Francesca Gino

Gino grew up in Tione di Trento, Italy. She earned her Bachelor's degree at the University of Trento, Italy, in 2001, and her MSc and PhD degrees at Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa in 2004.{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://francescagino.com/about |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Francesca Gino |language=en-US}} During these studies, she came to Harvard Business School as a visiting fellow, and stayed on as a postdoctoral fellow after completing her doctorate.{{cite magazine |last1=Lewis-Kraus |first1=Gideon |title=They Studied Dishonesty. Was Their Work a Lie? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/10/09/they-studied-dishonesty-was-their-work-a-lie |access-date=October 1, 2023 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=September 30, 2023}}

Before joining Harvard University in 2010, she taught at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Carnegie Mellon University.{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Stephanie M. |date=June 16, 2023 |title=A Weird Research-Misconduct Scandal About Dishonesty Just Got Weirder |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/a-weird-research-misconduct-scandal-about-dishonesty-just-got-weirder |access-date=June 17, 2023 |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education |page=}}{{cite web | url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55dcde36e4b0df55a96ab220/t/58b03ac8e3df284bd6d5d58f/1487944392974/FGino_CV+February+2017.pdf | title=Francesca Gino Curriculum Vitae | access-date=19 April 2017}}{{cite news |date=24 June 2010 |title=Rose-coloured spectacles? |url=http://www.economist.com/node/16422414 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 April 2017 |newspaper=The Economist}}

Gino conducted research on rule-breaking, which she discussed in her 2018 book, Rebel Talent.{{cite book |last1=Gino |first1=Francesca |title=Rebel Talent: Why It Pays to Break the Rules at Work and in Life |date=May 2018 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0062694638}} She was also affiliated with Harvard Law School's Program on Negotiation, and with Harvard University's Mind, Brain, Behavior Initiative.{{cite web |title=Francesca Gino |url=http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=271812 |access-date=19 April 2017 |work=Faculty |publisher=Harvard Business School}} Between December 2016 and 2019, she served as editor-in-chief of Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. In 2020 she received a total compensation from Harvard of $1,049,532, making her the 5th highest paid individual at the school.{{cite web |title=Executive Compensation at Harvard (2020) |url=https://paddockpost.com/2022/09/28/executive-compensation-at-harvard-2/ |website=Paddock Post |access-date=20 November 2024 |language=en |date=28 September 2022}}

Gino co-authored many peer-reviewed articles and was described by behavioral scientist Maurice Schweitzer at the Wharton School as a "leading scholar in the field" of behavioral science.

In or before 2020, a graduate student named Zoé Ziani developed concerns about the validity of results from a highly publicized paper by Gino about networking.{{Cite magazine |last=Lewis-Kraus |first=Gideon |date=2023-09-30 |title=They Studied Dishonesty. Was Their Work a Lie? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/10/09/they-studied-dishonesty-was-their-work-a-lie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001005942/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/10/09/they-studied-dishonesty-was-their-work-a-lie |archive-date=2023-10-01 |access-date=2023-11-14 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}} According to Ziani, she was strongly warned by her academic advisers not to criticize Gino, and two members of her dissertation committee refused to approve her thesis unless she deleted criticism of Gino's paper from it. In spring 2021, Ziani conducted a replication of Gino's study, failing to obtain any of the effects Gino had reported, and concluded "that there was almost no way the paper’s effect size could have been naturally generated" (as summarized by The New Yorker). Ziani, together with a collaborator, subsequently alerted Data Colada, a team of three behavioral scientists known for investigating faulty research, who had been independently developing concerns about Gino's work since 2014. Later that year, the Data Colada team contacted Harvard University about anomalies in four papers by Gino.{{cite news |last=Svrluga |first=Susan |date=2023-08-03 |title=Professor accused of faking data in studies on dishonesty sues Harvard |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/08/03/harvard-honesty-lawsuit-research-misconduct/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930052928/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/08/03/harvard-honesty-lawsuit-research-misconduct/ |archive-date=2023-09-30 |access-date=2023-11-04 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}} Harvard subsequently conducted its own internal investigation with the help of an outside firm, which discovered additional data alterations besides the cases raised by Data Colada.

