Foreign relations of Lebanon
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Politics of Lebanon}}
The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. As'ad AbuKhalil argues that foreign intervention has been a mainstay of Lebanon's domestic politics throughout its history as a nation-state, with British, French and American influence predominating from the declaration of independence in 1943 until the 1956 Suez Crisis and 1958 Lebanon crisis. From then until the Lebanese Civil War, the country became an arena for struggle between players in the Cold War, including Egypt, the United States and the Soviet Union. During the Civil War regional powers in the Middle East strove for influence, including Syria, Saudi Arabia and Israel, with Syria gaining the upper hand at the tail end of the war.{{cite web |last1=AbuKhalil |first1=As'ad|date=14 January 2025 |title=As'as AbuKhalil: A History of Foreign Intrigue in Lebanon |url=https://consortiumnews.com/2025/01/14/asad-abukhalil-a-history-of-foreign-intrigue-in-lebanon/|website=consortiumnews.com|access-date=16 January 2025}} Until 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy had been heavily influenced by Syria, however beginning with the formation of Hezbollah in 1982, Iran had gradually grown to heavily influence Lebanon.{{Cite journal |last=DeVore |first=Marc R. |date=2012 |title=Exploring the Iran-Hezbollah Relationship: A Case Study of how State Sponsorship affects Terrorist Group Decision-Making |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26296878 |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=6 |issue=4/5 |pages=85–107 |jstor=26296878 |issn=2334-3745}}[https://iranprimer.usip.org/sites/default/files/PDF%20Iran%20Region_Hokayem_Lebanon.pdf, United States Institute of Peace]{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Iran and Lebanon, Emile Hokayem,
The framework for relations was first codified in May 1991, when Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of mutual cooperation. This treaty came out of the Taif Agreement, which stipulated that "Lebanon is linked to Syria by distinctive ties deriving strength from kinship, history, and common interests." The Lebanese-Syria treaty calls for "coordination and cooperation between the two countries" that would serve the "interests of the two countries within the framework of sovereignty and independence of each." Numerous agreements on political, economic, and security. After Syria's military withdrawal in 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy charted a more independent course.
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Lebanon maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relations
=Africa=
| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" | ||
| style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began ! style="width:50%;"| Notes | ||
|---|---|---|
| valign="top"
|{{Flag|Algeria}} | 18 December 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1962 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Lebanon to Algeria Mr Hussein El Jissr.{{Cite book |last=François Buy |title=La République algérienne démocratique et populaire |publisher=Diffusion: Librairie française |year=1965 |pages=176 |language=fr}} |
| {{Flag|Benin}}
|27 June 1962 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1962 when first ambassador of Lebanon to Dahomey presented his credentials to President Hubert Maga.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4aQ3IE1e14C&dq=His+Excellency+Mr.+...+the+Lebanese+ambassador+to+Dahomey,+this+afternoon+in+Porto+Novo+...&pg=RA2-PA4 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 126-127 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1962 |access-date=19 July 2023}} | ||
| {{Flag|Cameroon}}
|1962 |Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962 when has been accredited Ambassador of Lebanon to Cameroon with residence in Dakar M. Mohamed Ali Hamade.{{Cite book |title=Monde colonial illustré Volume 40, Issues 393-404 |publisher=Société nouvelle des Editions France Outremer S.A. |year=1962 |pages=58 |language=fr}} | ||
| {{Flag|Central African Republic}}
|1966 |Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966 when has been accredited Ambassador of Lebanon to Central African Republic (resident in Accra) M. Khalil Itani. | ||
| valign="top"
|{{Flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} | 4 October 1961{{Cite book|title=Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2|publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center, 1961|pages=414}} | Approximately 100,000 people of Lebanese origin reside in Côte d'Ivoire.
21 April 1961 established Embassy of Lebanon in Abidjan
|
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|{{Flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}} | June 1972 | * Lebanon has an embassy in Kinshasa.
|
| {{Flag|Djibouti}}
|11 March 1981 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1981 when first Ambassador of Lebanon to Djibouti (resident in Khartoum) Mr. Ibrahim Marouche presented his credentials to President M. Hassan Gouled Aptidon.{{Cite book |title=Le Mois en Afrique - Issues 180-185 |publisher=Le Mois en Afrique |year=1981 |pages=158 |language=fr}} | ||
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|{{Flag|Egypt}} | 30 November 1944 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1944 when was opened Legation of Lebanon in Cairo.{{Cite book |last=KHOURY Gérard |title=Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban |publisher=Karthala Editions |year=2004 |pages=389 |language=fr}}
Severed diplomatic relations 26 April 1979, restored 28 June 1989.
