Fowler's solution

Fowler's solution is a solution containing 1% potassium arsenite (KAsO₂) which was first described and published as a treatment for malaria and syphilis in the late 1700s and was once prescribed as a remedy or a tonic.{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Derek |last2=Lowenstein |first2=Eve J. |date=2016 |title=Fowler's Solution and the Evolution of the Use of Arsenic in Modern Medicine |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27784519/ |journal=Skinmed |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=287–289 |issn=1540-9740 |pmid=27784519}}{{cite journal | author = Jolliffe, D. M. | title = A history of the use of arsenicals in man | journal = Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine | year = 1993 | volume = 86 | issue = 5 | pages = 287–289 | doi = 10.1177/014107689308600515 | pmc = 1294007 | pmid=8505753}} Thomas Fowler (1736–1801) of Stafford, England, proposed the solution in 1786 as a substitute for a patent medicine, "tasteless ague drop". From 1865, Fowler's solution was a leukemia treatment.{{cite journal | author = Doyle, Derek | title = Notoriety to respectability: a short history of arsenic prior to its present day use in haematology | journal = British Journal of Haematology | year = 2009 | volume = 145 | issue = 3 | pages = 309–317 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07623.x | pmid = 19298591 | s2cid = 6676910 | doi-access = free }}

From 1905, inorganic arsenicals like Fowler's solution saw diminished use as attention turned to organic arsenicals, starting with Atoxyl.{{Cite book |last1=Gibaud |first1=Stéphane |last2=Jaouen |first2=Gérard |title=Arsenic - based drugs: from Fowler's solution to modern anticancer chemotherapy |year=2010 |volume=32 |pages=1–20 |doi= 10.1007/978-3-642-13185-1_1|series=Topics in Organometallic Chemistry |bibcode=2010moc..book....1G |isbn=978-3-642-13184-4 }}

As arsenical compounds are notably toxic and carcinogenic—with side effects such as cirrhosis of the liver, idiopathic portal hypertension, urinary bladder cancer, and skin cancers—Fowler's solution fell from use. (In 2001, however, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a drug of arsenic trioxide to treat acute promyelocytic leukaemia,{{ cite journal |author1=Zhu, J. |author2=Chen, Z. |author3=Lallemand-Breitenbach, V. |author4=de Thé, H. | title = How acute promyelocytic leukaemia revived arsenic | journal = Nature Reviews Cancer | year = 2002 | volume = 2 | issue = 9 | pages = 705–714 | doi = 10.1038/nrc887 | pmid = 12209159 |s2cid=2815389 }} and interest in arsenic has returned.{{cite journal | author1 = Chen, S. J. | author2 = Zhou, G. B. | author3 = Zhang, X. W. | author4 = Mao, J. H. | author5 = de Thé, H. | author6 = Chen, Z. | title = From an old remedy to a magic bullet: Molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of arsenic in fighting leukemia | journal = Blood | year = 2011 | volume = 117 | issue = 24 | pages = 6425–6437 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2010-11-283598 | pmid = 21422471 | pmc = 3123014 }})