Ford Y-block engine#312

By 1948, the famous Ford Flathead V8 had been developed about as far as it could go,{{Cite web|url=http://yblockguy.com/about_the_y-block_ford.htm|title=About The Ford Y-Block V8|last=McMaster|first=Tim|website=yblockguy.com|access-date=2017-11-15}} Better source needed: this is a blog.{{better source needed|date=February 2023}}and it was antiquated by the early 1950s.{{Cite news|url=http://www.enginelabs.com/?p=197337|title=Historic Engines: Ford Y-Block V8|date=2017-05-18|work=EngineLabs|access-date=2017-11-14|language=en-US}} Ford was the most conservative of the major automakers, holding onto older designs longer than GM or Chrysler, but market forces pushed Ford to develop new designs in the 1950s. Management at Ford instructed its engineers to develop a new engine for the future. By 1952 Ford had new, {{cvt|215|cuin|L|1}} OHV 6-cylinder engine and Lincoln had a {{cvt|317|cuin|L|1}} OHV V8. The company had designed the Y-block for a 1953 introduction, but a shortage of nickel due to the Korean War's needs prevented the company from manufacturing the engine in sufficient quantities, delaying it until 1954.

In 1954 the Y-block displaced {{cvt|3910|cc|cuin|0|disp=flip}}, the same as the old Ford Flathead V8 but with a bigger bore and a shorter stroke. It produced {{cvt|130|bhp|kW|0}} as opposed to the Flathead's final {{cvt|110|bhp|kW|0}}, an increase of 18%. The Mercury Y-Block was {{cvt|4194|cc|cuin|0|disp=flip}} and produced {{cvt|161|bhp|kW|0}},{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnut.com/specs/gen/merc50.html|title=Mercury 1950s General Specs|website=www.carnut.com|access-date=2017-11-15}} again a similar displacement to the {{cvt|255|cuin|L|1}} Mercury Flathead V8 it replaced, but with 29% more power than the older engine's {{cvt|125|bhp|kW|0}}.{{Cite web|url=http://www.secondchancegarage.com/public/422.cfm|title=1953 Mercury 255 V8 Engine Specs|website=www.secondchancegarage.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-15}}

The original Lincoln V8 was also known as a Y-Block. Lincoln introduced their engine in 1952, but it was a different design from the Ford Y-Block, and was used on large cars and Ford heavy-duty trucks.

One of the design qualities of the Y-Block V8 is its deep skirting which makes for a very rigid block for added strength in the bottom end. The drawback to this is it also makes for a heavy cylinder block. This being Ford's first OHV engine, they had to feed oil to the rocker arm shafts through a passage from the center cam bearing. Because of the low detergents in oils of that era these passages would often become clogged giving the Y-Block a reputation for bad oiling to the top end. Ford came up with a stop gap measure for this problem by feeding oil via an external tube directly to the rocker shafts from the main oil gallery.

Cylinder heads on the Y-Block have always been a point for discussion. Because of the configuration of the intake ports, vertically in pairs instead of horizontally side by side, and the way in which they make sharp turns around the head bolts, they have been called “bad breathers”. Although their flow can indeed be inferior, they are nonetheless able to rev to 7,000+ rpm.

Ford Y-blocks are easily identified. The distributor is located at the back of the engine and off to one side and the valve covers are held on with two studs/washers/nuts through the domed tops.

The first Y-block on Ford automobiles and F100 trucks was the {{cvt|3910|cc|cuin|0|disp=flip}} version as released in 1954 with EBU casting numbers. The Y-block was the same displacement as the old Ford Flathead V8 that it replaced but with a bigger bore and a shorter stroke (3.5 x 3.1 in). It produced {{cvt|130|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,200 rpm{{Cite web|url=http://www.secondchancegarage.com/public/408.cfm|title=1954 Ford 239 V8 Engine Specs|website=www.secondchancegarage.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-15}} as opposed to the flathead's final {{cvt|110|bhp|kW|0}} at 3,800 rpm,{{Cite web|url=http://www.secondchancegarage.com/public/406.cfm|title=1953 Ford 239 Flathead V8 Engine Specs|website=www.secondchancegarage.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-15}} an increase of 18%. Torque was also up compared to the Flathead, with {{cvt|214|lb·ft|N·m|0}} at 1,800 rpm compared with {{cvt|196|lb·ft|N·m|0}} at 2,000 rpm. The Y-block was considered a major advancement over the flathead. The 239 was available in 1954 models (EBU casting numbers), and in late 1954 and 1955 (EBV casting numbers), while also in 1955 the bigger 272 and 292 cubic inch siblings were introduced. The 1955 EBV 239 engine exchanges many parts with later model Y-blocks such as the 272 and 292, while the 1954 EBU engine has many parts that do not exchange with the 1955 EBV 239 and later Y-blocks.