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|{{Flag|Ethiopia}} | 31 July 1949 | 31 July 1949 was accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia to Lebanon Mr. Fitaorari Tafesse Habte Mikael{{Cite book|title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952|publisher=LexisNexis, 2006|pages=311}}
|
| {{Flag|Gabon}}
|1962 |Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962 when Ambassador of Lebanon to Gabon M. Mohamed Ali Hamade presented his credentials to President Leon Mba. | ||
| {{Flag|Gambia}}
|24 May 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1965{{Cite book |title=Chronology of Arab Politics, Volume 3 |publisher=Political Studies and Public Administration Department of the American University of Beirut., 1965 |pages=138}} | ||
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|{{Flag|Ghana}} | 30 March 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 1959.{{Cite book |title=Summary of the Yugoslav Press |publisher=The Service |year=1959 |pages=4}}{{Cite web |last=Lazar Focsaneanu |title=Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1959 / 5 / |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/afdi_0066-3085_1959_num_5_1_1472?q=Chronologie%20des%20faits%20internationaux%20d%27ordre%20juridique |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=persee.fr |page=921 |language=fr}}
|
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|{{Flag|Guinea}} | 3 June 1960 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1960 when Lebanese Government appointed its Minister to Liberia to be Minister to Guinea as well.{{Cite book |last=Yitzhak Oron |title=Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1 |publisher=Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited |year=1960 |pages=370}}
|
| {{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
|20 October 2020 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 2020 when Ambassador of Lebanon to Guinea-Bissau Mr. Fadi Zein has presented his credentials to President Ùmaro El Mokhtar Sissoco Embaló.{{Cite web |date=20 October 2020 |title=L'Ambassadeur Extraordinaire et Plenipotentiaire de la Republique du Liban en Guinee-Bissau, M. Fadi Zein a presente sa lettre de creance ce matin |url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid02YZTkaWHrPY5P4zjfEdkwE6PsdgeNVF7uPBTwL1ES2hN4LrwobgebgVREtVQY6dktl&id=277813889319254&m_entstream_source=permalink&locale2=hi_IN&refid=52&__tn__=-R |access-date=29 August 2023 |website=Ayouba toure |language=fr}} | ||
| {{Flag|Liberia}}
|1 January 1951 |Both countries established diplomatic relations when Liberian and Lebanese Governments to raise their Consulates General to the status of Legations, and a proclamation was issued announcing that the change would take effect from 1 January 1951.{{Cite book|title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Ethiopia, Egypt, Morocco, Libya, and Africa (general), 1951|publisher=LexisNexis, 2005|pages=87}} In 1957 both countries raise their Legations to status of Embassies{{Cite book|title=Volume 18 of Foreign relations of the United States, 1955-1957|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989|pages=412}} | ||
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|{{Flag|Libya}} | 1955 | * Lebanon has an embassy in Tripoli.
|
| {{Flag|Malawi}}
|18 October 2017 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 2017 when ambassador of Malawi Mrs. Caroline Bwanali Mussa, has presented his credentials to President of Lebanon Michel Aoun.{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=President Michel Aoun receives the credentials of the Ambassador of MALAWI Caroline Bwanali Mussa |url=https://www.dalatinohra.net/?p=62856 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=dalatinohra.net |archive-date=August 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822104718/https://www.dalatinohra.net/?p=62856 |url-status=usurped }} | ||
| {{Flag|Mali}}
|9 October 1961 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 1961 when first Lebanese Ambassador to Mali (resident in Accra) Dr. Karim Azqul presented his credentials to President Modibo Keita.{{Cite book |last=Yitzhak Oron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzZ71Eh5QvMC&dq=first+Ambassador+of+Lebanon+to+Mali+presented+his+credentials+9+October+1961&pg=PA415 |title=Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961 Volume 2 |publisher=Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center |year=1961 |pages=415 |access-date=19 July 2023}} | ||
| {{Flag|Mauritania}}
|10 June 1971 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1971{{Cite book |last=Mokhtar Ould Daddah |title=La Mauritanie contre vents et marées |publisher=Karthala |year=2003 |pages=520 |language=fr}} | ||
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|{{Flag|Morocco}} | * Lebanon has an embassy in Rabat.
