Fort Victoria, Alberta
{{Short description|Historic site in Alberta}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox museum
|name= Fort Victoria
|image= Fort Victoria clerks quarters and cairn.JPG
| map_type = Canada Alberta
| map_caption = Location in Alberta
| map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|54.00384|-112.39810|region:CA-AB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| established =
| dissolved =
| location = Smoky Lake, Alberta, Canada
| type = National Historic Site, Cultural landscape
| collection =
| visitors =
| director =
| president =
| curator =
| publictransit =
| network =
|website = [https://victoriasettlement.ca/ Victoria Settlement]
| embedded = {{designation list|embed=yes|designation1=Canada|designation1_offname =Victoria District National Historic Site of Canada|designation1_date ={{Start-date|17 October 2001}}}}
}}
Fort Victoria, near present-day Smoky Lake, Alberta, is located on the north bank of the North Saskatchewan River, 100 kilometres downstream from Edmonton. Today, it is a historical museum known as Victoria Settlement. The nearby rural residences make up Pakan, Alberta. Metis Crossing Cultural Heritage Gathering Centre is nearby.{{Cite web|url=https://metiscrossing.com/|title=Métis Crossing Cultural Heritage Gathering Centre in Smoky Lake, AB.|website=Metis Crossing|access-date=2023-01-09|archive-date=2023-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109195632/https://metiscrossing.com/|url-status=live}}
The Hudson's Bay Company established Fort Victoria in 1864 on the North Saskatchewan River as a trading post with the local Cree First Nations.{{Cite web|title=Alberta Register of Historic Places|url=https://hermis.alberta.ca/ARHP/Details.aspx?DeptID=1&ObjectID=4665-0022|access-date=2021-10-21|website=hermis.alberta.ca|archive-date=2021-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021192700/https://hermis.alberta.ca/ARHP/Details.aspx?DeptID=1&ObjectID=4665-0022|url-status=live}} The site had previously been used starting in 1862 as a Methodist Missionary site, on the location of an aboriginal meeting place. It was named Victoria Settlement, after Queen Victoria.{{Cite journal|last1=Losey|first1=Timothy C.|last2=Prager|first2=Gabriella|title=A Consideration of the Effects of the Demise of Bison on the Subsistence Economy of Fort Victoria: A Late 19Th Century Hudson's Bay Company Post|date=1975|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41242402|journal=Bulletin (Canadian Archaeological Association)|issue=7|pages=162–182|jstor=41242402|issn=0315-761X|access-date=2021-10-21|archive-date=2021-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021192659/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41242402|url-status=live}}Sutherland, Paul. "Fort Pitt to Edmonton: the other route." Alberta History 60, no. 4 (2012): 17+. Gale Academic OneFile (accessed October 21, 2021). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A307917996/AONE?u=nysl_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=f1dcaf22.
History
The McDougall missionary family established a missionary site at the site in 1862-63. This site was chosen because of its popularity as a Cree settlement [always 10 to 100 tents present - per Mcdougall] and hunting area.{{cite journal |last1=Ironside |first1=R.G. |last2=Tomasky |first2=E. |title=Agriculture and River Settlement in Western Canada: The Case of Pakan (Victoria), Alberta |journal=Prairie Forum |date=1976 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–18 |hdl=10294/128 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10294/128 |access-date=16 January 2024}} It was also adjacent to the North Saskatchewan River and Carlton Trail, at the time busy transportation routes. George McDougall chose the name Victoria to honor the queen.Losey et al. Archaeological Investigations Fort Victoria 1974 Alberta Culture Occasional Paper No. 2, page 4DCB; McDougall John Chantler https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mcdougall_john_chantler_14E.html The McDougall family relocated to Edmonton in 1871.
