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Foreign relations of Nepal

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}

{{Politics of Nepal}}

Though the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) is the government agency responsible for conducting the foreign relations of Nepal, historically, it has been the Office of the Prime Minister (PMO) that has exercised the authority to formulate the country's foreign policies. As a landlocked country wedged between two larger and far stronger powers, Nepal has tried to maintain good relations with both of its neighbors, People's Republic of China and Republic of India.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-prime-minister-kp-sharma-oli-calls-china-an-all-weather-friend-1290375|title = China is Our 'All Weather Friend', Says Nepal Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli}} However, the relationship between Nepal and India was significantly hampered by the 2015 Nepal blockade when the Government of Nepal accused India of mimicking "Russia-Ukraine" tactics by using ethnically Indian residents of Nepal to cause unrest along Nepal's southern border. India denied the allegations.{{Cite news |last=Pokharel |first=Krishna |date=2015-11-26 |title=The Two-Month Blockade of Nepal Explained |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-IRTB-30919 |access-date=2022-05-05 |issn=0099-9660}} For the most part though, Nepal has traditionally maintained a non-aligned policy and enjoys friendly relations with its neighboring countries and almost all the major countries of the world.

Overview

Constitutionally, Nepal's foreign policy is to be guided by "the principles of the United Nations Charter, nonalignment, Panchsheel (five principles of peaceful coexistence), international law and the value of world peace."{{Cite web |title=WIPO Lex, Article 34 (21), the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 (2063) |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/189180 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=www.wipo.int}}

Nepal's most substantive international relations are perhaps with international economic institutions such as the Asian Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Nepal also has strong bilateral relations with major providers of economic and military aid, such as France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, the United States, and particularly the United Kingdom, with whom military ties date back to the nineteenth century. The country's external relations are managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Prime Minister's Office.

In its foreign policy, Nepal generally seeks to balance its relations with its large neighbors India and China in order to avoid dependency on either one.{{Cite book |last=Alfred |first=Gerstl |title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? |publisher=Routledge |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-03-239508-1 |editor-last=Kironska |editor-first=Kristina |chapter=China in its Immediate Neighborhood |editor-last2=Turscanyi |editor-first2=Richard Q.}}{{Rp|page=215}} Nepal's relation with China has seen a major upswing in the recent years with China now becoming Nepal's top 5 aid donor to Nepal.{{Cite news|last=|date=2015-03-18|title=China increases aid, FDI significantly to Nepal|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/china-increases-aid-fdi-significantly-to-nepal-115031800390_1.html|access-date=2021-10-07}} In 2021, Indian government also announced increments of aid to Nepal by nearly 13% to $130 million, to counter China's growing footprint in Nepal. However, data on the actual disbursement of aid by the Indian government remains unclear.{{Cite web|title=India raises Nepal grant by nearly 13 percent to Rs15.87 billion|url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2021/02/01/india-raises-nepal-grant-by-nearly-13-percent-to-rs15-87-billion|access-date=2021-06-23|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}

International disputes

Nepal joined the UN in 1955. The Nepalese map filed at the UN in 1955 was accepted without any disputes by any other UN member. Both India and China without any objections, accepted the map of Nepal filed at the UN in 1955 while Nepal's third neighbor, Kingdom of Sikkim was not a member of the UN.

However, with degradation of relations between India and China during late 1950s, Indian government initiated a 'Forward Policy' along its northern frontiers which resulted in Indian military outposts being built in all unmanned areas along India's northern border. Successive Nepali government's from 1990 onwards, have continued their objection to Indian occupation of certain Nepali territories under the guise of India's 'Forward Policy'. A joint border commission continues to work on resolving the issue of removal of Indian military outpost from Nepal's Kalapani territory. {{As of|2017}}, Nepal has border disputes with India at Lipulekh and Kalapani between Darchula district and Uttarakhand, and at Susta bordering Bihar's Nawalpur district.{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/|title=India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes|last=Groves|first=Stephen|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-03-28|language=en-US}} In 2018, EPG (Eminent Persons Group), a joint committee between Nepal and India finished a report on the disputed territories between these two countries. The report is yet to be submitted to the head of governments of both countries.