In June 2023, after the internal investigation had resulted in a 1200-page report that found Gino "committed research misconduct intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly," and recommended the university initiate steps leading to her termination, Harvard Business School placed her on unpaid administrative leave.{{Cite news| last1 = Isaac| first1 = Benjamin | title = Harvard Business School Investigation Report Recommended Firing Francesca Gino | newspaper = The Harvard Crimson| date = March 15, 2024| url = https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/3/15/gino-harvard-investigation-report}}{{Cite news| last1 = O'Grady| first1 = Cathleen | title = Honesty researcher committed research misconduct, according to newly unsealed Harvard report | newspaper = Science| date = March 15, 2024| url = https://www.science.org/content/article/honesty-researcher-committed-research-misconduct-according-newly-unsealed-harvard}} As described by the dean of HBS, "[a]fter a comprehensive evaluation that took 18 months from start to completion, the investigation committee—comprising three senior HBS colleagues—determined that research misconduct had occurred."{{Cite web |last=Nesterak |first=Evan |date=2023-08-30 |title=Amid Uncertainty About Francesca Gino's Research, the Many Co-Authors Project Could Provide Clarity |url=https://behavioralscientist.org/amid-uncertainty-about-francesca-gino-led-research-the-many-co-authors-project-could-provide-clarity/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Behavioral Scientist |language=en}} According to the report, Gino offered two explanations for the signs of data tampering: either that this was an honest mistake by her or her research assistants, or that "someone who had access to her computer, online data-storage account, and/or data files" tampered with her data out of malice, naming one of her coauthors in one of the since-retracted papers as the most likely suspect.{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Stephanie |date=March 14, 2024 |title=Here's the Unsealed Report Showing How Harvard Concluded That a Dishonesty Expert Committed Misconduct |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/heres-the-unsealed-report-showing-how-harvard-concluded-that-a-dishonesty-expert-committed-misconduct |access-date=March 16, 2024 |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education}} Neither of the two explanations was accepted by Harvard's investigators, who wrote in the report that "Although we acknowledge that the theory of a malicious actor might be remotely possible, we do not find it plausible," adding that Gino’s "repeated and strenuous argument for a scenario of data falsification by bad actors across four different studies, an argument we find to be highly implausible, leads us to doubt the credibility of her written and oral statements to this committee more generally."

Around the same time as Harvard placed her on leave, Data Colada published four blog posts detailing evidence that the four papers (all of which had been retracted or set to be retracted at that point), and possibly others by Gino, "contain fake data."{{cite web |url=https://datacolada.org/109 |title=[109] Data Falsificada (Part 1): "Clusterfake" |last1=Simonsohn |first1=Uri |last2=Simmons |first2=Joe |last3=Nelson |first3=Leif |date=June 17, 2023 |website=Data Colada |access-date=November 2, 2023}}

The four now-retracted papers at the heart of the allegations are:

• {{cite journal |last1=Shu |last2=Mazar |last3=Gino | last4=Ariely | last5=Bazerman |date=2012 |title=Signing at the beginning makes ethics salient… |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=109 |issue=38 |pages=15197–15300 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1209746109 |doi-access=free |pmid=22927408 |pmc=3458378 }}{{Retracted|doi=10.1073/pnas.2115397118|pmid=34518237|http://retractionwatch.com/?s=%22Dan+Ariely%22 Retraction Watch|http://retractionwatch.com/2021/09/14/highly-criticized-paper-on-dishonesty-retracted/ Retraction Watch|intentional=yes}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Gino |last2=Kouchaki |last3=Galinsky |date=2015 |title=The Moral Virtue of Authenticity: How Inauthenticity Produces Feelings of Immorality and Impurity |journal=Psychological Science|volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=983–996 |doi=10.1177/0956797615575277 |pmid=25963614 }}{{Retracted|doi=10.1177/09567976231187596|pmid=37409891|https://retractionwatch.com/?s=%22Francesca+Gino%22 Retraction Watch|intentional=yes}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Gino |last2=Wiltermuth |date=2014 |title=Evil Genius? How Dishonesty Can Lead to Greater Creativity |journal=Psychological Science|volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=973–981 |doi=10.1177/0956797614520714 |pmid=24549296 }}{{Retracted|doi=10.1177/09567976231187595|pmid=37409890|intentional=yes}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Gino |last2=Kouchaki |last3=Casciaro |date=2020 |title=Why Connect? Moral Consequences of Networking with a Promotion or Prevention Focus |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=119 |issue=6 |pages=1221–1238 |doi=10.1037/pspa0000226 |pmid=32551743 }}{{Retracted|doi=10.1037/pspa0000351|pmid=37589685|https://retractionwatch.com/?s=%22Francesca+Gino%22 Retraction Watch|intentional=yes}}

The first of these papers had already been retracted due to an unrelated data issue, also uncovered by Data Colada. The other three papers were retracted in response to Harvard's investigation.

Gino subsequently filed a defamation suit against Harvard, Harvard Business School Dean Srikant Datar, and the three data investigators of Data Colada for $25 million, alleging that they had conspired to damage her reputation with false accusations and that the penalties against her amounted to gender-based discrimination under Title IX. Gino denied having falsified data, and accused Harvard and the Data Colada team of having "worked together to destroy my career and reputation despite admitting they have no evidence proving their allegations."