The original Mercury Y-block, introduced for the 1954 model year, displaced {{cvt|4194|cc|cuin|0|disp=flip}}. Advertised as the "V-161" engine, it ran a bore and stroke of 3.625 x 3.1 in. The compression ratio was 7.5:1, and the rated power was {{cvt|161|hp|kW}} at 4,400 rpm. Torque was {{cvt|238|lbft|Nm}} at 2,200 rpm. The engine breathed through a Holley model 2140 (4V) carburetor. The 256 version of the Mercury Y-block was only available in 1954 models and was replaced by the 292 in 1955. The 256 was also used in some F100s in 1955 depending on the production plant location and was also installed in law enforcement sedans.{{citation |first=John |last=Gunnell |title=Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975 |edition=Revised 4th |date=2002 |publisher=Krause Publications |isbn=978-0873494618 |pages=400–401}}

By 1955 Chevrolet introduced its small block V8 with {{cvt|265|cuin|L|1}}; not to be outdone, Ford increased its displacement to {{cvt|272|cuin|L|1}} and introduced the Thunderbird with a {{cvt|292|cuin|L|1}} engine. The {{cvt|4465|cc|cuin|0|disp=flip}} version of the Y-Block was the same bore as the outgoing Mercury 256 cubic inch Y-Block but with a longer stroke (3.625 x 3.3 in).{{Cite web|url=http://www.ford-y-block.com/displacement.htm|title=Y|website=www.ford-y-block.com|access-date=2017-11-15}} The standard 1955 U-code featured a two barrel Holley carburetor and was rated at {{cvt|162|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,400 rpm and {{cvt|258|lb·ft|Nm|0}} at 2,400 rpm. The optional "Power Pack" M-code used a four barrel Holley carburetor and was rated at {{cvt|182|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,400 rpm.{{Cite web|url=http://www.theclassicford.com/1955_ford_engines.htm|title=The Classic Ford facts about Classic 1955 Ford Engines|website=www.theclassicford.com|access-date=2017-11-15}}

In 1956 the U-code was updated to produce {{cvt|173|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,400 rpm and {{cvt|260|lb·ft|N·m|0}} at 2,400 rpm with a manual transmission behind it or {{cvt|176|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,400 rpm and {{cvt|264|lb·ft|N·m|0}} at 2,400 rpm with an automatic transmission.{{Cite web|url=http://www.secondchancegarage.com/public/412.cfm|title=1956 Ford 272 V8 Engine Specs}} The M-code 272 was dropped altogether in 1956 in favour of a four barrel M-code version of the 292.

A final version of the 272 in the US was released in 1957 as the B-code.{{Cite web|url=http://www.theclassicford.com/1957_ford_engines.htm|title=The Classic Ford facts about Classic 1957 Ford Engines|website=www.theclassicford.com|access-date=2017-11-15}} It featured a two barrel Holley carburetor and was rated at {{cvt|190|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,500 rpm and {{cvt|270|lb·ft|N·m|0}} at 2,700 rpm.{{Cite web|url=http://www.automobile-catalog.com/curve/1957/747320/ford_custom_300_fordor_sedan_272_v-8.html|title=Horsepower and Torque curve for 1957 Ford Custom 300 Fordor Sedan 272 V-8 offered since October 1956 for North America U.S.|website=www.automobile-catalog.com|access-date=2017-11-15}}

Ford Australia released this V8 motor as its only option in the four-door Customline sedan from 1955-1959 (based on the Canadian Meteor), and its coupé utility, based on the same styling as the Customline, called a Mainline. It was introduced in passenger cars in July 1955, and in the redesigned truck lineup one month later.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article123142267 |title= V-8 overhead valve engines for new Ford trucks |newspaper=The Farmer and Settler |location=Sydney, NSW |date=26 August 1955 |access-date=18 January 2015 |page=37 }} In late 1956 the Australian 272 switched to a four bolt 2 barrel Autolite carburetor.{{Cite web|url=http://www.y-blocksforever.com/tech/html/aussie_y_s.html|title=Aussie Y's|website=www.y-blocksforever.com|access-date=2017-11-15}}

This engine, as well as the 292 version starting in 1956, was also produced by Ford of Brazil at its São Paulo plant facility (Ipiranga plant). A new building was opened on November 21, 1958, by the Brazilian President, Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, to produce the first Ford engine in South America. The 272 version was used on Brazilian F-series trucks until 1977 and on the Brazilian Galaxie 500, launched in April 1967.

