Force Research Unit

Although the exact size of the unit was classified, former FRU operator Martin Ingram revealed in an interview that it consisted of 42 agent handlers and 26 support staff in the late 1980s. According to Ingram, their locations and staffing levels were:{{Cite news |date=8 August 1999|url=https://archive.today/20250220182748/http://www.stakeknife.eu/StakeKnife_05.html|title=The British spy at heart of IRA|website=The Sunday Times|language=en}}

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The Force Research Unit worked alongside existing intelligence agencies including the Special Branch of the Royal Ulster Constabulary and MI5. In 1988, the All-Source Intelligence Cell was formed to improve the sharing of intelligence between the FRU, Special Branch and MI5. FRU operators were armed with cutting edge Heckler & Koch weapons normally reserved for elite counter terrorist units, such as the MP5K compact submachine gun and the HK53 carbine assault rifle.{{Cite web |url=https://shows.acast.com/65804e231585de00125defe6/67a2366a9a67c6bc4ec40d01|title=Bed of Lies - Series 3 / Episode 5 - Handlers|website=The Telegraph|date=20 February 2025 }} FRU operators worked closely on missions with elite units such as the Special Air Service and the 14th Intelligence Company, who were based out of a secure area of Aldergrove Flying Station at the time. They were also granted special privileges in the course of their work, such as the power to overrule senior officers in ordering an area to be cleared of regular security force patrols or by requesting immediate helicopter cover.{{Cite news |date=8 August 1999|title=The British spy at heart of IRA|website=The Sunday Times|language=en}} The FRU likewise had the power to designate specific properties as "off limits" to RUC searches in order to protect agents or the intelligence documents the agents were in control of.

The British government has previously attempted to stop information about the FRU from becoming public, such as obtaining an injunction against The Sunday Times {{Cite news |date=28 November 1999|title=Gagging order protects army's dirty tricks unit|newspaper=The Sunday Times|language=en}}{{Cite news |date=18 May 2000|title=Secrets and spies|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2000/may/18/freedomofinformation.uk|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}} and arresting former FRU operatives who went public under suspicion of breaching the Official Secrets Act.{{Cite news |date=13 May 2003|title=Minister gagged media to guard dirty secret|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/may/13/northernireland.northernireland1|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}} Unsuccessful attempts were also made by an unknown "British Intelligence Agency" to pressure the ISP of the US based Cryptome website into removing an article naming former FRU operatives.{{cite web|url=https://cryptome.org/mi5-verio|title=British Intelligence Request to Remove Document |work=Cryptome }}{{cite web|url=https://cryptome.org/fru-walshaw.htm|title=Enquiry: The Killing Years in Ireland |work=Cryptome }} In a 2000 interview with the Sunday Herald, an unnamed FRU operator denied accusations that they were a rogue unit, asserting that there was an unbroken chain of command from the agents on the ground all the way up to the highest levels of the Conservative Party-led government of the day (and ultimately Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher).{{Cite news |date=19 November 2000|url=https://cryptome.org/fru-herald.htm|title=My unit conspired in the murder of civilians in Ireland|newspaper=Sunday Herald|language=en}}

File:The Force Research Unit 1982.jpg (instead of mess dress uniform) are believed to be members of the S.A.S / 14th Intel]]

File:The Force Research Unit 1989.jpg

Notable individuals who reportedly served in the Force Research Unit include:{{Cite web |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opensecurity/cairo-gang-force-research-unit-and-rupert-murdoch/ |title=The Cairo Gang, the Force Research Unit and ... Rupert Murdoch|website=opendemocracy.net|date=20 December 2012|archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207143210/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opensecurity/cairo-gang-force-research-unit-and-rupert-murdoch/|url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=13 May 2003 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/may/1/northernireland.northernireland13|title=Minister gagged media to guard dirty secret|newspaper=The Guardian }}{{Cite news |date=29 April 2012|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/freddie-scappaticci-was-our-most-valuable-spy-in-ira-during-the-troubles-british-army-chief/28739868.html|title=Freddie Scappaticci was our most valuable spy in IRA during the Troubles: British Army chief|newspaper=The Belfast Telegraph}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.declassifieduk.org/detectives-not-interested-in-probing-british-army-commanders-about-northern-ireland-murders-says-veteran/|title=Detectives ‘not interested’ in probing army commanders about Northern Ireland murders, says veteran|website=declassifieduk.org|date=18 December 2020 }}

