Francesco Morosini

{{Infobox officeholder

| name = Francesco Morosini

| image = File:Portrait of Doge Francesco Morosini (1619–1694), half-length, in armour .jpg

| caption = Portrait by Giovanni Carboncino

| order =

| office = Doge of Venice

| term_start = 1688

| term_end = 1694

| predecessor = Marcantonio Giustinian

| successor = Silvestro Valier

| birth_name =

| birth_date = 26 February 1619

| birth_place = Venice, Republic of Venice

| death_date = {{death date and age|6 January 1694|26 February 1619|df=y}}

| death_place = Nauplia, Republic of Venice

| resting_place =

| spouse =

| parents =

| alma_mater =

| profession =

}}

Francesco Morosini (26 February 1619 – 16 January 1694) was the Doge of Venice from 1688 to 1694, at the height of the Great Turkish War. He was one of the many Doges and generals produced by the Venetian noble Morosini family.Encyclopædia Britannica, Morosini Family, 2008, O.Ed. He is said to have "dressed always in red from top to toe and never went into action without his cat beside him."Jan Morris. The Venetian Empire: A Sea Voyage. (Kindle Locations 976–977). Penguin Books Ltd. Kindle Edition.

Early career

File:Lazzarini, Gregorio - Merit Offers the Command to Doge Morosini - 1694.jpg, 1694]]

Morosini first rose to prominence as Captain-General of the Venetian forces on Crete during the siege of Candia by the Ottoman Empire. He was eventually forced to surrender the city, and was accused of cowardice and treason on his return to Venice; however, he was acquitted after a brief trial.

In 1685, at the outbreak of the Morean War, Morosini took command of a fleet against the Ottomans. Over the next several years, he captured the Morea with the help of Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck, as well as Lefkada and parts of western Greece. He also briefly captured Athens but was unable to hold it, and attempted a failed siege of the former Venetian fortress of Negroponte. His fame reached such heights that he was given the victory title Peloponnesiacus, and was the first Venetian citizen to have a bronze bust placed during his own lifetime in the Great Hall, with the inscription Francisco Morosini Peloponnesiaco, adhuc viventi, Senatus.{{cite book | last= Finlay | first= George | author-link= George Finlay | title= The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination | url= https://archive.org/details/historygreeceun01finlgoog | year= 1856 | publisher= William Blackwood and Sons | location= London | page= [https://archive.org/details/historygreeceun01finlgoog/page/n238 220]}}

Destruction of the Parthenon and loot of sculptures from Athens

During the Morean War, the Parthenon was used as a gunpowder magazine by the Ottoman Army. On September 26, 1687, a mortar during the Venetian bombardment of Athens scored a direct hit on the edifice, igniting the stored powder—the subsequent explosion of which caused the greatest destruction in the Parthenon's history.{{Cite journal |last=Titi |first=Catharine |author-link=Catharine Titi |date=2023 |title=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6 |journal=Springer |language=en |pages=49-50 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6 |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9|url-access=subscription }} An attaché of the Swedish field commander General Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck wrote later: "How it dismayed His Excellency to destroy the beautiful temple which had existed three thousand years!" By contrast Morosini, who was the commander in chief of the operation, described it in his report to the Venetian government as a "fortunate shot".

When he conquered the Acropolis in early 1688, Morosini attempted to loot Athena's and Poseidon's horses and chariots from the western pediment of the Parthenon, but the sculptures fell on the ground and smashed.{{cite book | last=Lindsay |first=Ivan | title=The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day |publisher= Unicorn Press Ltd| year=2013 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=c8G7BAAAQBAJ| isbn= 978-1906509217}}{{Cite journal|last=Waldstein|first=Charles|date=1883|title=Views of Athens in the Year 1687|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/623357|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=4|pages=86–89|doi=10.2307/623357|jstor=623357|s2cid=164127076 |issn=0075-4269}} This was the first documented attempt to remove sculptures from the pediments.{{cite book | last=Palagia |first=Olga | title=The Pediments of the Parthenon |publisher= Brill Academic Publishers; 2nd ed. edition | year=1998 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GFNuxcVKLIkC| isbn= 978-9004111981| page =10}} The Ottoman Empire regained possession of the monument in the following year.Encyclopædia Britannica, Athens, The Acropolis, p.6/20, 2008, O.Ed.

Morosini also took the Piraeus Lion as a war trophy to the Venetian Arsenal.

Doge

In the summer of 1688, Morosini, now having been proclaimed Doge of Venice, attacked Negropont but was unable to capture it and was forced to return to Venice when plague broke out among his troops. He embarked on a final campaign in 1693, but was again unsuccessful in taking Negropont, and returned to Venice after sacking some minor coastal towns. After his death in 1694, a large marble arch was placed in his honor at the Doge's Palace. Nini, the cat of which Morosini was notably fond, was embalmed along with a mouse between her paws. Nini and the mouse are current exhibits at the Museo Correr in Venice.[https://www.allafinedeiconti.it/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/nini-00-700x467.jpg Image] allafinedeiconti.it October 2019

Commemoration

Image:Silver medal in honour of Francesco Morosini, 1688.jpg.]]

The Scuola Navale Militare Francesco Morosini is named for him.
The {{Sclass|Ruggiero di Lauria|ironclad|2}} {{ship|Italian ironclad|Francesco Morosini||2}}, launched on 30 July 1885, completed in 1889, and stricken in 1909, was named for him.
The {{Sclass|Francesco Caracciolo|battleship|2}} Francesco Morosini, laid down in 1915 but scrapped in 1921 prior to launching, was named for him.