Francisco Ureña Navas

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There is almost nothing known about Ureña's distant ancestors; they were of condición humilde and formed part of the east-Andalusian peasantry. Manuel Fernández Espinosa, Un intelectual católico asesinado en 1936: Francisco de Paula Ureña Navas, [in:] Desde Mi Campañario service 25.08.18, available [http://desdemicampanario.es/2018/08/25/un-intelectual-catolico-asesinado-en-1936-francisco-de-paula-urena-navas/ here] His father, Juan José Ureña Ortega, was agricultural worker in Torredonjimeno, a rural municipality in the Jaén province; he married María del Rosario Navas Colomo, a girl of the same, humble status. Fernández Espinosa 2018 The couple settled in Torredonjimeno. None of the sources provides information how many children they had. apart from Francisco, the only one known is his brother Prudencio, Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 15.08.03, available [https://www.dipuJaén.es/hemerotecadigital/results.vm?o=&w=%22urena+navas%22&f=&p=0&p=0&p=0&l=15&t=%2Bcreation&g=pages&s=0&c=1&lang=es&view=prensa here] In his native Santa María parish Francisco was noted as a talented boy; local clergy arranged with the hierarchy that he received financial support, enabling him to commence secondary education. Fernández Espinosa 2018 According to some authors he initially studied in a seminary, graduating in theology and canon law. Manuel López Pérez, La Asociación de la prensa de Jaén (1911-2011). Apunte histórico, Jaén 2011, p. 54 According to others he frequented Liceo de Granada, where his master was Juan de Dios de la Rada y Delgado. Fernández Espinosa 2018 At unspecified time, though probably in the mid-1880s, Ureña enrolled at the University of Seville, pursuing two paths. In law he majored as doctor, while in philosophy and letters he obtained the licenciatura; Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana, vol. LXV, Madrid 1966, pp. 1418-1419 he also befriended some literary personalities, like the future director or Real Academia Española, Francisco Rodríguez Marín.

In the early 1890s Ureña returned to Jaén, where he assumed teaching duties in Colegio de Santo Tomás, the local educational establishment run by the religious. His subject was retórica, poética y literatura; one of his disciples was Antonio Alcalá Venceslada, and it was reportedly Ureña who discovered his talent. Manuel María Morales Cuesta, Antonio Alcalá Venceslada, [in:] Senda de los Huertos 32 (1993), p. 79 It is not clear how long he was employed in the college; the last known information listing Ureña among the teaching staff comes from the school year of 1898/1899. Anuario de la Institución de Santo Tomás de Jaén, Jaén 1898, p. 5 In 1899 he commenced work for another religious institution, namely the diocese of Jaén; Manuel Fernández Espinosa, La poesía en Jaén: D. Francisco de Paula Navas y el grupo literario ‘El Madroño’, [in:] Giennium 11 (2008), p. 198 he became "notario mayor", Anuario de la Institución de Santo Tomás de Jaén, Jaén 1898, p. 5 later noted as "notario eclesiástico"; El Diario 20.04.04, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=5029545&posicion=3&presentacion=pagina here] this would be the position held for decades to come. he was at times referred to as "abogado", El Pueblo Católico 05.04.07, p. 7; it is not clear whether he ran his own law office, or whether this refers to his practice for the diocese

