Frame (networking)
{{Short description|Data transmission unit}}
A frame is a digital data transmission unit in computer networking and telecommunications. In packet switched systems, a frame is a simple container for a single network packet. In other telecommunications systems, a frame is a repeating structure supporting time-division multiplexing.
A frame typically includes frame synchronization features consisting of a sequence of bits or symbols that indicate to the receiver the beginning and end of the payload data within the stream of symbols or bits it receives. If a receiver is connected to the system during frame transmission, it ignores the data until it detects a new frame synchronization sequence.
Packet switching
In the OSI model of computer networking, a frame is the protocol data unit at the data link layer. Frames are the result of the final layer of encapsulation before the data is transmitted over the physical layer.{{cite web|url=http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_DataLinkLayerLayer2.htm |title=Data Link Layer (Layer 2) |publisher=The TCP/IP Guide |date=2005-09-20 |access-date=2010-01-31}} A frame is "the unit of transmission in a link layer protocol, and consists of a link layer header followed by a packet."{{Ref RFC|1122}} Each frame is separated from the next by an interframe gap. A frame is a series of bits generally composed of frame synchronization bits, the packet payload, and a frame check sequence. Examples are Ethernet frames, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) frames, Fibre Channel frames, and V.42 modem frames.
Often, frames of several different sizes are nested inside each other. For example, when using Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over asynchronous serial communication, the eight bits of each individual byte are framed by start and stop bits,
David S.Lawyer and Greg Hankins.
"Serial HOWTO".
Section [http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Serial-HOWTO-20.html "20.4 Forming a Byte (Framing)"].
2011.
quote:
"... a start bit and a stop bit to mark the beginning and end of a byte. This is called framing ...
Don't confuse this type of framing with the framing used for a packet of bytes on a network."
MATLAB External Interfaces.
Section [http://www.ece.northwestern.edu/local-apps/matlabhelp/techdoc/matlab_external/ch_seri8.html "Serial Data Format"].
quote:
"... one start bit... parity bit ... stop bit[s] ... called framing bits because they frame the data bits."
the payload data bytes in a network packet are framed by the header and footer, and several packets can be framed with frame boundary octets.{{Ref RFC|1661|quote=A packet is usually mapped to a frame; the exceptions are when data link layer fragmentation is being performed, or when multiple packets are incorporated into a single frame.}}
Time-division multiplex
In telecommunications, specifically in time-division multiplex (TDM) and time-division multiple access (TDMA) variants, a frame is a cyclically repeated data block that consists of a fixed number of time slots, one for each logical TDM channel or TDMA transmitter. In this context, a frame is typically an entity at the physical layer. TDM application examples are SONET/SDH and the ISDN circuit-switched B-channel, while TDMA examples are Circuit Switched Data used in early cellular voice services. The frame is also an entity for time-division duplex, where the mobile terminal may transmit during some time slots and receive during others.