Frances Nimmo Greene

{{Infobox writer

| name = Frances Nimmo Greene

| image = FRANCES NIMMO GREEN.jpg

| caption = "A Woman of the Century"

| nickname = "Dixie"

| birth_date = {{birth date|1867|04|05|mf=y}}

| birth_place = Tuscaloosa, Alabama, U.S.

| death_date = {{death date and age|1937|12|09|1867|04|05|mf=y}}

| death_place = Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.

| occupation = {{hlist|author|educator}}

| education =

| alma_mater = Tuscaloosa Female College

| period =

| genre = {{hlist|novels|children's literature|plays}}

| subject =

| movement =

| notable_works = The Right of the Strongest

| signature =

| relatives = Annie Greene Brown (sister)

}}

Frances Nimmo Greene (April 5, 1867 – December 9, 1937) was an American educator and author of Southern literature including novels, children's literature, and plays.{{cite book|last1=Willard|first1=Frances Elizabeth|author1-link=Frances Willard|last2=Livermore|first2=Mary Ashton Rice|author2-link=Mary Livermore|title=A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Woman_of_the_Century/Frances_Nimmo_Greene|year=1893|page=337|publisher=Charles Wells Moulton|chapter=GREENE, Miss Frances Nimmo|access-date=24 October 2022}} {{Source-attribution}} She was the author of: King Arthur and his court, 1901, stories of chivalry for children; With spurs of gold, 1905, stories of chivalry for children written in collaboration with Dolly Kirk; My country's voice, 1917, for juveniles; America first, 1917, for juveniles; American ideals; a series of patriotic readers for children; a group of one act plays; and the following novels, Into the night, 1909; The Right of the Strongest, 1913; One clear call, 1914; and The devil to pay, 1917.

Three of her novels were adapted into films, The Devil to Pay (1920), One Clear Call (1922), and The Right of the Strongest (1924).{{cite news |title=Birmingham Boasts Of Having Many Literary Celebrities |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/537912240/?terms=Frances%20Nimmo%20Greene&match=1 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Andalusia Star |via=Newspapers.com |date=26 September 1925 |page=1 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}} She also wrote more than 50 short stories which were published in newspapers and magazines of national repute.{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Gladys |title=Szold Will Act As Director; Colony To Begin With Six-Week Session |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/573296851/?terms=Frances%20Nimmo%20Greene&match=1 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Birmingham News |via=Newspapers.com |date=1 May 1927 |page=27 |language=en}}{{cite book |title=Woman's Who's who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada |date=1914 |publisher=American Commonwealth Company |page=342 |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOsLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA342 |access-date=24 October 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}} In addition, Greene organized the library division of the Alabama State Department of Archives and History.{{cite book |last1=Herringshaw |first1=Thomas William |title=Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography: Contains Thirty-five Thousand Biographies of the Acknowledged Leaders of Life and Thought of the United States; Illustrated with Three Thousand Vignette Portraits ... |date=1909 |publisher=American Publishers' Association |page=643 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JL3TAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA643 |access-date=25 October 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}

Early life and education

Frances Nimmo Greene was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, April 5, 1867.{{cite web |title=Miss Frances Nimmo Greene 5 April 1867 – 9 December 1937 • LL9X-DVH |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LL9X-DVH |website=ident.familysearch.org |access-date=24 October 2022}}{{efn|According to Willard & Livermore (1893), Greene was born "in the late 1860s". According to VIAF, Greene was born in 1850.{{cite web |title=36564114 |url=https://viaf.org/viaf/36564114/#Greene,_Frances_Nimmo,_1850-1921 |website=viaf.org |access-date=24 October 2022}}}} Known to the public as "Dixie", she was raised in a historic plantation house, later known as the Jemison School building.

Her father, Thomas Finley Greene (1829–1905), was a clergyman, and her mother was Virginia F. Owen (1828–1905); they married in 1854.{{cite book |title=Library of Southern Literature |year=1923 |publisher=Martin and Hoyt Company |pages=253–256 |volume=1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxKkAUzTRjwC&pg=PA253 |access-date=24 October 2022 |language=en |chapter=Frances Nimmo Greene, by May Harris}} {{Source-attribution}} She was descended through her father from a prominent South Carolina family, and through her mother from Virginia ancestry. Her mother's family had literary tastes for several generations.

Greene had five older siblings: Annie (1855–1923), John (1857–1859), Kate (1859–1870), Robert (1862–1926), and Mary (1865–1918). The Greenes were a "literary" family from their nursery days. The siblings scribbled as children, and all, more or less, continued to write in later years, but Frances showed from the first her talent. She read widely, and she inherited from her mother a passionate love for Virginia and its history-a love that evolved significantly in her work.

Greene was educated at home by her mother and at the Tuscaloosa Female College, which she attended two years,{{cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Thomas McAdory |title=History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography |date=1921 |publisher=S. J. Clarke publishing Company |pages=700–01 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkoUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA700 |access-date=25 October 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}} leaving school at age of 16.{{cite news |title=FRANCES GERENE IS FRAT HOSTESS |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/573600258/?terms=Frances%20Nimmo%20Greene&match=1 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Birmingham News |via=Newspapers.com |date=19 November 1931 |page=17 |language=en}}

She moved to Birmingham with her parents after leaving school.