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In 1904 Ureña married Josefa Ortega de Torres, his distant relative from the Ortega family. Patria [Jaén] 25.04.29, p. 2 Before he was widowedManuel Fernández Espinosa, Tres cartas de D. Francisco de Paula Ureña Navas a D. Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo, [in:] El Blog de Cassia service 15.07.14; elblogdecassia.blogspot.com/2014/07/cartas-de-un-tosiriano-don-marcelino.html is blocked by WP the couple had one child, María Josefa. El Siglo Futuro 01.10.25, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=375b9e50-6a64-4d0d-b0dd-08223fccea45 here] He then re-married with Socorro Mantilla de los Ríos y Mantilla (b. 1893) Socorro Mantilla de los Ríos y Mantilla de los Ríos entry, [in:] Geneanet service, available [https://gw.geneanet.org/flofer28?lang=en&n=mantilla+de+los+rios+y+mantilla+de+los+rios&oc=0&p=socorro here] from Antequera, Roberto Gómez Bastida, El Círculo de El Madroño: Literatos tradicionalistas del Santo Reino de Jaén (y III), [in:] La Esperanza service 04.10.22, available [https://periodicolaesperanza.com/archivos/14384 here] descendant to the aristocratic Andalusian lineage which for generations has been holding the title of marqués de Casa Saavedra. Her paternal grandfather was the 8. marqués,Carlos Mantilla de los Ríos y Valderrama, compare Socorro Mantilla de los Ríos y Mantilla de los Ríos entry, [in:] Geneanet service, available [https://gw.geneanet.org/flofer28?lang=en&n=mantilla+de+los+rios+y+mantilla+de+los+rios&oc=0&p=socorro here] though her father did not inherit the title and served as administrative official. None of the sources consulted provides any insight as to the background of such socially unequal marriage; they first lived in Jaén, they lived at calle Muñoz Garnica 5, very close to the Cathedral, Fernández Espinosa 2014 and later at their estate El Madroño near Martos, the olive-rich municipality.no municipality in the world produces more olive oil than Martos, Daniel Ceped, Ni Bailén ni Pozoblanco: este es el pueblo que más aceite de oliva produce del mundo y está en España, [in:] As 20.11.24, available [https://as.com/actualidad/sociedad/ni-bailen-ni-pozoblanco-este-es-el-pueblo-que-mas-aceite-de-oliva-produce-del-mundo-y-esta-en-espana-n/ here] In the union with Socorro Ureña had 4 sons (Francisco,Francisco de Paula Ureña Mantilla de los Ríos (?-1936) already in 1932 was publishing some pieces in periodicals, compare El Siglo Futuro 27.01.32, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=e9777710-7aeb-4e9f-8b01-664bcc03586b here] José, El Siglo Futuro 14.08.25, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=77bf7c8b-9364-4ae7-8273-bb74fcdd18d7&page=2 here] Carlos, Carlos Ureña Mantilla in 1930 was about to pass bacclaureate exams, El Siglo Futuro 22.04.30, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=7c9118b3-ac4a-40fe-9201-c4db72ff629e&page=3 here] Juan Juan Ureña Mantilla was a boarder at the Jesuit college in Villafranca de los Barros; once the Republican legislation delegalised the Jesuits, Juan followed the transferred college to Estremoz in Portugal, El Defensor de Cordoba 26.08.33, available [https://prenshistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=2006513&presentacion=pagina&posicion=1 here]) and 3 daughters (Socorro, she died in 2010, ABC 20.11.10, available [https://www.abc.es/archivo/periodicos/abc-cordoba-20101120-67.html here] Rosario and Milagros born 1922, died 1990, ABC 04.03.90, available [https://www.abc.es/archivo/periodicos/abc-madrid-19900304-126.html here]). Socorro Mantilla de los Ríos y Mantilla de los Ríos entry, [in:] Geneanet service, available [https://gw.geneanet.org/flofer28?lang=en&n=mantilla+de+los+rios+y+mantilla+de+los+rios&oc=0&p=socorro here] His first daughter María Josefa died at 15 years of age in 1922, which plunged the father into deep depression, see the obituary note about "la ángelica señorita", published 3 years after her death, El Siglo Futuro 01.10.25, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=375b9e50-6a64-4d0d-b0dd-08223fccea45 here] José passed away as one-year-old child in 1925. El Siglo Futuro 14.08.25, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=77bf7c8b-9364-4ae7-8273-bb74fcdd18d7&page=2 here] The oldest son Francisco was killed by Republican militia together with the father during early days of the war in Madrid; two remaining sons were killed by the revolutionaries in Martos. one press note claimed they were killed on September 27, 1937, Pueblo 25.09.40, available [https://prensa.historica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=458522&posicion=2&presentacion=pagina here]. The date must by typo, as official prints claimed September 27, 1936, compare Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 24.05.40, p. 852, also Antonio Carmona Navas, Escenas de violencia política y represión durante la Guerra Civil y la posguerra en la Campiña de Jaén [PhD thesis Universidad de Jaén], Jaén 2020, p. 360. Both men, Carlos and Francisco, had their licenciado titles confirmed 2 months earlier, Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 27.07.36, p. 6 Socorro Ureña Mantilla married a Carlist politician, Jesús Elizalde y Sainz de Robles. ABC 20.11.10, available [https://www.abc.es/archivo/periodicos/abc-madrid-20101120-64.htm here]l