| |
| {{Flag|Niger}}
|11 March 1962 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1962, when the first Lebanese Ambassador to Niger, Jean Hadji Thomas, presented his credentials to President Hamani Diori{{Cite book|title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 50-51|publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency|year=1962|pages=7}} | ||
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|{{Flag|Nigeria}} | 8 January 1961 | 8 January 1961 Lebanese Consulate in Lagos was raised to level embassy.{{Cite book|title=Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2|publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center, 1961|pages=415}} Nigeria opened its embassy in Beirut in 1982
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| {{Flag|Rwanda}}
|21 April 2017 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 2017{{Cite web |title=Rwanda, Lebanon looking to bolster trade ties |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/139937/News/rwanda-lebanon-looking-to-bolster-trade-ties |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=newtimes.co.rw|date=April 22, 2017 }} | ||
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|{{Flag|Senegal}} | 22 April 1961 | Approximately 30,000 people of Lebanese origin reside in Senegal.
On22 April 1961, the Lebanese Consulate General in Dakar was raised to level Embassy{{Cite book|title=Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2|publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center, 1961|pages=416}}
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|{{Flag|Sierra Leone}} | 27 April 1961 | Approximately 30,000 people of Lebanese origin reside in Sierra Leone.
27 April 1961 Lebanese Consulate General in Freetown was raised to status Embassy{{Cite book|title=Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960, Volume 1|publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center, 1960|pages=371}}
|
| {{Flag|Somalia}}
|6 October 1961 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1961{{Cite book |title=News from Hsinhua News Agency: Daily bulletin |publisher=Issues 1357-1371 |year=1961}} | ||
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|{{Flag|South Africa}} | 18 November 1995 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1995{{Cite book |title=Interpellations, Questions and Replies of the National Assembly Issues 11-13 |publisher=South Africa. Parliament (1994- ). National Assembly |year=1996 |pages=2223}}
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|{{Flag|Sudan}} | * Lebanon has an embassy in Khartoum.
| |
| {{Flag|Togo}}
|7 June 1962 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 June 1962 when first Ambassador of Lebanon to Togo (resident in Dakar) Mr. Mohammed Ali Hamade presented his credentials.{{Cite book |title=Afrique - Volumes 14-19 |publisher=Société internationale de publications commerciales, culturelles et artistiques |year=1962 |pages=64 |language=fr}} | ||
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|{{Flag|Tunisia}} | * Lebanon has an embassy in Tunis.
|
=Americas=
=Asia=
===Europe===
{{See also|Lebanon–European Union relations}}
Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001, and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002, the accord becoming known as the EU-Lebanon Association Agreement. The EU-Lebanon Action Plan from January 19, 2007, gave a new impetus to bilateral relations in the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy.
Lebanon is one of the main Mediterranean beneficiaries of community assistance and the EU through its various instruments is Lebanon's leading donor. Starting from 2007 financial support is channeled through the European Neighborhood Policy Instrument. A Lebanon Country Strategy Paper 2007–2013 and a National Indicative Program 2007–2010 have been adopted by the EU. The assistance provided was refocused after the Second Lebanon War to engage in real help for the government and the society in reconstruction and reform of the country.[http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/lebanon/index_en.htm Republic of Lebanon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202170943/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/lebanon/index_en.htm |date=December 2, 2008 }}. European Commission: External Relations
| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" | ||
| style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began ! style="width:50%;"| Notes | ||
|---|---|---|
| {{Flag|Austria}}
|6 December 1951 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1951 when has been accredited Minister of Austria to Lebanon (resident in Cairo) M. Robert Friedinger-Pranter.{{Cite book |title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952 |publisher=LexisNexis |year=2006 |pages=187}} | ||
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
|25 November 1944 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1944 when established Lebanese Legation (Embassy) in Belgium.{{Cite book |last=KHOURY Gérard |title=Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban |publisher=Karthala Editions |year=2004 |pages=390 |language=fr}} | ||
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|{{Flag|Bulgaria}} | 19 September 1966
|
| |
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|{{flag|Croatia}} | * Croatia is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
| |
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|{{Flag|Cyprus }} | See Cyprus–Lebanon relations
| |
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|{{flag|Denmark}} | 6 October 1953