Career

=Teacher and librarian=

From Birmingham, Greene went with the family to Montgomery, Alabama, where she taught almost immediately after her school days. While teaching in a mining town in north Alabama, she conceived the idea of writing sketches for publication. Her first attempt, "Yankees in Dixie," was published in the Philadelphia Times. Her talent was recognized from the beginning by editors, and their encouragement stimulated her desire to write. She contributed to that paper many letters on southern affairs. She also wrote for the Birmingham Age-Herald and other southern papers. Besides writing in prose, she sometimes wrote verse.

Greene taught for years, principally in Montgomery public schools.{{cite book |title=Who's who in America |date=1909 |publisher=A.N. Marquis |page=762 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOMDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA762 |access-date=25 October 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}} In 1906, while serving as principal of the Capitol Hill School in Montgomery, Greene was named as temporary secretary of the Alabama State Department of Archives and History.{{cite journal |author1=Southern Educational Association |title=Department of Libraries. Secretary's Minutes. |journal=Journal of Proceedings and Addresses of the ... Annual Meeting |date=1906 |volume=17 |page=239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8scAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA239 |access-date=25 October 2022 |publisher=The Association |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}

In 1907,{{efn|According to Owen (1921), in 1909, Greene resigned her position as principal of the Lafayette public school and started her job as assistant in the library division of the Alabama State department of archives and history. As journals dating 1907 record the year 1907, the 1909 date appears to be an error.}} Greene resigned as a teacher to become Assistant in charge of Library Extension, Department of Archives and History, in Montgomery,{{cite journal |author1=Southern Educational Association |title=Alabama |journal=Journal of Proceedings and Addresses of the 1st-25th Annual Meeting |date=1907 |volume=18 |page=277 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75igAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA277 |access-date=25 October 2022 |publisher=Southern Educational Association. |language=en}} a position she held for one year. In recognition of her ability, she was elected secretary of the Alabama Library Association.

From 1911 to 1912, Greene edited the woman's page of The Birmingham News, and the following year, became director of the Birmingham Public Library.

=Author=

File:Frances Nimmo Greene (The Bookman, 1913).png

Greene returned to Montgomery in 1913, and thereafter devoted her time to writing.

Greene's first novel, Into the Night, published by the Crowells, was a story of modern New Orleans, dealing with a Mafia mystery. It was her first long piece of fiction, and its success was immediate. Other novels, The Right of the Strongest, One Clear Call, The Devil to Pay, followed in quick succession, all published by Scribner's. All her fiction was popular. The field of the novel never engaged Greene's entire interest. It was only one phase of her literary expression. She also wrote books for young people" King Arthur's Court, and With Spurs of Gold.

Versatile as she was -novelist, playwright, journalist, poet- the phase of her work in literature that stood out pre-eminently was that of her books for children. In these books, her determination to develop patriotism in the mind of the child becomes clear. This vision was intensified by the years of the American Civil War, as the titles of other published books showed: My Country's Voice, America First, and American Ideals.

She was already most favorably known in the field of children's literature by King Arthur's Court, a book which was favorably received as soon as it was published, and which held its place with honor for more than a decade. Through this book, thousands of children became familiar with the Arthurian legends. The popularity of this book was so great that Greene and her cousin, Dolly Williams Kirk, whose poems had magazine publication, brought out in collaboration, a volume of stories of chivalry, With Spurs of Gold. This book received high praise from readers, and was used in college courses.

Viewed as a synthetic whole, and taken in conjunction with her earlier books on chivalry, the scope of her series of readers, American Ideals, was of an educative value beyond anything ever done before in this line. This series, published by Scribner's, contained in the 'Colonial' volume, a chapter, "Virginia and the Ideal of Civil Liberty", which presented the history of Virginia.

Later, Greene collaborated with her sister, Annie Greene Brown, on a volume of short stories.

Some of Greene's novels were adapted into films. Months of negotiation were required before Louis B. Mayer obtained the film rights to the Greene book, One Clear Call, as arrangements had already been made for its production on the theater stage. A record price secured the dramatic rights to the book for the screen, which was adapted to the screen by Bess Meredyth, and was released in 1922{{cite news |title=Sunday's Feature |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/442596061/?terms=Frances%20Nimmo%20Greene&match=1 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Post-Star |via=Newspapers.com |date=29 March 1924 |page=3 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}{{cite news |title="One Clear Call" |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/667499399/?terms=Frances%20Nimmo%20Greene&match=1 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=Hinton Daily News |via=Newspapers.com |date=19 January 1923 |page=4 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}

The Right of the Strongest was adapted to the screen by Doty Hobart, and released in 1924. It is a drama of the Alabama hillbillies and their struggle to retain their rights as squatters.{{cite news |title=TELLS OF "HILL BILLIES." |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/372933395/?terms=Frances%20Nimmo%20Greene&match=1 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Baltimore Sun |via=Newspapers.com |date=6 July 1924 |page=72 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}