File:1955 Ford 292.jpg

The {{cvt|4778|cc|cuin|0|disp=flip}} Y-Block was also introduced in 1955. The 292 shared the 3.3 in (83.82 mm) stroke of the 272 but with a larger 3.75 in (95.25 mm) bore. It was used in the Ford Thunderbird, 1959-60 Edsel, Mercury, and some high-end Ford cars. The Ford version was the P-code "Thunderbird V8", which for cars equipped with a manual transmission had a compression ratio of 8.1:1 and was rated at {{cvt|193|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,400 rpm and with {{cvt|280|lb·ft|Nm|0}} at 2,600 rpm. Cars equipped with an automatic transmission had a slightly higher compression ratio of 8.5:1 with a quoted {{cvt|198|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,400 rpm and {{cvt|286|lb·ft|Nm|0}} at 2,500 rpm.{{Cite web|url=http://automotivemileposts.com/tbird/prod1955tbird.html|title=1955 Ford Thunderbird Production Numbers/Specifications|website=automotivemileposts.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-24}}

The Mercury division had two versions of the 292 available in 1955. The standard engine had a 7.6:1 compression ratio and was rated at {{cvt|188|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,400 rpm, with {{cvt|272|lb·ft|Nm|0}} of torque at 2,500 rpm. The top of the range Montclair V8 came with a higher specification version that was rated {{cvt|198|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,400 rpm and {{cvt|282|lb·ft|Nm|0}} at 2,500 rpm. 1955 would be the only model year that Mercury would use the 292 in version of the Y-Block, with it being replaced by the larger 312 in engine for the 1956 model year.

In 1956 Ford replaced the P-code 292 with a new {{cvt|312|cuin|L|1}} "Thunderbird Special V8" version of the Y-Block, while the M-code 272 was replaced with a new M-Code specification of the 292. This M-code "Thunderbird V8" 292 was now optional on all Fords. The engine when fitted behind manual transmission vehicles had an 8.0:1 compression ratio and was rated at {{cvt|200|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,600 rpm and {{cvt|285|lb·ft|Nm|0}} at 2,600 rpm,{{Cite web|url=http://www.automobile-catalog.com/curve/1956/747050/ford_fairlane_fordor_victoria_thunderbird_v-8.html|title=Horsepower and Torque curve for 1956 Ford Fairlane Fordor Victoria Thunderbird V-8 offered since September 1955 for North America U.S.|website=www.automobile-catalog.com|access-date=2017-11-24}} whilst the automatic featured an 8.4:1 compression ratio with a rating of {{cvt|202|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,600 rpm and {{cvt|289|lb·ft|Nm|0}} at 2,600 rpm.{{Cite web|url=http://www.automobile-catalog.com/curve/1956/746540/ford_country_sedan_station_wagon_thunderbird_v-8_fordomatic.html|title=Horsepower and Torque curve for 1956 Ford Country Sedan Station Wagon Thunderbird V-8 Fordomatic offered since September 1955 for North America U.S.|website=www.automobile-catalog.com|access-date=2017-11-24}}

All Ford Y-Blocks were up on power for the 1957 model year. The 292 was available as the C-code engine option, once again with a slight difference between the manual transmission and "Fordomatic" automatic transmission. Compression was up to 9.1:1 in manual cars, which were rated {{cvt|206|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,500 rpm and {{cvt|297|lb·ft|Nm|0}} at 2,700 rpm. Automatic vehicles were rated {{cvt|212|bhp|kW|0}} at 4,500 rpm, torque and compression ratio are not listed in the Ford 1957 workshop manual as being any different from the manual car, which seems unlikely given the power difference at the same engine speed.{{Cite book|title=1957 Ford Car and Thunderbird Shop Manual|last=Ford Division|publisher=Ford Motor Company|year=1957}}

The 292 would be the longest-lived of the Y-Blocks, carrying on until 1962 in U.S. cars and until 1964 in U.S. trucks. It was also used in Argentina in the F-100 pick-up well into the 1960s, and was known as Fase I (Phase I). In 1971, the engine was modified to accept a new-style cylinder head with a different valve arrangement (E-I-E-I-E-I-E-I versus E-I-I-E-E-I-I-E), new intake and exhaust manifolds and was renamed Fase II (Phase II). In this form, the 292 Fase II continued into the 1980s in the F-100, and was also used in the Argentine Ford Fairlane (built from 1969–1982, and based heavily on the U.S. 1968 model). All Argentine versions of this engine feature a cast crankshaft rather than the forged example that equipped US heavy-duty engines. The 292 version was also produced by Ford of Brazil and equipped the Brazilian LTD starting in 1969. Both the 272 and 292 engines were replaced on Brazilian cars by the 302 windsor family engine starting on 1976 model year.