• Colin Parr
• Peter Everson
• Gordon Kerr (a.k.a Colonel 'J')
• George Victor Williams{{Cite news |date=7 December 2003|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/dec/07/northernireland|title=

Army spy faces jail after appeal to Queen over 'murders'|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}}

• Ian Hurst (a.k.a Martin Ingram)
• Margaret Walshaw BEM{{Cite news |date=18 April 2003|title=Names left out to protect future court proceedings|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/names-left-out-to-protect-future-court-proceedings-gzpjzg9bzrg|newspaper=The Times|language=en}}{{cite web|url=https://cryptome.org/fru-walshaw.htm|title=Enquiry: The Killing Years in Ireland |work=Cryptome }}
• Peter Charles Jones
• David Moyles{{Cite news |date=23 November 2003|title=Pic of Stakeknife WITH his agent handler could go online|newspaper=Sunday Life|language=en}}
• Philip Campbell-Smith (a.k.a Rob Lewis){{Cite news |date=25 February 2012|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/court-told-of-murky-world-of-blagger-at-heart-of-computerhacking-allegations-7440665.html|title=Court told of murky world of blagger at heart of computer-hacking allegations|newspaper=The Independent|language=en}}{{Cite news |date=19 November 2000|url=https://cryptome.org/fru-herald.htm|title=The Scot behind Ulster's dirty war - Elite unit passed intelligence to UDA death squads|newspaper=Sunday Herald|language=en}}
• Ronnie Anderson{{Cite news |date=7 October 2007|title=Pic of Soldier 'gagged' over RUC tribunal testimony|newspaper=Sunday Times|language=en}}

Agent handling by the FRU was primarily carried out via face-to-face meetings on a near weekly basis. Telephone contacts were discouraged, unless an urgent matter arose, as an agent could be overheard by family member's while using their house phone and the frequent use of phone boxes would raise suspicion.

Face-to-face meetings were tape-recorded and then transcribed on a Contact Form,{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/131068753/Nelson-CF|title=FRU Contact Form - 14 February 1989 - Brian Nelson |work=Force Research Unit }} after which the contents of the audio tape was erased. A copy of the Contact Form would be sent to FRU headquarters in Lisburn, who would then share any relative information with the RUC. A typical Contact Form consisted of the following sections:{{cite web|url=https://www.rightsandsecurity.org/assets/cv_uploads/1999_-_Deadly_Intelligence_Report_(to_the_British_and_Irish_governments__and_to_the_UN).pdf|title=1999 British Irish Rights Watch report into FRU collusion with Loyalist paramilitaries |work=British Irish Rights Watch }}

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File:UFF D Company mural.png/UFF]]

In the mid 1980s, the FRU recruited Brian Nelson as a double agent inside the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), and helped him to become the UDA's chief intelligence officer.{{cite news |date=17 April 2003 |title=Obituary: Brian Nelson |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/apr/17/guardianobituaries.northernireland |access-date=27 September 2013}} Until it was proscribed in 1992, the UDA was a legal Ulster loyalist paramilitary group that had been involved in hundreds of attacks on Catholic and nationalist civilians as well as against republican paramilitaries. In the summer of 1985, Nelson traveled to South Africa in an unsuccessful attempt to procure weapons and debriefed his FRU handlers on his return.{{cite web|url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/collusion/cory/cory03finucane.pdf|title=The Cory Collusion Inquiry Report |work=UK Gov }} Nelson was also allegedly involved in the 1988 Ulster Resistance weapons importation from South Africa.