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In 1893 Ureña was engaged in launch of El Pueblo Católico, a Jaén-based bi-weekly. issued on Mondays and Thursdays According to some sources he was the key man behind the enterprise, Juan Manuel Matés Barco, Las empresas periodísticas durante la II República: el discurso polítivo y económico de tradicionalismo giennense, [in:] Boletin del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses 145 (1992), p. 99 according to others it was rather Emilio Mariscal Mendoza, who financed the launch and became the first director. Antonio Checa Godoy, Historia de la prensa en Jaén. 1808-2012, Jaén 2016, p. 70 Exact Ureña position in relation to El Pueblo during first decades of its lifetime is in doubt; numerous sources present him as spiritus movens, yet it remains unclear whether he was the owner or the co-owner of the title. Though the periodical bore no sub-title, it boasted of approval by ecclesiastic censorship;one historian claims that when editing the daily, Ureña was heavily assisted by the Jesuits, José Luis Agudín Menéndez, El Siglo Futuro. Un diario carlista en tiempos republicanos (1931-1936), Zaragoza 2023, ISBN 9788413405667, p. 143. The claim is based on speculation; its author also confused the son, Francisco Ureña Mantilla, and the father, Francisco Ureña Navas in terms of political line it clearly represented Integrism, the most intransigent and extreme current within Spanish Right. From the onset it adhered to ultra-Catholic unyielding standpoint, by historians categorized as "esencialmente dogmático" and marked by "extremismo". Checa Godoy 2016, p. 210 Though in 1909 it converted into a daily Matés Barco 1992, p. 100 (according to some sources in 1910), Aurelio Valladares Reguero, Diccionario biográfico de la Provincia de Jaén, vol. IV, Ubeda 2012, p. 249 El Pueblo remained "periódico secundario dentro del panorama periodístico" Checa Godoy 2016, p. 70 with circulation of some 1,500 copies. Checa Godoy 2016, p. 126 Periodically Ureña acted as the director, e.g. in 1907 he was noted as "ex-director", El Pueblo Católico 07.06.07, p. 3, but is known to have assumed the again post later, e.g. for 1928 see Don Lope de Sosa December 1928, p. 369 yet the holders of this role changed frequently. in 1898 it was José de Gregorio y Tejada, in 1905-1907 Fernando Fernández Morales, in 1907-1909 José Valladar Serrano and in 1909 Clemente Santamarina Muñoz, Checa Godoy 2016, pp. 101, 126 Despite this, the daily remained on the market and in 1917 celebrated its 25th anniversary, proud to "be faithful to the line set in 1893"."sigue fiel a la línea iniciada en 1893", quoted after Checa Godoy 2016, p. 126

Commercially things took the turn for the better in the late 1910s, when El Pueblo "acquired solid stand";"poco a poco adquiriendo solidez", Checa Godoy 2016, p. 70 at the time Ureña was its sole owner and again its director. Don Lope de Sosa December 1928, p. 369 In the mid-1920s the daily was selling in 3,000 copies Matés Barco 1992, p. 100 and employed 24 people;including editorial staff, workers in own printing facilities, and other employees, Checa Godoy 2016, p. 182 it also grew in size from 4 to 6 pages. At the time it already "dominated the informative panorama" of Jaén"domina el panorama informativo del período, y desde luego el de los diarios", Checa Godoy 2016, p. 182 and during long spells it was the only daily published in the provincial capital, at the time the 35,000-people city. Checa Godoy 2016, p. 181 The 1920s was also the period when El Pueblo - and, by this token, also Ureña - exercised the greatest influence in the province. Politically the daily retained its Integrist "increíble reaccionarismo" and lambasted the Primo dictatorship as "liberalism in disguise"; Checa Godoy 2016, p. 182 however, there were no repressive measures undertaken by the regime.

