Forminière

{{short description|Belgian colonial enterprise}}

File:Brussels Royale 54.jpg

File:Diamond mining in Kasai.jpgs at Forminière's diamond installations in Kasai, {{circa}}1959]]

The Société internationale forestière et minière du Congo (French; {{lit|International Forestry and Mining Company of the Congo}}), known as Forminière, was a mining company in the Belgian Congo (modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo). Founded by the industrialist Jean Jadot in 1906, the company began diamond mining in Kasai in 1913. At its height, Forminière was involved in gold and silver mining, cotton, palm and rubber cultivation, farming, sawmilling and even owned shops. The Belgian colonial state co-owned 50 percent of the company's capital, the rest being held largely by American shareholders.

The company was founded in 1906 under the Congo Free State, controlled personally by Leopold II of Belgium. It was founded contemporaneously with the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga and the Compagnie de Chemin de fer du Katanga. A minority stake was sold to American Congo Company both with the aim of reducing growing criticism of the Congo Free State, and also in the hope that foreign forces would intervene to protect his commercial interests.{{cite journal | last=Derksen | first=Richard | title=Forminiere in the Kasai, 1906 - 1939 | journal=African Economic History | publisher=JSTOR | issue=12 | year=1983 | issn=0145-2258 | doi=10.2307/3601316 | page=49}} Unlike the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga, the mineral resources of the Forminière concession were unknown, and initial exploration focused on gold prospecting. After diamonds were discovered, serious diamond mining began in 1913.

For the length of its existence, from 1913 to 1961, Forminière had a monopoly on diamond production in Kasai.{{cite web |url=http://www.minelinks.com/alluvial/diamondGeology47.html |title=Diamonds in Africa: Democratic Republic of Congo |publisher=Alluvial Exploration & Mining |accessdate=February 27, 2018}}

Due in part to a drop in production that coincided with the outbreak of the Second World War, the United States' Office of Strategic Services to investigate possible diversion of production to the Axis powers. In a 1945 lawsuit against De Beers, the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division attempted to get access to purchasing directly from Forminière instead of through the De Beers as a middleman.{{cite web | title=Glitter & greed : the secret world of the Diamond empire : Roberts, Janine, 1942- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=2023-03-25 | url=https://archive.org/details/glittergreedsecr0000robe/mode/2up?q=Forminiere | access-date=2023-10-02}} The lawsuit was eventually dropped in 1948 due to jurisdictional issues.{{cite journal | last=Montpelier | first=Dale J. | title=Diamonds are Forever? Implications of United States Antitrust Statutes on International Trade and the De Beers Diamond Cartel |journal=California Western International Law Journal|volume=24|issue=2|page=6| date=2014-12-17 | url=https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cwilj/vol24/iss2/6/ | access-date=2023-10-02}}

Forminière and its rival, the Société minière de Beceka (Mibeka), later changed to "de Bakwanga" (MIBA), dominated the production of diamonds in the Belgian Congo. In 1959, Forminière's production of diamonds rose to 425,234 carats.[http://www.intal.be/fr/article.php?articleId=335&menuId=3&page=13 Un autre regard sur Tervuren - Guide alternatif de l'exposition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004829/http://www.intal.be/fr/article.php?articleId=335&menuId=3&page=13 |date=2007-09-27 }}, Tony Busselen, International Action for Liberation, 26 mai 2005 However, after the 1960 independence of Congo and unrest in the region, company operations soon ceased. Forminière was the principal corporate supporter of the secessionist state of South Kasai and received concessions from its government in exchange for financial support.{{sfn|Nugent|2004|p=86}}