International trade

Nepal has been a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 11 September 2003WTO, [https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres03_e/pr356_e.htm WTO Ministerial Conference approves Nepal's membership], 11 September 2003, accessed 25 January 2017 and on 24 January 2017 became the 108th WTO member to ratify the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement.[https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/fac_24jan17_e.htm Nepal ratifies the Trade Facilitation Agreement], 24 January 2017

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Nepal maintains diplomatic relations with:

class="wikitable sortable"

! colspan="3" |File:Diplomatic_relations_of_Nepal.svg

#

!Country

!Date{{Cite web |title=Bilateral Relations |url=https://mofa.gov.np/pages/bilateral-relations-2/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal}}

1

|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}

|{{DTS|4 March 1816}}{{cite web|title=UK and Nepal celebrate 200 years of friendship |website=GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-nepal-celebrate-200-years-of-friendship |access-date=30 March 2025 |quote=...the Treaty of Segauli established formal relations between the UK and Nepal. It was ratified in March 1816...}}{{Cite web |title=Sugauli Treaty 1816 |url=https://www.historyjournal.net/article/42/2-2-17-612.pdf |website=International Journal of History |access-date=30 March 2025}}

2

|{{Flag|United States}}

|{{DTS|25 April 1947}}

3

|{{Flag|India}}

|{{DTS|13 June 1947}}

4

|{{Flag|France}}

|{{DTS|20 April 1949}}

5

|{{Flag|China}}

|{{DTS|1 August 1955}}

6

|{{Flag|Russia}}

|{{DTS|20 July 1956}}

7

|{{Flag|Japan}}

|{{DTS|1 September 1956}}

8

|{{Flag|Switzerland}}

|{{dts|9 November 1956}}{{Cite book |url=https://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc/70016492.pdf?id=70016492&action=open |title=Protokol der 13. sitzung des Schweizerischen Bundesrates |date=19 February 1957 |pages=388 |language=fr |access-date=2 January 2025}}

9

|{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}

|{{DTS|1 July 1957}}

10

|{{Flag|Egypt}}

|{{DTS|16 July 1957}}

11

|{{Flag|Germany}}

|{{DTS|4 April 1958}}

12

|{{Flag|Austria}}

|{{DTS|15 August 1959}}

13

|{{Flag|Italy}}

|{{DTS|31 August 1959}}

14

|{{Flag|Serbia}}

|{{DTS|7 October 1959}}

15

|{{Flag|Poland}}

|{{DTS|25 November 1959}}

16

|{{Flag|Thailand}}

|{{DTS|30 November 1959}}

17

|{{Flag|Czech Republic}}

|{{Dts|26 December 1959}}{{Cite book |last=Petruf |first=Pavol |title=Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 |pages=99–119 |language=sk}}

18

|{{Flag|Malaysia}}

|{{DTS|1 January 1960}}

19

|{{Flag|Greece}}

|{{DTS|2 February 1960}}{{Cite web |title=Nepal – Greece Relations |url=https://old.mofa.gov.np/nepal-greece-relations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208024142/https://old.mofa.gov.np/nepal-greece-relations/ |archive-date=8 February 2025 |access-date=10 June 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal}}