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Things changed in 1931, following the advent of the Republic."su oposición a la República (1931) le ocasionó serios problemas (suspensión temporal, multas...)", Valladares Reguero 2012, p. 249 Already in May El Pueblo was suspended for criticism of Fernando de los Ríos; one author claims that Ureña suspended the daily himself fearing assault, Agudín Menéndez 2023, p. 231 another suspension came in August 1932, after the Sanjurjada. Ureña did not step back; scholars note that El Pueblo "adhered to grandiloquent tone, convinced of its exclusive ownership of truth", adopted messianic and apocalyptic features, pursued "dogmatismo a ultranza" and constantly recycled phrases about "Catholic ranks", "crusade of the lay", "sursum corda y adelante" and "Soviet tyranny"."adquiere un tono grandilocuente, convencido de su exclusiva verdad, que en ocasiones deriva hacia el mesianismo, adoptando tintes apocalípticos, muy propios del momento. Monótonos, reiterativos adoptando como única argumentación el dogmatismo a ultranza, o recurriendo con asiduidad a la interpretación histórica para fundamentar sus respectivas ideas. Sus palabras más utilizadas alternan la significación religiosa y la beligerante", Matés Barco 1992, p. 101 In 1932 appearance of the conservative La Mañana added to Ureña's problems, aggravated by constant conflicts with the UGT-unioned print workers. Checa Godoy 2016, p. 205 Eventually, in 1932 he sold El Pueblo to Bernardo Ruiz Cano, yet after 40 years it disappeared from the market in 1933. In 1935 the Carlist publishing house tried to resume publication, but in 1935 they settled for a new daily, Eco de Jaén; according to some sources, Ureña co-operated with the daily, managed by Melchor Ferrer.Roberto Gómez Bastida, El Círculo de El Madroño: Literatos tradicionalistas del Santo Reino de Jaén (II), [in:] La Esperanza service 03.10.22, available [https://periodicolaesperanza.com/archivos/14381 here]

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In the late 1890s Ureña was exchanging correspondence with Marcelino Menendez Pelayo, seeking his opinion and advice on own poetry and translations,unfortunately only Ureña's letters have survived, and it is not known what Menendez Pelayo though about his literary production, Manuel Fernández Espinosa, Tres cartas de D. Francisco de Paula Ureña Navas a D. Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo, [in:] El Blog de Cassia service 15.07.14, available [http://elblogdecassia.blogspot.com/2014/07/cartas-de-un-tosiriano-don-marcelino.html here] but none of his works from this period is known. El Pueblo printed numerous poems and some might be of his authorship, though published under pen-names see e.g. a religious poem Acto de amor, dedicated to Virgin Mary and published in El Pueblo of December 8, 1893, p. 5; it was signed "U." (some of his contributions are signed "F. de P. U.", compare El Pueblo Catolico 07.03.98). The only pieces identified are literary reviews in El Ideal Conservador, see El Ideal Conservador 24.06.98, p. 22 However, his works were present in the Integrist space, as in 1899 José Lamamie de Clairac recited Ureña's poetry in Salamanca. La Semana Catolica de Salamanca 13.05.99, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=7155869&posicion=15&presentacion=pagina here] In 1904 he won juegos florales in Seville El Diario 20.04.04, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=5029545&posicion=3&presentacion=pagina here] and the same year his poem was read at Asamblea de Buena Prensa in Madrid. La Cruz 05.06.04, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=3043478&posicion=1&presentacion=pagina here] Though at the time his only published works were rhymes scattered across local Catholic periodicals, compare e.g. Don Lope de Sosa 30.06.15, p. 6 in the early 1910s some referred to Ureña as "el distinguido literato" Don Lope de Sosa 30.09.14, p. 32 and in 1911 his poems were included in anthology, prepared by Alfredo Cazabán Laguna. Alfredo Cazabán Laguna (ed.), Poetas y poesías (Florilegio), Granada 1911; another anthology was Enrique Vázquez de Aldana, Mil cuarenta y tres poetas españoles en 1.043 sonetos (in manuscript) In 1915 he again won juegos florales, this time in Jaén; El Liberal (Ubeda) 29.05.15, p. 3 in the late 1910s Ureña prologued literary works of other Jaén-based writers. see Manuel Mozas Mesa, El heroísmo de Elena (Jaén 1916), and Luis Carpio Moraga, Alma española. Poesías (Madrid 1918)

