Formaldehyde releaser

Many compounds have been formulated a formaldehyde-releasers.{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x |pmid=19706047 |title=Formaldehyde-releasers: Relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=63–85 |year=2009 |last1=De Groot |first1=Anton C. |last2=Flyvholm |first2=Mari-Ann |last3=Lensen |first3=Gerda |last4=Menné |first4=Torkil |last5=Coenraads |first5=Pieter-Jan |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf |hdl=11370/c3ff7adf-9f21-4564-96e0-0b9c5d025b30 |s2cid=23404196 |hdl-access=free }}

• Quaternium-15 (Dowicil 200; Dowicil 75; Dowicil 100; Dowco 184; Dowicide Q). It was used in low concentrations in cosmetics but has been banned in the EU since 2017 and a bill is under consideration in the US.{{cite web|url=https://chemicalwatch.com/57303/european-commission-notifies-bans-restrictions-on-cmrs-in-cosmetics#overlay-strip|accessdate=2 December 2019|title=European Commission notifies bans, restrictions on CMRS in cosmetics|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103224501/https://chemicalwatch.com/57303/european-commission-notifies-bans-restrictions-on-cmrs-in-cosmetics#overlay-strip|url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/01/fda-begins-first-inquiry-of-lightly-regulated-cosmetics-industry.html |title=The cosmetics industry has avoided strict regulation for over a century. Now rising health concerns has FDA inquiring|accessdate=2 December 2019}}
• DMDM hydantoin
• (ethylenedioxy)dimethanol (EDDM)
• (Benzyloxy)methanol (BHF, benzylhemiformal){{cite web|url=https://www.contactdermatitisinstitute.com/benzylhemiformal.php|accessdate=2 December 2019|title=Benzylhemiformal | Allergic Contact Dermatitis Database|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103224424/https://www.contactdermatitisinstitute.com/benzylhemiformal.php|url-status=live}}
• 2,2',2''-(Hexahydro-1,3-5-triazine-1,3,5-triyl-)triethanol (HHT)
• Tetramethylolacetylenediurea (TMAD)
• 1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (DMDMH)
• 3,3'-Methylenebis[5-methyloxazolidine] (MBO)
• Imidazolidinyl urea (Germall 115) for cosmetics{{cn|date=September 2022}}
• Diazolidinyl urea (Germall II) for cosmetics{{cn|date=September 2022}}
• Tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane (Tris Nitro) for cosmetics{{cn|date=September 2022}}
• tris(N-hydroxyethyl) hexahydrotriazine (Grotan® BK){{Cite journal |last=de Groot |first=Anton C |last2=Flyvholm |first2=Mari-Ann |last3=Lensen |first3=Gerda |last4=Menné |first4=Torkil |last5=Coenraads |first5=Pieter-Jan |date=2009 |title=Formaldehyde-releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x |journal=Contact Dermatitis |language=en |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=63–85 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x |issn=1600-0536 |doi-access=free}}
• Sodium hydroxymethylglycinate for cosmetics{{cn|date=September 2022}}

Some materials release formaldehyde unintentionally. These materials have also elicited considerable controversy, especially when these materials have household applications such as flooring. Examples:

• Delrin or Acetal
• Phenol formaldehyde resin
• Urea formaldehyde resin
• Melamine resin

They are found in fuels, cosmetics, toiletries, cleaning agents, adhesives, paints, lacquers, fertilizers, and metalworking fluids. They are found in lysing agent for cells for in vitro diagnostic reagents. Photo-chemicals and press room chemicals also contain these releasers.{{cite web|url=https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13641/annex_xv_report_formaldehyde_en.pdf/58be2f0a-7ca7-264d-a594-da5051a1c74b |title=FORMALDEHYDE AND FORMALDEHYDE RELEASERS Investigation Report|accessdate=2 December 2019}}

{{main|formaldehyde#Safety}}

Formaldehyde is dangerous to human health.{{citation | contribution = Formaldehyde | url = http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol88/mono88-6.pdf | pages = 39–325 | title = Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol | series = IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 88 | publisher = International Agency for Research on Cancer | location = Lyon, France | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-92-832-1288-1}}"Formaldehyde (gas)", [https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/formaldehyde.pdf Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806232847/https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/formaldehyde.pdf |date=2019-08-06 }} (PDF), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 2005 In 2011, the US National Toxicology Program described formaldehyde as "known to be a human carcinogen".{{cite news | last1 = Harris | first1 = Gardiner | title = Government Says 2 Common Materials Pose Risk of Cancer | date = 2011-06-10 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/health/11cancer.html | newspaper = New York Times | accessdate = 2011-06-11 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190328042744/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/health/11cancer.html | archivedate = 2019-03-28 | url-status = live}}{{cite web | author = National Toxicology Program | title = 12th Report on Carcinogens | date = 2011-06-10 | publisher = National Toxicology Program | url = http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110608205825/https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E922B18C2540 | archive-date = 2011-06-08 | accessdate = 2011-06-11 }}{{cite web | author = National Toxicology Program | title = Report On Carcinogens - Twelfth Edition - 2011 | date = 2011-06-10 | url = https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc12 | publisher = National Toxicology Program | accessdate = 2011-06-11 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110612085546/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf | archivedate = 2011-06-12 | url-status = dead}}

The danger of formaldehyde is a major reason for the development of formaldehyde releasers which release formaldehyde slowly at lower levels.