The lawsuit raised concerns about chilling effects. A group of researchers including open science proponent Simine Vazire raised over $370,000 to help cover the legal fees of Data Colada.{{Cite web |last=Piper |first=Kelsey |author-link=Kelsey Piper |date=2023-08-23 |title=A disgraced Harvard professor sued them for millions. Their recourse: GoFundMe. |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23841742/francesca-gino-data-colada-lawsuit-gofundme-science-culture-transparency-academic-fraud-dishonesty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031230901/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23841742/francesca-gino-data-colada-lawsuit-gofundme-science-culture-transparency-academic-fraud-dishonesty |archive-date=2023-10-31 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Vox |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=O'Grady |first=Cathleen |date=2023-10-13 |title=How the reform-minded new editor of psychology's flagship journal will shake things up |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/how-reform-minded-new-editor-psychology-s-flagship-journal-will-shake-things |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029025437/https://www.science.org/content/article/how-reform-minded-new-editor-psychology-s-flagship-journal-will-shake-things |archive-date=2023-10-29 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=science.org}}

On October 10, 2023, Harvard University and Dean Datar filed a motion to partially dismiss the lawsuit, "citing the need for the University to have autonomy in its academic decision-making" (according to The Harvard Crimson).{{Cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Adelaide E. |last2=Song |first2=Jennifer Y. |date=October 13, 2023 |title=Harvard Moves to Partially Dismiss $25M Lawsuit by HBS Professor Gino, Citing Autonomy Concerns |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/10/13/gino-hbs-motion-dismiss/ |newspaper=The Harvard Crimson}} On November 8, 2023, the Data Colada defendants filed a motion to dismiss the claims against them, contending that Gino's lawsuit does not meet the pleading standards for a viable defamation action.{{cite web |title=Motion To Dismiss of Uri Simonsohn, Leif Nelson, And Joseph Simmons |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/67659904/41/gino-v-president-and-fellows-of-harvard-college/ |website=Court Listener |publisher=Free Law Project |access-date=14 November 2023}}

As part of its motion to partially dismiss, Harvard submitted its internal 1200-page report as evidence. Initially it was kept under seal, but the university as well as The New Yorker and the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press filed motions to make it public, which were opposed by Francesca Gino's lawyers, who filed a motion to keep the report from the public.{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Adelaide E. |date=2023-11-28 |title=Judge to Rule on Whether Claims in $25M Lawsuit by Harvard Prof. Francesca Gino Will Proceed |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/11/28/gino-motion-to-dismiss/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.thecrimson.com}} In March 2024, judge Myong J. Joun ruled to [https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.259933/gov.uscourts.mad.259933.20.5_1.pdf unseal it] (with some redactions) as a judicial record "to which there exists a presumptive right of public access." In the view of Vox journalist Kelsey Piper, the unsealed document "makes the allegations of Gino’s misconduct look more warranted than ever."{{Cite web |last=Piper |first=Kelsey |date=2024-03-22 |title=A Harvard dishonesty researcher was accused of fraud. Her defense is troubling. |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/24107889/francesca-gino-lawsuit-harvard-dishonesty-researcher-academic-fraud |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Vox |language=en}}

On September 11, 2024, the judge dismissed all of Gino's claims against the Data Colada defendants (defamation and other claims), and dismissed Gino's defamation and certain other claims (such as violation of privacy) against the Harvard University defendants, while allowing some breach of contract claims against Harvard to continue.{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Stephanie M. |date=2024-09-11 |title=She Sued the Sleuths Who Found Fraud in Her Data. A Judge Just Ruled Against Her. |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/she-sued-the-sleuths-who-found-fraud-in-her-data-a-judge-just-ruled-against-her |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education}}{{cite web |title=Memorandum of Decision |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.259933/gov.uscourts.mad.259933.74.0.pdf |website=Court Listener |publisher=Free Law Project |access-date=13 September 2024 |date=September 11, 2024}} Full text of decision on defendants' motions to dismiss Gino has also claimed that Harvard discriminated against her on the basis of her gender. Harvard did not move for dismissal of that claim, so the litigation continues on that claim as well.{{cite news |last1=Baek |first1=Kyle |title=Judge Dismisses Francesca Gino's Defamation Charges Against Harvard |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/9/12/judge-dismisses-gino-lawsuit-defamation-charges/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 |work=The Harvard Crimson |date=September 12, 2024}}