The first volume Ureña published was a religious drama Por fuerza del amor (Madrid 1920). full title Por fuerza del amor. Drama en tres actos y en verso (Madrid 1920). There is no confirmation that it has ever been staged Then came a collection of poetry Hojas y flores (Madrid 1921), prologued by Francisco Rodríguez Marín. Francisco de Paula Ureña, Hojas y flores. Rimas diversas, Madrid 1921

The first went unnoticed, the second was acknowledged by few Madrid titles. ABC 25.12.21, El Universo 14.07.22, Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos 4/1922, Literatura Hispano-Americana 7/1922 Reviews were rather positive; one critic underlined harmony, "recia inspiración y puro casticismo" and humble but noble tone, opinion of Adolfo Chercoles Vico, Literatura hispano-americana 107 (1922), available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=0db15408-43c9-4e54-8395-565de39deba2&page=2 here] another one stressed freshness and delicate elegance, opinion of R.G.D., El Universo 14.07.22, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=85ef5090-0f30-41ab-8454-19e8b8e62984&page=2 here] and one more saw smooth rhyme, serene tone, delicacy and color. Luis Carpio Moraga, Poetas ilustres. Francisco de P. Ureña, [in:] Don Lope de Sosa 112/4 (1922), pp. 99- 106 However, there was no follow up; since then Ureña presented his poetry only in local Don Lope de Sosa 112/4 (1922) and national periodicals La Prensa 15.05.23, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=ba0a9956-28b8-4374-87c5-0126d62bd6bb&page=2 here] or during cultural events, e.g. during a 1923 fiesta literaria in Seville, where every Andalusian province was represented by one poet; he stood for Jaén. Alvaro Romero, La poesía andaluza contra el independentismo catalán, [in:] El Correo de Andalucia service 08.10.23, available [https://www.elcorreoweb.es/cultura/2023/10/08/poesia-andaluza-independentismo-catalan-104413950.html here]

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Though a poet himself, Ureña is also known as the moving spirit behind a circle of local poets, who met at literary evenings in his rural residence and after its name became informally known as grupo literario El Madroño. details in Fernández Espinosa 2008 Ureña emerged as their leader and sort of a mentor,Manuel Fernández Espinosa, La doctrina tradicionalista de la expiación, [in:] MovimientoRaigambre service 27.11.13, available [http://movimientoraigambre.blogspot.com/2013/11/luis-carpio-moraga-poeta-de-la.html here] especially that most personal friends rather than members of "El Madroño" were Eugenio Molina Ramírez de Aguilera (1856-1927) and Ildefonso Vargas López (1870-1947) were much younger: Luis Carpio Moraga (b. 1884), Francisco Blanco Nájera (b. 1889), Vicente Montuno Morente (b. 1898), Manuel Mozas Mesa (b. 1898) and Bernardo Ruiz Cano (b. 1909). Manuel Fernández Espinosa, El descubrimiento de Francisco de Paula Ureña Navas, [in:] Blog de Cassia service 21.10.09, available [http://elblogdecassia.blogspot.com/2009/10/el-descubrimiento-de-francisco-de-paula.html here], also Gómez Bastida 2022 He prologued some of their publications. Ureña Navas wrote prologues to their poetic volumes published, see Manuel Mozas Mesa, El heroísmo de Elena (Jaén 1916), Luis Carpio Moraga, Alma española. Poesías (Madrid 1918), Luis Carpio Moraga, La fuerza del amor (Jaén 1922), Eugenio Molinar R. de Aguilera, Horas de luz (Jaén 1925), and to novels: Ildefonso Varga López, Los sobrinos del beneficiado (Jaén 1924), Eufrasio Alcázar Anguita, La Senda de los Huertos (Jaén 1925) It is due to his own production and influence on others - especially that some would emerge as notable figures in the world of Spanish literature - that Ureña is dubbed "un nombre importante en el panorama poético [of Jaén] del primer tercio del siglo XX". Damaso Chicharro Chamorro, Panorama literario giennense, 1900-1960, [in:] Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses 204 (2011), p. 198