20

|{{Flag|Philippines}}

|{{DTS|12 February 1960}}

21

|{{Flag|Australia}}

|{{DTS|15 February 1960}}

22

|{{Flag|Myanmar}}

|{{DTS|19 March 1960}}

23

|{{Flag|Pakistan}}

|{{DTS|20 March 1960}}

24

|{{Flag|Netherlands}}

|{{DTS|2 April 1960}}

25

|{{Flag|Laos}}

|{{DTS|20 May 1960}}

26

|{{Flag|Israel}}

|{{DTS|1 June 1960}}

27

|{{Flag|Sweden}}

|{{DTS|10 June 1960}}

28

|{{Flag|Indonesia}}

|{{DTS|25 December 1960}}

29

|{{Flag|Mongolia}}

|{{DTS|5 January 1961}}

30

|{{Flag|Hungary}}

|{{DTS|15 January 1961}}

31

|{{Flag|New Zealand}}

|{{DTS|1 May 1961}}

32

|{{flag|Afghanistan|2013}}

|{{DTS|1 July 1961}}

33

|{{Flag|Argentina}}

|{{DTS|1 January 1962}}

34

|{{Flag|Chile}}

|{{DTS|1962}}

35

|{{Flag|Turkey}}

|{{DTS|15 November 1962}}

36

|{{Flag|Lebanon}}

|{{DTS|18 August 1963}}

37

|{{Flag|Belgium}}

|{{DTS|19 August 1963}}

38

|{{Flag|Iran}}

|{{DTS|14 December 1964}}

39

|{{Flag|Canada}}

|{{DTS|18 January 1965}}

40

|{{Flag|Jordan}}

|{{DTS|20 August 1965}}

41

|{{Flag|Denmark}}

|{{DTS|15 December 1967}}

42

|{{Flag|Bulgaria}}

|{{DTS|15 April 1968}}

43

|{{Flag|Romania}}

|{{DTS|20 April 1968}}

44

|{{Flag|Algeria}}

|{{DTS|29 April 1968}}

45

|{{Flag|Spain}}

|{{DTS|13 May 1968}}

46

|{{Flag|Iraq}}

|{{DTS|30 October 1968}}

47

|{{Flag|Singapore}}

|{{DTS|25 March 1969}}

48

|{{Flag|Sudan}}

|{{DTS|11 July 1969}}

49

|{{Flag|Syria}}

|{{DTS|26 February 1970}}

50

|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}

|{{DTS|15 April 1971}}

51

|{{Flag|Kuwait}}

|{{DTS|25 February 1972}}

52

|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}

|{{DTS|8 April 1972}}

53

|{{Flag|Albania}}

|{{DTS|23 May 1972}}

54

|{{Flag|Norway}}

|{{DTS|26 January 1973}}

55

|{{Flag|North Korea}}

|{{DTS|15 May 1974}}

56

|{{Flag|South Korea}}

|{{DTS|15 May 1974}}

57

|{{Flag|Finland}}

|{{DTS|21 September 1974}}

58

|{{Flag|Tanzania}}

|{{DTS|10 January 1975}}

59

|{{Flag|Morocco}}

|{{DTS|18 February 1975}}

60

|{{Flag|Cuba}}

|{{DTS|25 March 1975}}

61

|{{Flag|Cambodia}}

|{{DTS|18 April 1975}}

62

|{{Flag|Vietnam}}

|{{DTS|15 May 1975}}

63

|{{Flag|Kenya}}

|{{DTS|3 June 1975}}

64

|{{Flag|Mexico}}

|{{DTS|25 November 1975}}

65

|{{Flag|Luxembourg}}

|{{DTS|27 November 1975}}{{Cite web |title=Nepal – Luxembourg Relations |url=https://old.mofa.gov.np/nepal-luxembourg-relations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214084513/https://old.mofa.gov.np/nepal-luxembourg-relations/ |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=10 June 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal}}