Through Nelson, the Force Research Unit helped the UDA to target people for assassination. In a March 2001 article for the Andersonstown News, Martin Ingram claimed that when Brian Nelson was appointed the UDA's intelligence chief in 1987, he handed over their entire cache of targeting files to the FRU, who then updated them with information taken from RUC Special Branch and Military Intelligence files before handing them back to Nelson for use in the planning of assassinations.{{Cite news |date=1 March 2001|title=British Intelligence whistleblower speaks out

|url=https://cryptome.org/fru-ingram02.htm|newspaper=Andersonstown News|language=en}} In 1998, The Sunday Telegraph published a series of articles detailing the activities of the FRU and Brian Nelson's interactions with the unit. Secret documents examined by the newspaper suggested that the specific purpose of running Nelson in the UDA was to ensure that the Loyalist paramilitaries he sourced intelligence for would only target people actively involved in Republican

terrorism, instead of indiscriminately murdering Catholics at random. Evidence showed that Nelson was involved in at least 15 murders, 15 attempted murders, and 62 conspiracies

to murder during his time as an FRU agent.{{Cite news |date=29 March 1998|title=Army Set Up Ulster Murders|url=https://www.ainfos.ca/98/mar/ainfos00307.html|newspaper=The Sunday Telegraph|language=en}}{{Cite news |date=29 March 1998|title=Assassination by Proxy|url=https://www.ainfos.ca/98/mar/ainfos00308.html|newspaper=The Sunday Telegraph|language=en}}

In a 2000 interview with the Sunday Herald, an unnamed FRU operator identified Margaret Walshaw as being Nelson's primary FRU handler between 1986 and 1990, and accused her of colluding with him by sourcing maps, photos, and personal details of people to be targeted for assassination. The article further alleged that Walshaw even bought Nelson a personal computer so that information could be more effectively passed to him in floppy disk format, and the chances of him being arrested with incriminating documents could be reduced. Walshaw was also accused of failing to prevent murders she had advanced knowledge of, such as when Brian Robinson shot Patrick McKenna in a random attack. According to the source, Walshaw left Ireland in 1990 to become an FRU instructor with the Intelligence Corps.{{Cite news |date=3 December 2000|url=https://cryptome.org/fru-herald.htm|title=Exposed: captain who aided hitmen|newspaper=Sunday Herald|language=en}}

In 2003, the BBC reported that FRU commanders aimed to make the UDA "more professional" by helping it to target and kill republican activists and prevent it from killing uninvolved Catholic civilians. If someone was under threat, agents like Nelson were to inform the FRU who were then to alert the police. Gordon Kerr, who ran the FRU from 1987 to 1991, claimed Nelson and the FRU saved over 200 lives in this way,[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/apr/17/northernireland.northernireland2 "Scandal of Ulster’s secret war"]. The Guardian. 17 April 2003. Retrieved 27 September 2013. and testified on Nelson's behalf for mitigation during his 1992 trial under the alias "Colonel J".{{cite web|url=https://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Evidence%20of%20Colonel%20J-Gordon%20Kerr-Crown%20V%20Nelson.pdf|title=Evidence of Colonel J (Gordon Kerr) - Crown Vs Nelson 1992|work=UK Gov }} Kerr defended the actions of the FRU regarding Nelson by asserting that the planning phase of assassinating a known PIRA activist took much longer than the usual ad hoc shooting of a random Catholic, which therefore allowed the FRU to warn RUC Special Branch to prepare "counter-measures", such as increasing the level of security forces in the area of the target's home. Kerr claimed that 730 intelligence reports had been forwarded to Special Branch in this manner, that identified threats to 217 individuals.{{Cite news |date=29 March 1998|title=Assassination by Proxy|url=https://www.ainfos.ca/98/mar/ainfos00308.html|newspaper=The Sunday Telegraph|language=en}}