In 1927, Greene taught short story writing in Birmingham.{{cite news |title=TALK ON SHORT STORY |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/572978630/?terms=Frances%20Nimmo%20Greene&match=1 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Birmingham News |via=Newspapers.com |date=14 June 1927 |page=20 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}} All Night Long (1929), a comedy in three acts, was accepted by the Walter Baker Company in 1929.{{cite news |title=Frances Nimmo Greene demonstrates her interest in theater. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16182175/frances-nimmo-greene-demonstrates-her/ |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Anniston Star |via=Newspapers.com |date=20 January 1930 |page=5 |language=en}} In 1937, she co-authored The Last Enemy, a three-act play, with Robert H. Greene.{{cite news |title='THE LAST ENEMY' OPENS RUN TODAY |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/384678033/?terms=Frances%20Nimmo%20Greene&match=1 |access-date=25 October 2022 |work=The Atlanta Constitution |via=Newspapers.com |date=12 May 1937 |page=12 |language=en}}

Personal life

In politics, she was a Democrat, and in religion, an Episcopalian. She was reared by Methodist parents in the Methodist church, but in Birmingham, she joined the Protestant Episcopal church.{{cite news |title=A RUMOR SETTLED |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/308388178/?terms=Frances%20Nimmo%20Greene&match=1 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Opp Weekly News |via=Newspapers.com |date=5 July 1923 |page=1 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}} In 1922, Greene made an unsuccessful run for a seat on the Alabama State Democratic Executive Committee.{{cite news |title=FAIR SEX MEMBERS LOSING INTEREST IN LEGISLATIVE POSTS |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/573254259/?terms=Frances%20Nimmo%20Greene&match=1 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Birmingham News |via=Newspapers.com |date=27 March 1930 |page=1 |language=en}}

She delivered an address on behalf of the Democratic ticket in 1928.{{cite news |title=NOTED AUTHOR AND SPEAKER TO DELIVER ADDRESS |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/554598140/?terms=Frances%20Nimmo%20Greene&match=1 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Tuskegee News |via=Newspapers.com |date=25 October 1928 |page=1 |language=en}}

Unmarried, Greene divided her time between New York City and her brother's home in Montgomery.

Frances Nimmo Greene died in Birmingham, Alabama, December 9, 1937.{{cite news |title=Obituary, Frances Nimmo Greene. Died December 9, 1937. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111949310/obituary-frances-nimmo-greene-died/ |access-date=25 October 2022 |work=The Birmingham News |via=Newspapers.com |date=9 December 1937 |pages=1}}{{efn|According to VIAF, Geene died in 1921.}}

Selected publications

=Children's literature=

{{multiple image

|direction = horizontal

|align = right

|width = 100

|image1 = American Ideals. Book 5 (IA americanidealsbo05gree).pdf

|caption1 = American Ideals

|image2 = Legends of King Arthur and his court (IA legendsofkingart00greerich).pdf

|caption2 = Legends of King Arthur and his court

|image3 = My country's voice (IA mycountrysvoice00gree).pdf

|caption3 = My country's voice

}}

Legends of King Arthur and His Court (Ginn and Co., Boston, 1901) ([https://archive.org/details/legendsofkingart00greerich text])
With spurs of gold; heroes of chivalry and their deeds (with Dolly Williams Kirk; Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1905) ([https://archive.org/details/withspursofgoldh00gree text])
Heroes of Chivalry and Their Deeds (with Dolly Williams Kirk; 1910) ([https://books.google.com/books?id=aF4AAAAAYAAJ text])
America First (Scribner's, New York, 1918) ([https://archive.org/details/americafirst00greegoog text])
My Country's Voice (Scribner's, New York, 1918) ([https://archive.org/details/mycountrysvoice00gree text])
American Ideals: A Series of Readers for Schools (Scribner's, New York, 1920-1922) ([https://archive.org/details/americanidealsbo05gree text, book 5]; [https://archive.org/details/americanidealsbo06gree text, book 6])

=Short stories=

"Yankees in Dixie" (no later than 1893)

=Novels=

File:The right of the strongest (IA rightofstrongest00greeiala).pdf

Into the night, a story of New Orleans (Scribner's, New York, 1909) ([https://books.google.com/books?id=SmEeAAAAMAAJ text])
The Right of the Strongest (Scribner's, New York, 1913) ([https://archive.org/details/rightofstrongest00greeiala text])
One Clear Call (Scribner's, New York, 1914) ([https://archive.org/details/oneclearcall01greegoog text])
The devil to pay (Scribner's, New York, 1917) ([https://archive.org/details/deviltopay00greegoog text])

=Plays=

The Ultimate American: A Comedy (1913)
Speaking of Adam: A Comedy in Three Acts (1915)
All Night Long (1929)
The Last Enemy (with Robert H. Greene; 1937)

Filmography

Films based on Greene's novels:

The Devil to Pay (1920)Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 214. {{ISBN|978-1936168-68-2}}
One Clear Call (1922)
The Right of the Strongest (1924)