Ureña's poetry did not make it to history of Spanish literature and he is absent in all literary encyclopedias or dictionaries, also these with poetry dealing of Jaén, compare Alfonso Sancho Sáez, Ma. Isabel Sancho Rodríguez, María Isabel Sancho Rodríguez, Poesía giennense del siglo XIX, Jaen 1991, ISBN 9788486843434 except these dedicated to Andalusia Enciclopedia General de Andalucía, vol. XV, Málaga 2004, ISBN 9788496337008, p. 6985, Gran Enciclopedia de Andalucía, vol. VII, Sevilla 1979, ISBN 8485622006, p. 3176 or Jaén; Aurelio Valladares Reguero, Diccionario biográfico de la Provincia de Jaén, Ubeda 2012, vol. IV, pp. 361-363, Enciclopedia General de Jaén, vol. VIII, Jaén 2008, ISBN 9788496337671, p. 2083 he earned one monographic article Fernández Espinosa 2008 and might be mentioned en passant in broader works. Buendía López 1989, p. 1319 His poetry - and to some extent also this of the "El Madroño" - is described as deliberately anti-modern, as they remained "enemigos encarnizados del modernismo" who "pugnaban pacifícamente" against new styles and motives. He remained on purpose and against all odds traditional; saturation with patriotic, apart from hailing glorious Spanish deeds from the past, Ureña cultivated also traditional enmity towards the British, compare e.g. his ode Al Pueblo böer historic and especially Catholic threads was intended as counter-proposal to "modelos modernos" of literature. Fernández Espinosa 2009

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Across decades Ureña remained active animating various cultural events, organizations, and institutions in Jaén. The first such case was recorded in 1894, when he co-organized a workers' pilgrimage to Rome; he would later issue recollections from Italy in the last volume he published, Recuerdos de Roma (1925); it was printed by his daily El Pueblo Catolico. Fernández Espinosa 2018. The front page bears a note "nueva edicion", which suggests that the volume was first printed earlier Similar social flavor marked his activity in Sociedad católico-literaria de Amigos de los pobres in Torredonjimeno, operational in the mid-1890s. El Siglo Futuro 10.02.93, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=0ac9dd5d-ab90-4318-85e2-8f95126df38c here] At the turn of centuries he co-managed Ateneo Escolar Científico y Literario in Jaén; María Isabel Sancho Rodríguez, La enseñanza, el 98 y Jaén, [in:] Senda de los Huertos 47-48 (1997), p. 277 unlike most Ateneos in Spain, which propagated the liberal blueprint, Francisco Villacorta Baños, Los ateneos liberales. Política, cultura y sociabilidad intelectual, [in:] Hispania: Revista española de historia 63/214 (2003), pp. 415-442 this one remained zealously Catholic. In the 1910s and 1920s he took part in events organized by local Catholic organizations, like Juventud Católica. El Guadalquivir [Andujar] 28.04.28, p. 2 Ureña was noted as "asiduo colaborador" of the Jaén cultural magazine, Don Lope de Sosa. Also, in the 1920s he co-launched two more periodicals, La Provincia in Úbeda Valladares Reguero 2012, p. 362 and El Eco Marteño in Martos, Valladares Reguero 2012, p. 361 though both proved short-lived. Checa Godoy 2016, p. 195 Ureña's activities nationwide were usually related to so-called buena prensa, the association of Catholic newspapers and periodicals promoted by the hierarchy and aimed against the liberal press. In 1924 and as socio protectorwhich suggests that Ureña donated large sums of money, El Defensor de Cordoba 16.05.24, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=5012635&posicion=1&presentacion=pagina here] he took part in Asamblea de Prensa Católica in Toledo. Patria [Jaén] 05.01.29 He became a member-correspondent of the Real Academia Española de la Lengua,Ureña (Francisco de Paula) entry, [in:] Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana, vol. LXV, Madrid 1929. pp. 1418-1419 yet neither the entry date nor the work which gained him entry are known; it might have been related to his loose translations of ancient authors (e.g. Horace) from Latin.compare his correspondence with Menendez Pelayo, Carta de Francisco de P. Urena a Marcelino Menendez Pelayo, [in:] Cervantes Virtual service, available [https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/carta-de-francisco-de-paula-urena-a-marcelino-menendez-pelayo-1-diciembre-1899-823173/html/ here]