However, the Stevens Inquiries found evidence that only two lives were saved and said many loyalist attacks could have been prevented but were allowed to go ahead. The Stevens team believes that Nelson was responsible for at least 30 murders and many other attacks, including most prominently solicitor Pat Finucane, and that many of the victims were uninvolved civilians. The Cory Collusion Inquiry and a separate inquiry by Sir Desmond de Silva both also discovered evidence of collusion between the Brian Nelson and the FRU in the murder of Patrick Finucane.{{cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7c2313e5274a25a9140ac8/0802.pdf|title=The de Silva Inquiry - Report of the Patrick Finucane Review 2012 |work=UK Gov }} Although Nelson was imprisoned in 1992, FRU intelligence continued to help the UDA and other loyalist groups.[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/birw0299.htm “Deadly Intelligence: State Involvement in Loyalist Murder in Northern Ireland – Summary”]. British Irish Rights Watch, February 1999.Human Rights in Northern Ireland: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations of the United States House of Representatives, 24 June 1997. US Government Printing Office, 1997. From 1992 to 1994, loyalists were responsible for more deaths than republicans for the first time since the 1960s.{{cite book |last=Clayton |first=Pamela |title=Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler ideologies in twentieth-century Ulster |year=1996 |publisher=Pluto Press |page=156 |quote=More recently, the resurgence in loyalist violence that led to their carrying out more killings than republicans from the beginning of 1992 until their ceasefire (a fact widely reported in Northern Ireland) was still described as following 'the IRA's well-tested tactic of trying to usurp the political process by violence'…}}

Allegations exist that the FRU sought restriction orders, a de-confliction agreement to restrict patrolling or surveillance in an area over a specified period, in advance of a number of loyalist paramilitary attacks in order to facilitate easy access to and escape from their target{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}. This de-confliction activity was carried out at a weekly Tasking and Co-ordination Group which included representatives of the Royal Ulster Constabulary, MI5 and the British Army. It is claimed the FRU asked for restriction orders to be placed on areas where they knew loyalist paramilitaries were going to attack.{{cite book|title=Ten-Thirty-Three|first=Nicholas|last=Davies|author-link=Nicholas Davies (journalist)|year=2000|publisher=Mainstream |isbn=1-84018-343-8}}

In a February 2025 podcast series for The Telegraph, former FRU operator Martin Ingram accused his former commanding officer at the Force Research Unit, Gordon Kerr, of being a proud Scottish Loyalist who let his own bigotry towards Irish Catholics cloud his judgement. Ingram also accused a former FRU colleague named Margaret Walshaw, who was Brian Nelson's handler, of passing information (such as photographs and vehicle registration numbers) to Nelson to help plan assassinations.{{Cite web |url=https://shows.acast.com/65804e231585de00125defe6/67a2366a9a67c6bc4ec40d01 |title=Bed of Lies - Series 3 / Episode 5 - Handlers|website=The Telegraph|date=20 February 2025 }}

{{quote box

| quote = Kerr had no moral qualms about anything that we were up to, and he knew of every decision taken by his men. At the time I had no qualms either. We saw what was happening as a war and we were going to fight fire with fire. Kerr had one policy, in his own words it was: You go in, and you go in heavy. Raise the temperature on the ground to boiling point and then reduce it fast. That means you hurt your enemy so hard that you reduce the risk of casualties on your side. Then you step back quickly. That means the enemy is constantly in a state of terror and panic. It's an old SAS tactic.

| source = Excerpt of interview with former FRU operative (November 2000){{Cite news |date=19 November 2000|url=https://cryptome.org/fru-herald.htm|title=My unit conspired in the murder of civilians in Ireland|newspaper=Sunday Herald|language=en}}

| width = 28em

}}

FRU are also alleged to have handled agents within republican paramilitary groups. A number of agents are suspected to have been handled by the FRU including IRA units who planted bombs and assassinated. {{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} Attacks are said to have taken place involving FRU-controlled agents highly placed within the IRA.

It is suspected that the FRU sought to influence the IRA primarily through an agent codenamed "Stakeknife", thought to have been a member of the IRA's Internal Security Unit (a unit responsible for counter-intelligence, interrogation and court martial of informers within the IRA). There is a debate as to whether this agent was IRA member Freddie Scappaticci or another, as of yet unidentified, IRA member.Scappaticci denies the allegations and in May 2003 began legal action to force the then NI Secretary of State, Jane Kennedy, to deny he is/was a British Agent. At this point (May 2006) Scappaticci has launched no libel actions against media making the allegations. There is also suspicion in Irish republican circles that the real "Stakeknife" and/or other British agents have yet to be unmasked, this suspicion was compounded by the revelation that Denis Donaldson was a mole within Sinn Féin/the Republican movement, and by interviews given by the man calling himself "Kevin Fulton" in March 2006. It is believed that "Stakeknife" was used by the FRU to influence the outcome of investigations conducted by the IRA's Internal Security Unit into the activities of IRA volunteers.