A Hudson's Bay Co. fort was established there in 1864.Losey et al. Archaeological Investigations Fort Victoria 1974 Alberta Culture Occasional Paper No. 2, page 4 Fort Victoria (Victoria Settlement) was located along Victoria Trail/Carlton Trail between Edmonton and Fort Pitt and served as a stopping house on the overland route between the two as well as a waystation for travellers moving up or down the river.{{cite thesis |last= Pyszczyk|first= Heinz|date= 1978|title= The Fort Victoria Faunal Analysis: Considerations of Subsistence Change of the Fur Trade Era in North Central Alberta|url= http://hdl.handle.net/1993/14332|degree= Master's|page=1|publisher= University of Manitoba|hdl= 1993/14332|docket= |oclc= |access-date=2024-01-18}} The fur trading post at Victoria was minor compared to Edmonton but it gradually attracted a small agricultural settlement, as occurred near other Hudson's Bay Company posts in those pioneer days
Land in the settlement was used according to the customary French riverlot system, and a mixed community of First Nations, Métis, and Europeans developed. For several miles on each side of the present-day museum the riverlot system is still in use, the official survey reflecting the fact that farms and land usage predated the Dominion Land Survey of the 1880s. (The DLS in most cases carved up large, square tracts as per Dominion Lands Act).{{Cite web|last=Jared|date=2021-08-06|title=Métis Crossing and the historic Victoria Trail|url=https://albertashistoricplaces.com/2021/08/06/metis-crossing-and-the-historic-victoria-trail/|access-date=2021-10-21|website=RETROactive|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021192700/https://albertashistoricplaces.com/2021/08/06/metis-crossing-and-the-historic-victoria-trail/|url-status=live}}{{cite journal |last1=Ironside |first1=R.G. |last2=Tomasky |first2=E. |title=Agriculture and River Settlement in Western Canada: The Case of Pakan (Victoria), Alberta |journal=Prairie Forum |date=1976 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–18 |hdl=10294/128 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10294/128 |access-date=16 January 2024}}
Fort Victoria was an example of a community that shifted from subsistence on wildlife—specifically bison—and trade in furs to agriculture (crops and livestock).{{cite thesis |last= Pyszczyk|first= Heinz|date= 1978|title= The Fort Victoria Faunal Analysis: Considerations of Subsistence Change of the Fur Trade Era in North Central Alberta|url= http://hdl.handle.net/1993/14332|degree= Master's|page=6|publisher= University of Manitoba|hdl= 1993/14332|docket= |oclc= |access-date=2024-01-18}}
In 1864 George Flett was given the job of opening a Hudson's Bay Company trading post at Fort Victoria.{{cite journal
|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/37/flett_g.shtml
|title=George Flett, Presbyterian Missionary to the Ojibwa at Okanase
|first=Alvina
|last=Block
|location=Winnipeg
|journal=Manitoba History
|volume=37
|date=Spring–Summer 1999
|access-date=2011-10-22
|archive-date=2018-09-23
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235128/http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/37/flett_g.shtml
|url-status=live
}}
Flett was of Orkney and Cree descent. Flett and John Norris led the first brigade of Red River ox-carts from Winnipeg to Edmonton, taking three and a half months on the journey. They passed through Victoria Settlement{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRtWO4osCYYC&pg=PA58
|page=58
|title=Edmonton in Our Own Words
|first1=Linda |last1=Goyette |first2=Carolina Jakeway |last2=Roemmich
|publisher=University of Alberta |year=2005
|isbn=0-88864-449-3}}
As clerk in charge of the post until 1866, Flett was responsible for arranging for construction of the buildings and for opening up trade with the local Indians.
Flett quickly obtained a supply of good-quality furs, which Flett and his assistants took by horse and dog train to Fort Edmonton for shipment downriver to Hudsons Bay.
The oldest building in Alberta still on its original foundations is the clerk's quarters at Fort Victoria, which dates from 1865.Historical Walking and Driving Tours: Victoria Trail. Alberta Community Development: Alberta Recreation and Parks, 2003. P. 13. Accessed 21 October 2021 at https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/119929f7-9429-418d-8b88-24acb1ffc9b9/resource/fdd4bdd7-4ec0-40d0-a39e-1730392e2c41/download/tour-kalyna-victoria-trail.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021194938/https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/119929f7-9429-418d-8b88-24acb1ffc9b9/resource/fdd4bdd7-4ec0-40d0-a39e-1730392e2c41/download/tour-kalyna-victoria-trail.pdf |date=2021-10-21 }}
Later the site of the Fort became a hub for the early settlement of East-Central Alberta. It came to be called the Victoria Settlement and later, Pakan, after the Cree chief Pakannuk.Historical Walking and Driving Tours: Victoria Trail. Alberta Community Development: Alberta Recreation and Parks, 2003. P. 7. Accessed 21 October 2021 at https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/119929f7-9429-418d-8b88-24acb1ffc9b9/resource/fdd4bdd7-4ec0-40d0-a39e-1730392e2c41/download/tour-kalyna-victoria-trail.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021194938/https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/119929f7-9429-418d-8b88-24acb1ffc9b9/resource/fdd4bdd7-4ec0-40d0-a39e-1730392e2c41/download/tour-kalyna-victoria-trail.pdf |date=2021-10-21 }} Chief Pakan's name was sometimes given as "Peccan or Seenum".Edmonton Bulletin, Feb. 9, 1884
Still later, the settlement served as a Methodist mission to Ukrainian Canadian settlers in the region.