Levels of 200–300 p.p.m. formaldehyde in cosmetic products can cause contact dermatitis in short-term use on normal skin.

A patch test study found that DMDM hydantoin in cosmetic products could increase the risk of cosmetic dermatitis.{{cite journal |journal=Contact Dermatitis |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=197–201 |title=Patch test reactivity to DMDM hydantoin. Relationship to formaldehyde allergy |vauthors=de Groot AC, van Joost T, Bos JD, van der Meeren HL, Weyland JW |pmid=3378426 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02802.x|s2cid=221577901 }}

Some people have a contact allergy to imidazolidinyl urea causing dermatitis.[https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/imidazolidinylurea_508.pdf Review of toxicological data] (NTP NIEHS) Such people are often also allergic to diazolidinyl urea. In 2005–06, it was the 14th-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (3.7%).{{Cite journal |last=Zug |first=Kathryn A. |last2=Warshaw |first2=Erin M. |last3=Fowler |first3=Joseph F. |last4=Maibach |first4=Howard I. |last5=Belsito |first5=Donald L. |last6=Pratt |first6=Melanie D. |last7=Sasseville |first7=Denis |last8=Storrs |first8=Frances J. |last9=Taylor |first9=James S. |last10=Mathias |first10=Toby C.G. |last11=DeLeo |first11=Vincent A. |last12=Rietschel |first12=Robert L. |last13=Marks |first13=James |date=May 2009 |title=Patch-Test Results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005-2006 |url=https://journals.lww.com/01206501-200905000-00004 |journal=Dermatitis |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=149–160 |doi=10.2310/6620.2009.08097 |issn=1710-3568|url-access=subscription }}

Some consumer cosmetics contain quaternium-15 for its antimicrobial properties.{{cite journal|last1=de Groot|first1=Anton C.|last2=White|first2=Ian R.|last3=Flyvholm|first3=Mari-Ann|last4=Lensen|first4=Gerda|last5=Coenraads|first5=Pieter-Jan|s2cid=39758546|title=Formaldehyde-releasers in cosmetics: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy|journal=Contact Dermatitis|volume=62|issue=1|pages=2–17|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01615.x|year=2010|pmid=20136875}} The American Cancer Society states that although quaternium-15 releases formaldehyde, a known carcinogen in laboratory test animals at relatively high doses, because the amount of formaldehyde released from these products is low, it is unclear that avoiding quaternium-15 in cosmetics provides any health benefits.{{cite web|title=Formaldehyde|url=http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/intheworkplace/formaldehyde|website=American Cancer Society|access-date=2019-12-02|archive-date=2016-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130121821/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/intheworkplace/formaldehyde|url-status=dead}} Even so, Johnson & Johnson announced plans to phase out its use of quaternium-15 in cosmetic products by 2015 in response to consumer pressure.{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/johnson-johnson-to-phase-out-potentially-harmful-chemicals-by-2015/ |accessdate=2 December 2019|title=Johnson & Johnson to phase out potentially harmful chemicals by 2015|website=CBS News |date=15 August 2012 }}

Formaldehyde in the EU is restricted to a maximum allowed concentration in finished products no greater than 0.2%. However, there are hidden sources of formaldehyde such as these formaldehyde releasers. As well, patch tests are prone to false positives at even low concentrations and not a reliable test.

Sensitization to formaldehyde has been decreasing since 1980 due in part to the replacement of formaldehyde by these formaldehyde releasers. As of 2009, frequency of sensitization to formaldehyde is stable at 2–3% in Europe. It might be as high as 9% in the USA.

There are three groups of broad-spectrum preservatives with the most safety and efficacy.

• Parabens
• Formaldehyde releasers
• Halogenated compounds

The FDA requires that cosmetics have an effective preservative, and microbial challenge testing is conducted. The EU's Cosmetic Directive 76/768/EEC requires the use of a preservative on an approved list.{{cite web |url=https://chemistscorner.com/alternative-cosmetic-preservatives-what-are-your-options/ |accessdate=2 December 2019|title=Alternative Cosmetic Preservatives - What are your options? - Chemists Corner|date=5 November 2010 }}

There are many ways to test and quantify formaldehyde. However these methods are not suitable for the determination of free formaldehyde in cosmetics with formaldehyde releasers since these methods often accelerate release of formaldehyde.{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00216-018-1287-0 |pmid=30062513 |title=GDME-based methodology for the determination of free formaldehyde in cosmetics and hygiene products containing formaldehyde releasers |journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry |volume=410 |issue=26 |pages=6873–6880 |year=2018 |last1=Brandão |first1=Pedro Francisco |last2=Ramos |first2=Rui Miguel |last3=Rodrigues |first3=José António |s2cid=51880356 }}

The physical method by 13C NMR spectroscopy does not affect the equilibrium between free and donor sources of formaldehyde and might be the best way to test for formaldehyde releasers.

Category:Antimicrobials

Category:Formaldehyde