66

|{{Flag|Nigeria}}

|{{DTS|20 December 1975}}

67

|{{Flag|Libya}}

|{{DTS|30 December 1975}}

68

|{{Flag|Peru}}

|{{DTS|28 January 1976}}

69

|{{Flag|Brazil}}

|{{DTS|7 February 1976}}

70

|{{Flag|Portugal}}

|{{DTS|1 September 1976}}

71

|{{Flag|Bahrain}}

|{{DTS|13 January 1977}}

72

|{{Flag|Oman}}

|{{DTS|21 January 1977}}

73

|{{Flag|Qatar}}

|{{DTS|21 January 1977}}

74

|{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}

|{{DTS|22 January 1977}}

75

|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}

|{{DTS|15 March 1977}}

76

|{{Flag|Costa Rica}}

|{{DTS|16 August 1977}}

77

|{{Flag|Maldives}}

|{{DTS|1 August 1980}}

78

|{{Flag|Cyprus}}

|{{DTS|18 August 1980}}

79

|{{Flag|Mauritius}}

|{{DTS|12 February 1981}}

80

|{{Flag|Iceland}}

|{{DTS|25 May 1981}}

81

|{{Flag|Bhutan}}

|{{DTS|3 June 1983}}

—

|{{Flag|Holy See}}

|{{DTS|10 September 1983}}

82

|{{Flag|Malta}}

|{{DTS|25 September 1983}}

83

|{{Flag|Brunei}}

|{{DTS|3 February 1984}}

84

|{{Flag|Panama}}

|{{DTS|15 February 1984}}

85

|{{Flag|Tunisia}}

|{{DTS|14 April 1984}}

86

|{{Flag|Somalia}}

|{{DTS|24 October 1984}}

87

|{{Flag|Zimbabwe}}

|{{DTS|27 November 1984}}

88

|{{Flag|Gabon}}

|{{DTS|17 June 1985}}

89

|{{Flag|Yemen}}

|{{DTS|25 December 1985}}

90

|{{Flag|Fiji}}

|{{DTS|12 June 1986}}

91

|{{Flag|Zambia}}

|{{DTS|10 September 1986}}

92

|{{Flag|Mozambique}}

|{{DTS|30 September 1986}}

93

|{{Flag|Nicaragua}}

|{{DTS|2 October 1986}}{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Nepal and ... |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/search?f1=series&as=1&sf=title&so=a&rm=&m1=p&p1=Diplomatic%20relations%20between%20Nepal%20and%20...&ln=en |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}

94

|{{Flag|Seychelles}}

|{{DTS|10 October 1986}}

95

|{{Flag|Venezuela}}

|{{DTS|27 April 1987}}

96

|{{Flag|Colombia}}

|{{DTS|6 May 1987}}

97

|{{Flag|Bolivia}}

|{{DTS|20 May 1987}}

98

|{{Flag|Estonia}}

|{{DTS|20 April 1992}}

99

|{{Flag|Latvia}}

|{{DTS|20 April 1992}}

100

|{{Flag|Ukraine}}

|{{DTS|15 January 1993}}

101

|{{Flag|Armenia}}

|{{DTS|26 March 1993}}

102

|{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}

|{{DTS|26 March 1993}}

103

|{{Flag|Belarus}}

|{{DTS|19 July 1993}}

104

|{{Flag|Moldova}}

|{{DTS|20 July 1993}}

105

|{{Flag|Slovakia}}

|{{DTS|4 March 1994}}

106

|{{Flag|Guyana}}

|{{DTS|22 June 1994}}

107

|{{Flag|South Africa}}

|{{DTS|28 July 1994}}

108

|{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}

|{{DTS|28 February 1995}}

109

|{{Flag|Slovenia}}

|{{DTS|2 December 1997}}

110

|{{Flag|North Macedonia}}

|{{DTS|6 January 1998}}

111

|{{Flag|Croatia}}

|{{DTS|6 February 1998}}

112

|{{Flag|Ireland}}

|{{DTS|19 August 1999}}

113

|{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

|{{DTS|12 January 2000}}

114

|{{Flag|Lithuania}}

|{{DTS|8 February 2005}}

115

|{{Flag|San Marino}}

|{{DTS|10 August 2005}}

116

|{{Flag|Tajikistan}}

|{{DTS|13 September 2005}}

117

|{{Flag|Georgia}}

|{{DTS|22 September 2005}}

118

|{{Flag|Turkmenistan}}

|{{DTS|17 October 2005}}

119

|{{Flag|Ecuador}}

|{{DTS|21 June 2006}}

120

|{{Flag|Paraguay}}

|{{DTS|2 August 2006}}

121

|{{Flag|Guatemala}}

|{{DTS|8 August 2006}}

122

|{{Flag|Honduras}}

|{{DTS|18 August 2006}}

123

|{{Flag|Vanuatu}}

|{{DTS|19 September 2006}}

124

|{{Flag|Andorra}}

|{{DTS|22 September 2006}}

125

|{{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

|{{DTS|22 September 2006}}

126

|{{Flag|Haiti}}

|{{DTS|23 May 2007}}

127

|{{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}

|{{DTS|27 September 2007}}

128

|{{Flag|Dominican Republic}}

|{{DTS|28 September 2007}}

129

|{{Flag|Botswana}}

|{{DTS|8 January 2009}}

130

|{{Flag|Mali}}

|{{DTS|19 November 2009}}

131

|{{Flag|Lesotho}}

|{{DTS|18 May 2010}}

132

|{{Flag|Montenegro}}

|{{DTS|18 July 2011}}

133

|{{Flag|Solomon Islands}}

|{{DTS|15 December 2011}}

134

|{{Flag|Monaco}}

|{{DTS|26 March 2012}}{{cite web |title=Rapport Politique Extérieure 2012 DRE |url=https://www.gouv.mc/content/download/117777/1392730/file/Rapport%20Politique%20Ext%C3%A9rieure%202012%20DRE.pdf |accessdate=10 June 2025 |website=Government of Monaco |page=8 |language=fr}}