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1953 when was accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Lebanon (resident in Cairo) Mr. G. L. Host{{Cite book |title=Udenrigsministeriets kalender |publisher=Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet |year=1955 |pages=145 |language=da}}
| |
| {{Flag|Finland}}
|21 June 1954 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1954{{Cite web|title=Finland and Lebanon (Embassy of Finland, Beirut)|url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/lbn/finland-and-lebanon}}
| ||
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|{{Flag|France }} | 25 November 1944 | See France–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1944 when has been appointed Mr. Ahmad Daouk as Minister Plenipotentiary of Lebanon to France. And 25 December 1944 has been opened Lebanese Legation (Embassy) in Paris.{{Cite book |last=KHOURY Gérard |title=Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban |publisher=Karthala Editions |year=2004 |pages=390 |language=fr}} In 2007, French President Nicolas Sarkozy ordered ties with Syria to be suspended until proof Damascus was not interfering in the Lebanese political crisis was established.{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/939786.html |title=France to cut Syria ties over Lebanon presidential crisis |work=Haaretz |date=December 30, 2007 |access-date=August 21, 2013}} A week after Sarkozy's statement in Cairo, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al Muallem announced Syria was ceasing their ties with France.{{cite web |url=http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2008/01/france_and_syri.php |title=France and Syria divorce over Lebanon crises |location=LB |work=Ya Libnan |date=January 2, 2008 |access-date=August 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308042834/http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2008/01/france_and_syri.php |archive-date=March 8, 2008 |url-status=dead }} "Syria has decided to cease cooperation with France on the Lebanese crisis" said Mouallem. In July 2008, France and Syria decided to open embassies in each other's countries.{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5362069 |title=International News |work=ABC news|access-date=August 21, 2013}} In April 2009, French and Lebanese officials approved the framework of a security agreement that besides improving bilateral relations include drugs and arms trafficking, illegal immigration and cyber-crime.{{cite web|url=http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/getstory?openform&EF2C7465E938FE4BC225759E00525C9C|title=Naharnet — Lebanon's leading news destination|work=Naharnet|access-date=August 21, 2013}}
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|{{Flag|Germany }} | 20 May 1953 | See Germany–Lebanon relations
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|{{Flag|Greece }} | 17 June 1947 | See Greece–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1947, when first Minister of Greece to Lebanon with residence in Cairo M. Georges Triantaphyllidis presented his credentials{{Cite book|title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. From 1946 through 1950. Near and Middle-East 1947. Eastern Affairs, January 1947-December 1947|publisher=University Publications of America, 2001|pages=367}} The relation between both people dates back to early antiquity, with the early trading activities between the ancient Greeks and the Phoenicians. In modern times, Greek-Lebanese bilateral relations are very good at all levels. Greece has an embassy in Beirut and Lebanon has an embassy in Athens. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean and the Francophonie.
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|{{Flag|Holy See}} | 17 March 1947 | See Holy See–Lebanon relations
The Holy See has played a major role in the peace negotiations of Lebanon. It has sought to unify Christian factions that were separated after the Lebanese civil war. At the same time, it sought to reduce Christian-Muslim tensions and to preserve Christian communities that have been declining in many parts of Lebanon and elsewhere in the Middle East.
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| {{Flag|Hungary}}
|30 November 1965 |
| ||
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|{{Flag|Ireland}} | 12 December 1974 | * Ireland is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
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|{{Flag|Italy}} | 20 November 1946 | See Italy–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1946 when has been accredited first Charge d'Affaires of Italy to Lebanon Mr. Adolfo Alessandrini.{{Cite web |title=I DOCUMENTI DIPLOMATICI ITALIANI DECIMA SERIE: 1943-1948 VOLUME IV (13 luglio 1946 - l o febbraio 1947) |url=https://www.farnesina.ipzs.it/download/pdf/DECIMASERIE_VOLIV |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=farnesina.ipzs.it |page=857 |language=it}} Lebanon opened a legation in 1946, which was transformed into an embassy in 1955.{{Cite web |title=Relazioni tra il Libano e l'Italia |url=http://www.liban.it/lebit.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204131805/http://www.liban.it/lebit.htm |archive-date=4 December 2007 |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=L'Ambasciata del Libano in Italia |language=it}} Both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Navigation in 1949.{{citation needed|date=February 2009}} Rome supported the reconstruction of Lebanon after the Taef Agreement.{{citation needed|date=February 2009}} Also, Italian companies, from almost all sectors, operate in Lebanon.{{citation needed|date=February 2009}}
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| {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
