Formica (plastic)

File:Formica countertop.jpg

Formica laminate was invented in 1912 by Daniel J. O'Conor and Herbert A. Faber, while they were working at Westinghouse, resulting in a patent filing on 1 February 1913.{{cite web |url=http://www.formica.com/ContentPage.aspx?code=PAG_OURLEGACY_EARLYYEARS |title=The History of Formica Corporation |publisher=Formica.com |access-date=2013-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324075223/http://www.formica.com/ContentPage.aspx?code=PAG_OURLEGACY_EARLYYEARS |archive-date=24 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/1a799204-6870-11e2-ad8f-00144feab49a.html#axzz2Ja0gWFfk Northeast finds Formica in top condition at 100], Financial Times, Chris Tighe, 31 January 2013 U.S. Patent No. 1,284,432 was granted on 12 November 1918.{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1284432A/en/|title=Process of making composite material}} O'Conor and Faber originally conceived it as a substitute for mica used as electrical insulation, made of wrapped woven fabric coated with Bakelite thermosetting resin, then slit lengthwise, flattened, and cured in a press.

Immediately afterwards, O'Conor and Faber left Westinghouse to establish a business based on the product, enlisting lawyer and banker John G. Tomlin as an investor. Tomlin provided $7,500 capital as a silent business partner. The company began operations on 2 May 1913, and was immediately successful: by September, Formica Products Company employed eighteen people trying to fill the demand for electrical parts for Bell Electric Motor, Ideal Electric, and Northwest Electric.

After the General Bakelite Company (founded in 1810 by inventor Leo Baekeland) decided to sell resin for sheet insulation only to Westinghouse, allowing the Formica company other shapes with smaller markets, they switched to a similar competitive phenolic resin, Redmanol. After patent litigation favorable to Baekeland in 1922, the Redmanol Chemical Products Company was merged with the General Bakelite Company and the Condensite Company (founded by J. W. Aylesworth) to form The Bakelite Corporation.{{ cite book | author = American Institute of Chemical Engineers Staff | title = Twenty-Five Years of Chemical Engineering Progress | publisher = Ayer Publishing | year = 1977 | page = 216 | isbn = 0-8369-0149-5 }}

An important application devised in the 1920s was the use of phenolic laminate fabric for gears; cut on conventional hobbing machines, the gears were tough and quiet, which was important for automotive timing gears. By 1932, the Formica Insulation Company was producing 6,000 gear blanks per day for Chevrolet and other car makers.

In 1927, Formica Insulation Company obtained a patent on an opaque barrier sheet that allowed the use of rotogravure printing to make wood-grained or marble-surfaced laminate, the first of many innovations that were to associate the name "Formica" with decorative interior products.

In 1938, melamine thermosetting resin was developed by American Cyanamid Company. It resisted heat, abrasion and moisture better than phenolic or urea resins and could be used to make more colors; soon after, the Formica Corporation was buying the entire output of melamine from American Cyanamid.

During World War II, it manufactured "Pregwood" plastic-impregnated wooden aeroplane propellers and bomb parts. Post-war, engineering uses declined, ceasing in 1970 in favor of decorative laminates.{{cite web |title=Shiny, happy households: Formica turns 100 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2013/jan/17/formica-turns-100 |website=the Guardian |access-date=2 December 2021 |language=en |date=17 January 2013}}

The company was headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, for many years. After WWII, it entered the European market through a license agreement.

In 1956, American Cyanamid acquired Formica Corporation.{{Cite news |date=1956-04-17 |title=Cyanamid Concern Formally Acquires Formica Company |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/04/17/archives/cyanamid-concern-formally-acquires-formica-company.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The New York Times |pages=B41 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} The principal reason was to have a captive buyer for melamine, as Cyanamid was one of the largest producers. However, this was soon thwarted due to an anti-trust action by the US Department of Justice. Through a settlement agreement in 1964, American Cyanamid was required to sell its melamine plant at Willow Island, West Virginia.{{Cite news |last=Ranzal |first=Edward |date=1964-07-02 |title=CYANAMID AGREES IN MELAMINE SUIT |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/02/cyanamid-agrees-in-melamine-suit.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

Cyanamid operated Formica Corporation as a fully consolidated subsidiary, rather than as an operating division, allowing it to retain the term "Formica" as a corporate name. This gave added protection to the trademark, helping to protect the word from becoming generic—which had been tried by many competitors, against whom Cyanamid gained legal injunctions—to protect this valuable trademark name. Historically, trademarks owned by other corporations which had become generic words, such as "shredded wheat", were no longer the exclusive property of their originators. Cyanamid resolutely defended the Formica brand name.

Dan O'Conor, son of the inventor, remained as president of Formica Corporation after the acquisition. He was named vice president of Cyanamid in 1960 and executive vice president four years later. In 1967, O'Conor was paralyzed in an automobile accident and resigned from the company. He died in 1974 at the age of 57.{{Cite news |date=1974-01-03 |title=DANIEL J. O'CONOR JR. OF CYANAMID IS DEAD |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/03/archives/daniel-j-oconor-jr-of-cyanamid-is-dead.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

In October 1984, American Cyanamid sold its Formica brand in a management buyout that also included executives from Shearson/American Express.{{Cite news |last=Cole |first=Robert J. |date=1984-10-12 |title=CYANAMID WILL SELL FORMICA |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/12/business/cyanamid-will-sell-formica.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The New York Times |pages=D3 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} After the sale, Formica group diversified with products such as solid surfacing and metal laminates.

In 2007, Fletcher Building group purchased Formica Corp. from private equity investors Cerberus Capital Management, L.P. and Oaktree Capital Management, LLC for $700 million.{{cite press release |url=http://www.formica.com/publish/site/na/us/en/index/content/pressroom/press_room0/press_release/corporate/formica_corporation0.html |title=Formica Corporation Announces Purchase by Fletcher Building Limited |location=Cincinnati, OH |publisher=Formica Corporation |date=22 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627151944/http://www.formica.com/publish/site/na/us/en/index/content/pressroom/press_room0/press_release/corporate/formica_corporation0.html |archive-date=27 June 2008 |access-date=2013-08-29 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |last=Beckford |first=Gyles |date=August 9, 2007 |title=NZ's Fletcher Building to buy Formica for $700 mln |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSWEL182592/ |access-date=June 7, 2024 |website=Reuters}} In 2018, Fletcher Building announced plans to sell Formica to Broadview Holdings (parent of Trespa) for NZD $1.226 billion (US$840 m);{{cite web|url=https://fletcherbuilding.com/news/fletcher-building-announces-sale-of-formica-dividend-reinstated/|title=Fletcher Building announces sale of Formica; dividend reinstated|date=2018-12-18|publisher=Fletcher Building}} the sale was finalised the following year.{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/113211033/fletcher-building-downgrades-profit-after-selling-formica|title=Fletcher Building downgrades profit after selling Formica|author=John Anthony|date=2019-06-04|publisher=Stuff.co.nz}}

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