The {{cvt|312|cuin|L|1}} V8 engine came out for the 1956 model year and was again used in high-end Ford and Mercury cars, including the Thunderbird.

Bore x stroke dimensions were {{cvt|3.80x3.44|in|1}}.

Depending on model year and application, the 312 was available with a single two- or four-barrel Holley carburetor, two four-barrel carburetors and with or without a McCulloch (Paxton) supercharger (1957 only).{{cite web

|url=https://www.supercars.net/blog/1957-ford-thunderbird-df-code-phase/

|website=Supercars.net

|title=1957 Ford Thunderbird D/F-Code Phase I

|editor=Nick D.

|date=April 20, 2016

|access-date=2018-09-09}}{{cite web

|url=http://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1957/1796090/ford_thunderbird_312_supercharged_v-8_overdrive.html

|website=Automobile-catalog.com

|title=Ford Thunderbird Hardtop 312 Supercharged V-8 overdrive

|editor=Pawel Zal

|access-date=2018-09-09}}

All 1956 U.S. Mercury models were powered by the {{cvt|312|cuin|L|1}} V8 breathing through a four-barrel carburetor. At the beginning of the model year, a {{cvt|210|hp|PS kW|0}} version with 8.0:1 compression ratio powered Mercury cars with manual transmissions (including three-speed plus overdrive), while a {{cvt|225|hp|PS kW|0}} version powered cars with automatic transmissions. The 225-horsepower version had an 8.4:1 compression ratio. Later in the model year, a {{cvt|235|hp|PS kW|0}} version with 9.0:1 compression ratio became available. All 1956 Mercury engines had gold-painted blocks and heads. The 210-horsepower version had red valve covers and air cleaner, while the 225-horsepower version had blue valve covers and air cleaner. The 235-horsepower version had argent silver valve covers and air cleaner. A dealer-installed "M 260" engine kit was released in January 1956. The kit consisted of a hotter camshaft, revised cylinder heads, and an intake manifold mounting two four-barrel carburetors. The kit was advertised as boosting the Mercury 312 V8 to {{cvt|260|hp|PS kW|0}}.

Not generally known, about 40% of these 312s were equipped with vacuum secondary CARTER WCFBs. They are a highly desired version, as the Holleys were cantankerous.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

The 312s had no centrifugal timing advance in their distributors until 1957.

The last regular application of the 312 V8 in the U.S. was for certain 1960 Mercury models. Though considered to be a high-performance engine in 1956 and 1957, it was downgraded to an "economy" engine with low compression and two-barrel carburetor by 1960. Ford pickups used the {{cvt|292|cuin|L|1}} version as late as 1965.

{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}

When Ford Y-block debuted its power making ability was already hindered by its inherent displacement limit. A quick reference to the engine specifications for 1955-57 shows the Ford V8s ahead of the Chevrolet counterparts in displacement, horsepower, and torque.{{Citation needed | date=August 2024}} However, larger CID V8 engines made by Cadillac, Chrysler, Buick, Pontiac and Oldsmobile clearly showed the small CID architecture of the Y-block would need revision in order to keep pace with the other automakers. {{Citation needed | reason=what about them shows a “clear” need for revision | date=August 2024}}

Even with the benefit of today's technology (aftermarket rods and stroker cranks), the upper limit of a Y-block is about {{cvt|348|cid|L|sigfig=2}}, while the Chevrolet could be modified well past the factory limit of {{cvt|400|cid|L|sigfig=2}}. The result was the introduction in 1958 of the 332 CID "big block" Ford FE engine which ultimately grew to 428 cu in. Later, in 1962, the Ford Windsor engine – which began at {{cvt|221|cid|L|sigfig=2}} would fully replace the Y-Block and grow to {{cvt|351|cid|L|sigfig=2}}.

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Ford Y-block engine}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050518000641/http://www.fordclassics.com/enginespecs.html Short descriptions of Ford overhead valve V8 engines]
• [http://yblockguy.com/about_the_y-block_ford.htm Website specializing in the Ford Y-block V8, including a good discussion forum]
• {{cite web | url=http://www.fordv8argentina.com.ar |title=Ford V8 Y-block Argentina|access-date=September 11, 2007}}
• "55 Years of Mercury" by John Gunnell {{page needed|date=January 2013}}
• [http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Mercury/1956%20Mercury/dirindex.html 1956 Mercury sales brochure]

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