Francesco II Sforza

Francesco was the second son of Ludovico Sforza and Beatrice d'Este.{{sfn|Gagné|2021|p=90}} Following his father's removal from Milan in the course of the Italian Wars, he was brought to the court of the Emperor Maximilian I, who had married Francesco's cousin, Bianca Maria Sforza. Francesco briefly lived at court in Innsbruck, but later was assigned a tutor and lived at the castle of Steyr, along with twenty-one followers.{{sfn|Gagné|2021|p=179}} His ambition for an ecclesiastical career, as canon in Cologne, was backed by Maximilian.{{sfn|Gagné|2021|p=95}} Despite imperial support the Cologne chapter rejected him from their chapter.{{sfn|Gagné|2021|p=90-91}}

In August 1512, Francesco placed his judicial studies on hold following his brother Massimiliano's election as duke of Milan at the Diet of Mantua.{{sfn|Gagné|2021|p=91}} His conversation with a Mantuan envoy was expressed as, "younger Sforza spoke with Capilupi "with few words", but good ones. He resembles his father, but is less lordly; he will not be as large a person, but is bulkier than the Duke, with full shoulders, hair similar to the Duke’s, and the black clothes of a priest in the German style".{{sfn|Gagné|2021|p=91}}

In 1521, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, re-conquered Milan from the French, and Francesco was appointed its duke,{{sfn|Mallett|Shaw|2012|p=141-142}} the last of the family to hold that title.{{sfn|Aliverti|2016|p=130}} His sovereignty, however, remained circumscribed by the military occupation of Milan by Spanish troops.{{sfn|Schulin|1999|p=151}} He returned to his state, depleted by twenty years of combat, promoting a cultural and economic recovery. Francesco fought at the Battle of Bicocca, on the side of the emperor, in 1522.{{sfn|Oman|1987|p=176}} In 1526, he switched sides, joining the League of Cognac, together with Francis I of France, Pope Clement VII and the Republic of Florence, and was besieged in the Castello Sforzesco.

On 4 May 1534, Francesco married the 12-year-old niece of Charles V, Christina of Denmark,{{sfn|Aliverti|2016|p=130}}{{sfn|Pearson|2008|p=110}} the daughter of Christian II of Denmark and Isabella of Austria. By this time, Francesco, a survivor of a poisoning attempt, was using a cane to walk and had paralyzed hands.{{sfn|Pearson|2008|p=110}} The union remained childless.{{sfn|Grendler|2002|p=90}} His death on 1 November 1535,{{sfn|Grendler|2002|p=90}} sparked the Italian War of 1535. His half-brother Giovanni Paolo reclaimed briefly the Duchy of Milan after his death, but died in the same year under mysterious circumstances.

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |chapter=The loose parts of an entry: The flop of Cremona in 1598 |first=Maria Ines |last=Aliverti |pages=115-134 |title=Festival Culture in the World of the Spanish Habsburgs |editor-first1=Fernando Checa |editor-last1=Cremades |editor-first2=Laura |editor-last2=Fernández–González |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 }}
• {{cite book |title=Milan Undone: Contested Sovereignties in the Italian Wars |first=John |last=Gagné |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2021 }}
• {{cite book |title=The Universities of the Italian Renaissance |first=Paul F. |last=Grendler |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2002 }}90
• {{cite book |first1=Michael |last1=Mallett |first2=Christine |last2=Shaw |title=The Italian Wars:1494-1559 |publisher=Pearson Education Limited |year=2012 }}
• {{cite book |first=Charles |last=Oman |title=A History of The Art of War in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=Greenhill Books |year=1987 }}
• {{cite book |title=Women and Portraits in Early Modern Europe: Gender, Agency, Identity |first=Andrea G. |last=Pearson |publisher=Ashgate |year=2008 }}
• {{cite book |first= Ernst |last= Schulin |title=Kaiser Karl V: Geschichte eines übergroßen Wirkungsbereiches |publisher=Kohlhammer Verlag |year=1999 |language=de }}

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{{S-bef|before=Francis I of France}}

{{S-ttl|title=Duke of Milan|years=1521–1535}}

{{S-vac|next=Philip II of Spain}}

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Category:1495 births

Category:1535 deaths

Category:16th-century dukes of Milan

Francesco 2 Sforza

Category:Military leaders of the Italian Wars

Category:Italian Roman Catholics

Category:People of the War of the League of Cognac

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