It is alleged that, in 1987, the UDA came into possession of details relating to the identity of the FRU-controlled IRA volunteer codenamed "Stakeknife" and that, unaware of this IRA volunteer's value to the FRU, they planned to assassinate him. Allegedly, after the FRU discovered "Stakeknife" was in danger from UDA assassination, they used Brian Nelson to persuade the UDA to assassinate Francisco Notarantonio instead, a Belfast pensioner who had been interned as an Irish republican in the 1940s.According to the article title 'My unit conspired in the murder of civilians in Ireland' - by Neil Mackay, the officer in the FRU who passed Notarantonio's details to Nelson was "Captain M" assumed to be Cpt. Margaret Walshaw. The killing of Notarantonio was claimed by the UFF at the time.Details on the Death of Notarantonio available on CAIN Sutton [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1987.html here]. Following the killing of Notarantonio, unaware of the involvement of the FRU, the IRA assassinated two UDA leaders in reprisal attacks. It has also been alleged that the FRU secretly passed details of the two UDA leaders to the IRA via "Stakeknife" in an effort to distract attention from him as a possible informer{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}.

Former FRU operative Martin Ingram asserted that the arson attack which destroyed the offices of the Stevens Inquiry at RUC Headquarters in Carrickfergus in 1990 was carried out by the FRU to destroy evidence on operational activities collected by Stevens' regarding crimes

committed by one of its double agents (allegedly Brian Nelson).{{Cite news |date=21 November 1999|title=For Queen and country|newspaper=The Sunday Times|language=en}}{{Cite news |date=21 May 2000|title=Police in hunt for British agent|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/may/21/northernireland.henrymcdonald1|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}}Stakeknife: Britain's Secret Agents in Ireland, Martin Ingram, O'Brien Press, 2004 At the conclusion of the Stevens Inquiry in 2003, files on nine former members of the FRU were sent to the Director of Public Prosecutions in Northern Ireland in regards to illegal activity uncovered by the inquiry.{{Cite news |date=18 April 2003|title=Names left out to protect future court proceedings|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/names-left-out-to-protect-future-court-proceedings-gzpjzg9bzrg|newspaper=The Times|language=en}}

• Stakeknife

{{reflist|33em}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028181011/http://www.relativesforjustice.com/publications/fru.htm Relatives For Justice]
• [http://www.madden-finucane.com Madden & Finucane]
• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2944007.stm Brian Nelson]
• [https://www.scribd.com/doc/131068753/Nelson-CF heavily redacted 1989 internal FRU report (Contact Form) of a meeting between Brian Nelson and his handlers]
• [https://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Evidence%20of%20Colonel%20J-Gordon%20Kerr-Crown%20V%20Nelson.pdf plea of mitigation by Colonel `J' (a.k.a Gordon Kerr) at Brian Nelson's 1992 trial]
• [https://www.rightsandsecurity.org/assets/cv_uploads/1999_-_Deadly_Intelligence_Report_(to_the_British_and_Irish_governments__and_to_the_UN).pdf 1999 British Irish Rights Watch report into FRU collusion with Loyalist paramilitaries]
• [https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/collusion/cory/cory03finucane.pdf 2004 Cory report regarding murder of Patrick Finucane]
• [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7c2313e5274a25a9140ac8/0802.pdf 2012 de Silva report regarding murder of Patrick Finucane]
• [https://shows.acast.com/bed-of-lies/episodes 2025 Daily Telegraph podcast (Bed of Lies, Series 3) on the Force Research Unit]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUbnjCXWF94 BBC - Panorama: The Dirty War] - 1993 documentary regarding Brian Nelson & the Force Research Unit (YouTube)

Category:Units of the Intelligence Corps (British Army)

Category:History of Ashford, Kent

Category:British Army in Operation Banner

Category:Military units and formations established in 1982

Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 2007