|9 June 2000 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 2000 when accredited first Ambassador of Lebanon to Liechtenstein (resident in Berne) Mr. Samir Hobeica{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVutDwAAQBAJ&dq=Liechtenstein:+ambassador+of+Lebanon+....+9+June+2000&pg=PA111 |title=Liechtenstein Country Study Guide - Strategic Information and Developments |publisher=Inc. Ibp |year=2017 |pages=111|isbn=9781514513644 }} | ||
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|{{Flag|Netherlands}} | 12 October 1950 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 October 1950{{Cite book |title=Rechtsgeleerd magazin Themis |publisher=Tjeenk Willink |year=1953 |pages=388 |language=nl}}
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|{{Flag|Poland }} | 20 October 1956 | 1 August 1944 Lebanon established diplomatic relations with Polish Government in exile in London. On October 20, 1956, the government of Lebanon accepted the initiative of the government of the Polish People's Republic regarding the establishment of diplomatic relations at the level of the deputies, which meant simultaneous withdrawal of the recognition of the Polish government in exile.{{Cite web|title=Poland in Lebanon (Website of the Republic of Poland)|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/lebanon/bilateral-relations}}
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|{{Flag|Romania}} | 6 January 1965 | See Lebanon–Romania relations
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|{{Flag|Russia }} | 3 August 1944 | See Lebanon–Russia relations
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|{{Flag|Spain}} | 5 March 1948 | See Lebanon–Spain relations
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| {{Flag|Sweden}}
|7 February 1946 |
| ||
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
|27 February 1946 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1946 | ||
| {{Flag|Ukraine}}
|14 December 1992 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1992
| ||
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|{{Flag|United Kingdom }} | 27 March 1942 | Both countries established full diplomatic relations on 27 March 1942, when General Sir Edward Spears of the United Kingdom presented letters of credence to President Naccache of Lebanon{{Cite book|title=Digest of International Law, Volume 2|publisher=U.S. Department of State, 1963|pages=222}}
|
=Oceania=
| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" | ||
| style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began ! style="width:50%;"| Notes | ||
|---|---|---|
| valign="top"
|{{Flag|Australia }} | 5 February 1967 | 20 February 1967 opened Australian Embassy in Beirut. It was closed in 1984 because of the security situation in Beirut. The Embassy was formally re-opened on 18 July 1995{{Cite web|title=Australian Embassy Lebanon|url=https://lebanon.embassy.gov.au/birt/aboutus.html}}
|
| {{Flag|Marshall Islands}}
|26 September 2019 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2019 | ||
| valign="top"
|{{Flag|New Zealand}} | 25 November 1980 | 25 November 1980 first Lebanese Ambassador to New Zealand with residence in Canberra Mr. Raymond Heneine presented his letters of credentials to Governor General of New Zealand.{{Cite web |title=Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Lebanon |url=http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1980/146.pdf |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=The New Zealand Gazette Thursday, 18 December 1980 No.146 |pages=4039–4040}}
|
See also
References and footnotes
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite book|author1=Eisenberg, Laura Zittrain|author2=Caplan, Neil|title=Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: Patterns, Problems, Possibilities|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-253-21159-X|url=https://archive.org/details/negotiatingarabi00eise}}
- {{cite book|author1=Schiff, Ze'ev|author2=Ya'ari, Ehud|title=Israel's Lebanon War|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1984|isbn=0-671-47991-1|url=https://archive.org/details/israelslebanonwa0000schi}}
- {{cite book|author=Shlaim, Avi|title=The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2001|isbn=0-393-32112-6}}
{{refend}}
{{reflist|33em}}
External links
- [http://www.mideastweb.org/lebanonpeace.htm 1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120526191434/http://lebanonembassyus.org/ Embassy of Lebanon in Washington DC]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120209024215/http://www.washdiplomat.com/ambprof/lebanon.html Amb. Farid Abboud profile] The Washington Diplomat serves the diplomatic community with columns focusing on international news and events.
- [http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=4 EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Country profile of Jordan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065321/http://enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=4 |date=January 26, 2017 }}
Representations of foreign nations in Lebanon
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070223194819/http://www.dellbn.ec.europa.eu/en/index.htm Delegation of the European Commission in Lebanon]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717175359/http://lebanon.usembassy.gov/ United States Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon]
- [http://www.faridabboud.com Farid Abboud: Lebanese Ambassador to Tunisia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905155425/http://www.faridabboud.com/ |date=September 5, 2007 }}
{{Foreign relations of Lebanon}}
{{Foreign relations of Asia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Relations Of Lebanon}}