135

|{{Flag|Uruguay}}

|{{DTS|18 April 2012}}

136

|{{Flag|Mauritania}}

|{{DTS|4 December 2012}}

137

|{{Flag|Tuvalu}}

|{{DTS|11 December 2012}}

138

|{{Flag|Samoa}}

|{{DTS|28 March 2013}}

139

|{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}

|{{DTS|12 April 2013}}

140

|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}

|{{DTS|30 June 2015}}

141

|{{Flag|Jamaica}}

|{{DTS|1 October 2015}}

142

|{{Flag|Guinea}}

|{{DTS|12 May 2016}}

143

|{{Flag|El Salvador}}

|{{DTS|21 September 2016}}

144

|{{Flag|Uganda}}

|{{DTS|12 June 2017}}

145

|{{Flag|Ivory Coast}}

|{{DTS|16 June 2017}}

146

|{{Flag|Djibouti}}

|{{DTS|14 July 2017}}

147

|{{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}

|{{DTS|25 July 2017}}

148

|{{Flag|Cape Verde}}

|{{DTS|3 August 2017}}

149

|{{Flag|Liberia}}

|{{DTS|17 August 2017}}

150

|{{Flag|Niger}}

|{{DTS|20 September 2017}}

151

|{{Flag|Eritrea}}

|{{DTS|31 October 2017}}

152

|{{Flag|Bahamas}}

|{{DTS|7 November 2017}}

153

|{{Flag|Liechtenstein}}

|{{DTS|24 November 2017}}

154

|{{Flag|Angola}}

|{{DTS|9 December 2017}}

155

|{{Flag|Burkina Faso}}

|{{DTS|29 December 2017}}

156

|{{Flag|Benin}}

|{{DTS|23 January 2018}}

157

|{{Flag|Uzbekistan}}

|{{DTS|26 January 2018}}

158

|{{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

|{{DTS|30 May 2018}}

159

|{{Flag|Burundi}}

|{{DTS|6 June 2018}}

160

|{{Flag|Rwanda}}

|{{DTS|20 July 2018}}

161

|{{Flag|Madagascar}}

|{{DTS|26 September 2018}}

162

|{{Flag|Suriname}}

|{{DTS|11 October 2018}}

163

|{{Flag|Togo}}

|{{DTS|22 March 2019}}

164

|{{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}

|{{DTS|30 April 2019}}

165

|{{Flag|Eswatini}}

|{{DTS|9 May 2019}}

166

|{{Flag|Saint Lucia}}

|{{DTS|27 August 2019}}

167

|{{Flag|Ghana}}

|{{DTS|25 September 2019}}

168

|{{Flag|Dominica}}

|{{DTS|30 April 2021}}

169

|{{Flag|Gambia}}

|{{DTS|24 May 2021}}

170

|{{Flag|Sierra Leone}}

|{{DTS|29 June 2021}}

171

|{{Flag|Barbados}}

|{{DTS|8 December 2021}}

172

|{{Flag|Timor-Leste}}

|{{DTS|11 February 2022}}

173

|{{Flag|Palau}}

|{{DTS|21 March 2022}}

174

|{{Flag|South Sudan}}

|{{DTS|28 March 2022}}

175

|{{Flag|Belize}}

|{{DTS|1 April 2022}}

176

|{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}

|{{DTS|16 June 2022}}

177

|{{Flag|Malawi}}

|{{DTS|16 February 2023}}

178

|{{Flag|Nauru}}

|{{DTS|4 May 2023}}

179

|{{Flag|Cameroon}}

|{{DTS|22 June 2023}}

180

|{{Flag|Marshall Islands}}

|{{DTS|23 June 2023}}

181

|{{Flag|Tonga}}

|{{DTS|1 March 2024}}

182

|{{Flag|Kiribati}}

|{{dts|17 July 2024}}

Bilateral relations

=Afghanistan=

{{Flagicon|Afghanistan}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Afghanistan–Nepal relations}}

=Austria=

{{Flagicon|Austria}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Austria–Nepal relations}}

=Bangladesh=

{{Flagicon|Bangladesh}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Bangladesh–Nepal relations}}