Following the revelations by Harvard and Data Colada, the Many Co-Authors Project was launched by a group of Gino's co-authors, a "mass self-auditing effort" (The Chronicle of Higher Education) where over 140 collaborators of Francesca Gino are trying "to collect and share information on the provenance and availability of the data for all articles co-authored by Francesca Gino."{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Stephanie M. |date=2023-11-06 |title=Scientists Are Scrutinizing Their Work With Francesca Gino. Here's What They've Found So Far. |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/scientists-are-scrutinizing-their-work-with-francesca-gino-heres-what-theyve-found-so-far |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231107022706/https://www.chronicle.com/article/scientists-are-scrutinizing-their-work-with-francesca-gino-heres-what-theyve-found-so-far |archive-date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2023-11-14 |work=The Chronicle of Higher Education}}{{Cite web |title=Main {{!}} Many Co-Authors |url=https://manycoauthors.org/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=manycoauthors.org}} It began publishing findings on November 6, 2023, listing 56 papers that had named Gino as having been involved in data collection, and reporting that for around 60% of these, all the co-authors who had responded reported not having access to the raw data. Behavioral scientist Juliana Schroeder of UC Berkeley stated that she and other collaborators had initiated the retraction of another paper they had coauthored with Gino, citing a failure to track down data for four experiments in the paper and "unexplained issues" with two of its other datasets. Gino reacted by decrying the Many Co-Authors Project for unfairly singling her out for scrutiny, and by accusing one of the involved researchers of falsely claiming that she (Gino) had collected data for one of the papers.

In April 2024, it was reported that Gino was suspected of numerous instances of plagiarism in several of her works, including her books Rebel Talent and Sidetracked, which were from a variety of sources, including several undergraduate theses (none of which were supervised by Gino), research papers and chapters by other researchers, and newspaper and magazine articles, including those by Forbes and Reactor (at the time Tor.com). Gino's lawyer denied the allegations.{{Cite news |last=Beschizza |first=Rob |date=11 April 2024 |title=Ethics expert Francesca Gino, already under fire over fabricated data, accused of plagiarism |url=https://boingboing.net/2024/04/11/ethics-expert-francesca-gino-already-under-fire-over-fabricated-data-accused-of-plagiarism.html |url-status= |work=Boing Boing}}

• {{cite book |title=Sidetracked: Why our decisions get derailed, and how we can stick to the plan |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |location=Boston |isbn=9781422142691 |oclc=807028907 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sidetrackedwhyou0000gino/page/260 260pp] |no-pp=y |url=https://archive.org/details/sidetrackedwhyou0000gino/page/260}}
• {{cite book |title=Rebel talent : Why it pays to break the rules at work and in life |year=2018 |publisher=Del Rey Street Books |location=New York, NY |isbn=9780062694638 |oclc=1031929377 |pages=283pp |no-pp=y}}

• Scientific misconduct
• Academic dishonesty
• Plagiarism
• Data manipulation
• Harvard Business School

{{reflist|2|refs=

{{cite news |last1=Scheuber |first1=Noam |title=Harvard Scholar Who Studies Honesty Is Accused of Fabricating Findings |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/24/business/economy/francesca-gino-harvard-dishonesty.html |access-date=21 August 2023 |work=New York Times |date=2023-06-24}}

}}

• Gideon Lewis-Kraus, "[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/10/09/they-studied-dishonesty-was-their-work-a-lie They Studied Dishonesty. Was Their Work a Lie?]", The New Yorker, September 30, 2023 online.
• Gideon Lewis-Kraus, "[https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-a-scientific-dispute-spiralled-into-a-defamation-lawsuit How a Scientific Dispute Spiralled Into a Defamation Lawsuit], The New Yorker, September 12, 2024 online.

• {{cite web |title=Francesca Gino |url=https://francescagino.com/ |website=Francesca Gino |access-date=8 October 2023}}
• [http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=271812 Harvard Business School Faculty page]
• {{Google Scholar id|sI_6W-8AAAAJ}}
• [https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.259933/gov.uscourts.mad.259933.20.5_1.pdf Exhibit 5: Confidential Memorandum (Harvard Business School, March 7, 2023)] (Harvard's internal 1200-page investigative report, as unsealed with redactions in March 2024)
• {{cite web |author1=Francesca Gino |title=Francesca v Harvard |url=https://www.francesca-v-harvard.org/ |access-date=8 October 2023 |date=September 29, 2023}}
• {{cite web |title=First Amended Complaint |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.259933/gov.uscourts.mad.259933.6.0.pdf |website=Court Listener |publisher=Free Law Project |access-date=8 October 2023 |date=August 8, 2023}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gino, Francesca}}

Category:1978 births

Category:Italian academic journal editors

Category:Academic scandals

Category:Carnegie Mellon University faculty

Category:Harvard Business School faculty

Category:Italian emigrants to the United States

Category:Living people

Category:People from Trentino

Category:People involved in scientific misconduct incidents

Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty

Category:University of Trento alumni

Category:American academic journal editors

Category:People from Tione di Trento