, Nolan's 1997 short film Doodlebug, and both the theatrical and re-release trailers. Each edition also has a leaflet which includes an essay by film critic Scott Foundas, titled "Nolan Begins". Exclusive to the Blu-ray is an uncompressed monaural soundtrack to the film.{{cite web|url=http://www.criterion.com/films/28030-following|title=Criterion – Following|publisher=Criterion|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107060854/https://www.criterion.com/films/28030-following|url-status=live}}{{cite web|last1=Atanasov|first1=Svet|title=Following Blu-ray Review|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Following-Blu-ray/55340/#Review|website=Blu-ray.com|access-date=15 July 2017|date=2 December 2012|archive-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711143008/http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Following-Blu-ray/55340/#Review|url-status=live}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{IMDb title|0154506}}
• {{Mojo title|following}}
• {{Rotten Tomatoes|following}}
• {{TCMDb title|443122}}
• [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/2596-following-nolan-begins Following: Nolan Begins] an essay by Scott Foundas at the Criterion Collection

{{Christopher Nolan}}

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