Nepal welcomed Bangladesh's independence on 16 January 1972.{{cite news |title=Bangladesh Gains in Favor |agency=United Press International |location=Sarasota, Florida, US |date=January 17, 1972 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GD0gAAAAIBAJ&pg=7298,826206&dq=bangladesh+nepal+recognize&hl=en }} The turning point for the two nations occurred in April 1976, when the two nations signed, a four-point agreement on technical cooperation, trade, transit and civil aviation. They both seek cooperation in the fields of power generation and development of water resources. In 1986, relations further improved when Bangladesh insisted Nepal should be included on a deal regarding the distribution of water from the Ganges River. Also recently Nepal and Bangladesh had signed MOU's that Nepal would sell 10,000 MW of electricity to Bangladesh once its larger projects are completed.{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0504/S00076.htm|title=Nepal And Bangladesh, A Strong Relationship|access-date=21 February 2015}}

=Bhutan=

{{Flagicon|Bhutan}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Bhutan–Nepal relations}}

Relations with Bhutan have been strained since 1992 over the nationality and possible repatriation of refugees from Bhutan.http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nepal.pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

=Canada=

{{Flagicon|Canada}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

Many Nepalese politicians and government officials criticized Canadian diplomats in the aftermath of the Kabul attack on Canadian Embassy guards in which the majority of victims were Nepalese citizens. Members of Parliament were among those who were critical of the way that Canada treated its security contractors at the embassy, leading to meetings in Ottawa between Nepalese and Canadian diplomats, including ambassador Nadir Patel.{{cite news|last1=Pandey|first1=Lekhanath|title=Nepal seeks answers from Canada on Kabul suicide bombing attack|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepal-seeks-answers-canada-kabul-suicide-bombing-attack/|access-date=21 August 2016|work=The Himalayan Times|date=26 June 2016}}

=China=

{{Flagicon|China}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|People's Republic of China – Nepal relations}}

Nepal formally established relations with the People's Republic of China on August 1, 1955.{{Cite web |title=Nepal-China Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |url=https://mofa.gov.np/nepal-china-relations/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=mofa.gov.np}} The two countries share 1414 kilometers long border in the Himalayan range along the northern side of Nepal. Nepal has established its embassy in Beijing, opened consulates general in Lhasa, Hong Kong and Guangzhou and appointed an honorary consul in Shanghai.

Nepal's relations with China have grown closer following China's Belt and Road Initiative.{{Rp|page=215}}

=Denmark=

{{Flagicon|Denmark}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

See Denmark–Nepal relations.

=European Union=

{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|European Union-Nepal relations}}

=France=

{{main|France-Nepal relations}}

{{Flagicon|France}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

Nepal and the French Republic entered into diplomatic relations on 20 April 1949.{{Cite web |title=Nepal - France Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |url=https://mofa.gov.np/nepal-france-relations/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=mofa.gov.np}} Bilateral economic cooperation programme commenced in February 1981 when the two countries signed the First Protocol amounting to French Franc 50 million loan which was converted into debt in 1989. Food aid and the counterpart funds that it generated have been the main form of aid since 1991. Main areas of cooperation are national seismologic network, petroleum exploration, restructuring of Water Supply Corporation, the Kavre Integrated Project and Gulmi and Arghakhanchi Rural Development Project, rehabilitation of airports, 'food for work', and others.

Nepal and France have signed an agreement concerning Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investment in 1983. The major areas of French investment are hotels, restaurants, medicine, aluminium windows and doors, vehicle body building sectors. Alcatelhad became the leading supplier of the Nepal Telecommunication Corporation, with 200,000 lines installed, and fibre optic cables. Cegelec secured a 24 million dollars contract in respect of the construction of Kali Gandaki hydroelectric project.

The Government of Nepal awarded a contract to Oberthur Technologies of France in 2010, for printing, supply, and delivery of Machine Readable Passports. A significant number of French tourists (24,097 in 2014, 16, 405 in 2015, and, 20,863 in 2016) arrive in Nepal from France each year.

=India=

{{Flagicon|India}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|India–Nepal relations}}

=Indonesia=

{{main|Indonesia–Nepal relations}}

=Israel=

{{Flagicon|Israel}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

File:King of Nepal 1958.jpg.]]

{{main|Israel–Nepal relations}}

Nepal was the first and until recently the only nation in South and Central Asia to establish diplomatic ties with Israel. The bilateral relation between the two countries has been good. Traditionally, Nepal votes in favor of Israel at the UN and abstains from resolution opposed by the Israeli government barring few exceptions. Israel-Nepal relations are based on mutual security concerns.[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2007/Visit++of+Nepalese+Minister+for+Foreign+Affairs+12-Jul-2007.htm Visit to Israel of Honorable Mrs. Sahana Pradhan, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nepal] Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal from 1959 to 1960, had a strongly pro-Israel foreign policy. King Mahendra visited Israel in 1963 and maintained Koirala's special relationship.Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy, 2004. Page 318.