The post was also a vital stop on the trail from Winnipeg to Edmonton. The section of the trail currently within the eastern part of the city of Edmonton is a now a paved road called Victoria Trail in honour of the fort and of this route's historic past as an indigenous trail and trade route.{{Cite web|title=Victoria Trail|url=http://www.kalynacountry.com/victoria-trail/|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Kalyna Country|date=12 August 2016|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019150938/http://www.kalynacountry.com/Victoria-Trail/|url-status=live}}
The Fort lies within the larger Victoria District, as well as the Kalyna Country ecomuseum. It has been designated a national historic site of Canada, a provincial historic site of Alberta, as well as municipally designated by Smoky Lake County.{{Cite web|title=Victoria Settlement|url=http://www.smokylake.ca/victoria-settlement/|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Smoky Lake|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021194930/http://www.smokylake.ca/victoria-settlement/|url-status=live}}
Victoria Park Cemetery
File:July 19 2015 at 1124PM.jpeg
The Victoria Park Cemetery was established circa 1896 by the Methodist church and is located on a hill overlooking the river. It is the second of six cemeteries established in the settlement. It contains approximately 100 recognizable graves from both Native and Settler communities, likely including victims of an 1870 smallpox epidemic.Historical Walking and Driving Tours: Victoria Trail. Alberta Community Development: Alberta Recreation and Parks, 2003. P. 26. Accessed 21 October 2021 at https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/119929f7-9429-418d-8b88-24acb1ffc9b9/resource/fdd4bdd7-4ec0-40d0-a39e-1730392e2c41/download/tour-kalyna-victoria-trail.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021194938/https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/119929f7-9429-418d-8b88-24acb1ffc9b9/resource/fdd4bdd7-4ec0-40d0-a39e-1730392e2c41/download/tour-kalyna-victoria-trail.pdf |date=2021-10-21 }} It was restored and rededicated in 1999.
Victoria District National Historic Site of Canada
Fort Victoria and the Victoria Park Cemetery is situated within the larger geographic space of the Victoria District, which itself is currently one of twenty-three national historic sites in Alberta; only three, including the Victoria District, are north of Edmonton. Of these sites, the Victoria District is the only rural national historic site in Alberta.{{Cite web|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=1960|title=Victoria District National Historic Site of Canada|website=www.pc.gc.ca|access-date=2019-05-07|archive-date=2021-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227044018/https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=1960|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=http://victoriasettlement.ca/node/1|title=Victoria Settlement Provincial Historic Site|date=May 20, 2023|website=victoriasettlement.ca}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokylakecounty.ab.ca/4_county_government/Deparments/P%26D/pdf/Victoria_District_ASP_First_Draft_June_6_2016.pdf|title=Smoky Lake County Victoria District Area Structure Plan|access-date=2019-05-07|archive-date=2016-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115151256/http://smokylakecounty.ab.ca/4_county_government/Deparments/P%26D/pdf/Victoria_District_ASP_First_Draft_June_6_2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}
See also
Affiliations
The Museum at Fort Victoria is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- Alberta Culture and Community. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106073838/http://www.smokylake.com/history/victoriasettlement.htm Victoria Settlement]
{{Alberta parks}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Christian missions in North America
Category:Hudson's Bay Company forts
Category:Ukrainian Canadian religion
Category:1865 establishments in the British Empire
Category:Residential buildings completed in 1865
Category:Presbyterianism in Canada