=Japan=

{{Flagicon|Japan}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Japan–Nepal relations}}

Nepal-Japan relations date back to the late eighteenth century.{{Cite web |title=Nepal-Japan Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |url=https://mofa.gov.np/nepal-japan-relations/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=mofa.gov.np}} The relationship became formal with the establishment of diplomatic relations on 1 September 1956. The Embassy of Nepal was established in Tokyo in 1965 and Japan established its embassy in Kathmandu in 1967. Nepal has honorary consulates in Osaka and Fukuoka. Japan is one of the largest aid donors to Nepal.{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3679968.stm | work=BBC News | title=Analysis: India's Security Council seat bid | date=2004-09-22 | access-date=2010-04-02 | first=Ethirajan | last=Anbarasan}}{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3737746.stm | work=BBC News | title=Japan writes off Nepalese debt | date=2004-10-12 | access-date=2010-04-02}}

Japan is the 2nd most preferred destination for abroad study to the Nepali students.

=Malaysia=

{{Flagicon|Malaysia}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Malaysia–Nepal relations}}

Malaysia has an embassy in Kathmandu,{{cite web|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/npl_kathmandu/home|title=Official Website of Embassy of Malaysia, Kathmandu|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|access-date=26 January 2014}} and Nepal has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalembassy.com.my/en/index.html|title=Embassy of Nepal|publisher=Embassy of Nepal, Kuala Lumpur|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201182907/http://www.nepalembassy.com.my/en/index.html|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1960,{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalembassy.com.my/en/nepal_malaysia_relationship.html|title=Nepal-Malaysia Relationship|publisher=Embassy of Nepal, Kuala Lumpur|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201182904/http://www.nepalembassy.com.my/en/nepal_malaysia_relationship.html|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} with bilateral relations between Malaysia and Nepal have developed from historic grounds.{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.np/en/nepal-malaysia-relations-81.html|title=Bilateral Relations (Nepal-Malaysia)|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nepal|access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201235930/http://www.mofa.gov.np/en/nepal-malaysia-relations-81.html|archive-date=1 February 2014}}

=Mexico=

{{Flagicon|Mexico}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

Both nations established diplomatic relations in 1975.

  • Mexico is accredited to Nepal from its embassy in New Delhi, India and maintains an honorary consulate in Kathmandu.{{cite web| url = https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/india/| title = Embassy of Mexico in India}}
  • Nepal is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.{{cite web| url = http://us.nepalembassy.gov.np/| title = Embassy of Nepal in the United States}}

=Norway=

{{Flagicon|Norway}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Nepal–Norway relations}}

Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1973. Norway established an embassy in Kathmandu in 2000.{{Cite web |url=http://www.norway.org.np/Devcoop/In+Nepal/DevCoop.htm |title=Norwegian Development Cooperation with Nepal (Norway - the official site in Nepal) |access-date=2009-07-04 |archive-date=2009-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906090055/http://www.norway.org.np/Devcoop/In+Nepal/DevCoop.htm |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.norway.org.np/Devcoop/ |title=Norwegian Embassy in Nepal |access-date=2009-07-04 |archive-date=2009-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503011343/http://www.norway.org.np/Devcoop/ |url-status=dead }} Norway's aid to Nepal was around 32 million USD in 2017. Norwegian aid prioritizes education, good governance and energy.{{Cite web |url=https://www.norway.no/en/nepal/norway-nepal2/development-cooperation/ |title=Development Cooperation |website=Norgesportalen |language=en |access-date=2019-06-06}}

In 2008, Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim visited Nepal.[http://www.norwaypost.no/content/view/21837/26/ Nepal's Prime Minister visits Norway] April 10, 2009 In 2009, Prime Minister Prachanda visited Norway.{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/28/content_11088688.htm |title=Nepali PM to leave for Europe _English_Xinhua |access-date=2017-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224232829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/28/content_11088688.htm |archive-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=dead }} In May 2008, a small bomb exploded outside the Norwegian embassy in Kathmandu. No one was injured.{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/No-one_hurt_as_bomb_rocks_Norway_embassy_in_Nepal/articleshow/3047726.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Politics/Nation | date=2008-05-17}}{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/asia-oceana/nepal/fco_trv_ca_nepal?ta=safetySecurity&pg=2 |title=Nepal travel advice |access-date=2009-07-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904212749/http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/asia-oceana/nepal/fco_trv_ca_nepal?ta=safetySecurity&pg=2 |archive-date=2009-09-04 }}

=Pakistan=

{{Flagicon|Pakistan}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Nepal–Pakistan relations}}

The bilateral relations between Nepal and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan were fully established between 1962 and 1963.{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/nepal/66.htm|title=Nepal – Pakistan and Bangladesh|access-date=21 February 2015}}

=Russia=

{{Flagicon|Russia}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Nepal–Russia relations}}

=Serbia=

{{Flagicon|Serbia}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/images/stories/bilaterala_ugovori/NEPAL.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-12-30 |archive-date=2016-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231080238/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/images/stories/bilaterala_ugovori/NEPAL.doc |url-status=dead }}

=Spain=

{{Flagicon|Spain}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Nepal–Spain relations}}

=South Korea=

{{Flagicon|South Korea}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{Main|Nepal–South Korea relations}}

In addition to the in-kind and monetary donations and emergency relief workers sent by the government of the Republic of Korea immediately after the latest earthquake in Nepal{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/asiapacific/countries/20071018/1_24394.jsp?menu=m_30_10 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Asia Pacific |website=www.mofa.go.kr |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015758/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/asiapacific/countries/20071018/1_24394.jsp?menu=m_30_10 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=dead}} the Korean government provided grant aid worth 10 million US dollars to assist with Nepal's recovery and reconstruction efforts.{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/press/pressreleases/index.jsp?menu=m_10_20&sp=%2Fwebmodule%2Fhtsboard%2Ftemplate%2Fread%2Fengreadboard.jsp%3FtypeID%3D12%26boardid%3D302%26seqno%3D315247 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Press Releases |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070825/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/press/pressreleases/index.jsp?menu=m_10_20&sp=%2Fwebmodule%2Fhtsboard%2Ftemplate%2Fread%2Fengreadboard.jsp%3FtypeID%3D12%26boardid%3D302%26seqno%3D315247 |url-status=live }}

=Turkey=

{{Flagicon|Turkey}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Nepal–Turkey relations}}

=United Kingdom=

{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Nepal–United Kingdom relations}}

Nepal established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 4 March 1816 with the ratification of the Treaty of Sugauli.

  • Nepal maintains an embassy in London.{{cite web|author=Diplomat Magazine|date=1 November 2013|title=Nepal|website=Diplomat Magazine|url=https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/middle-east-asia/nepal/|access-date=19 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429172616/https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/middle-east-asia/nepal/|archive-date=29 April 2017|url-status=live}}
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Nepal through its embassy in Kathmandu.{{cite web|title=British Embassy Kathmandu|website=GOV.UK|url=https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-kathmandu|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911232352/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-kathmandu|archive-date=11 September 2024|url-status=live}}

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,{{cite web|author-link=Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office |author=((Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office)) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/country-and-regional-development-partnership-summaries|title=Country and regional development partnership summaries|website=GOV.UK|date=17 July 2023 |access-date=27 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526234739/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/country-and-regional-development-partnership-summaries|archive-date=26 May 2024|url-status=live}} and an Investment Agreement.{{Cite web |url=https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaties/bit/2633/nepal---united-kingdom-bit-1993-|title=Nepal - United Kingdom BIT (1993)|website=UN Trade and Development|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224050625/https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaties/bit/2633/nepal---united-kingdom-bit-1993-|archive-date=24 February 2024|url-status=live}}

=United States=

{{Flagicon|United States}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}

{{main|Nepal – United States relations}}

Nepal and the United States established the diplomatic relations between them on 25 April 1947.{{Cite web|url=http://mofa.gov.np/nepal-us-relations/|title = Nepal - US Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA}}

File:Embassy of Nepal.JPG]]

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [http://www.mofa.gov.np/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal]
  • [http://www.un.int/nepal Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Nepal to the United Nations]
  • https://web.archive.org/web/20090904225228/http://www.mofa.gov.np/bilateral/nepal-russia.php

{{Foreign relations of Asia}}

{{Foreign relations of Nepal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Relations Of Nepal}}