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Since the early 20th century Ureña was listed among "mayores contribuyentes", major taxpayers, in Martos; Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 27.02.06, p. 4 in 1909 he became a lay judge in Partido Judicial de Martos. Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 23.11.09, p. 4 Since the 1910s as a lawyer he kept performing various clerk jobs in the Martos ayuntamiento, e.g. he managed tenders, compare Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 12.11.12, p. 3 including also in juridical proceedings; Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 15.01.14, p. 3 such cases are recorded throughout the 1920s. Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 24.05.27, p. 3 Since the early 1910s and on the on-and-off basis he served also as councilor in the Martos town hall. Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 22.11.13, p. 4 In 1923 he was nominated hijo adoptivo of Jaén, the honor conferred upon him during a ceremony in the El Madroño estate. Don Lope de Sosa 126 (1923), p. 191 it would soon turn into Ureña's only residence, as in 1927 he sold his house in Jaén, purchased by the council to be turned into a post office. Patría [Jaén], 30.07.27, p. 6 In 1927 Ureña was nominated president of the Jaén provincial Tribunal Tutelar para Niños, Patria [Jaén], 17.11.27, p. 2 a corrective institution for juvenile offenders set up by Ministerio de Gracia y Justicia, and in this role he was recorded until the fall of the dictatorship. El Magisterio Español 19.07.29, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1000301183&posicion=2&presentacion=pagina here] Apart from having been noted on societé columns, see Ecos de sociedad, [in:] Patria 11.01.27 in the local press he was also mentioned as active co-organizing homages to locally recognized personalities, e.g. the one to Saturnino Sánchez de la Nieta, a longtime dean of the Jaén cathedral, Patria [Jaén] 20.10.27, p. 2 assuming various minor official jobs in the ayuntamiento, Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 13.12.30, p. 17 or performing auxiliary juridical roles during dictablanda in 1930. Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 09.08.30, p. 20 During local elections of April 1931, which eventually triggered collapse of the monarchy and the advent of the Republic, he fielded his candidature but failed to renew his self-government ticket.Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 30.04.31, p. 4. One newspaper would later refer to him as "ex concejal cedista", see El Diario de Avila 23.07.36, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=655730&posicion=1&presentacion=pagina here]. However, none of the sources consulted claims that he was a councillor during the Republic, while before 1931 CEDA did not exist. Also, it is not clear whether the reference is to him or to his son, also Francisco Ureña

File:Francisco Urena Navas.jpg

Ureña's ascendants were Carlists, by no means unusual following among peasant population in Torredonjimeno;"pertenecía a una de las muchas familias carlistas de Torredonjimeno", Fernández Espinosa 2009. Torredonjimeno was the native town of Miguel Gómez Damas, one of Carlist generals during the First Carlist War and commander of the 1836 raid, which ended at the gates of Madrid Francisco inherited Traditionalist outlook. It is unclear whether during the 1888 breakup, which produced emergence of the Integrists, it was his father or the 17-year-old Ureña he opted for the breakaways; in Torredonjimeno their leader was Juan Montijano Molina. Angel Aponte Marin, Un sector de las derechas giennenses a finales del siglo XIX: Emilio Mariscal y el integrismo, [in:] Senda de los Huertos 69-70 (2010), p. 159 In the 1890s Ureña was signing open letters, published in the chief Integrist daily El Siglo Futuro,e.g. protesting Lutheran facilities in the Cortes building, see El Siglo Futuro 10.02.93, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=0ac9dd5d-ab90-4318-85e2-8f95126df38c here] and El Pueblo Católico adhered to most strict Integrist line. Checa Godoy 2016, p. 210 At the time local Jaén Integrists and Carlists were bitter enemies; the latter complained that their daily, El Norte, failed due to "conspiración íntegro-conservadora"."una conspiración íntegro-conservadora, ha dejado de publicarse en Jaén el interesante periódico El Norte Andaluz, que ha venido prestando valiosos servicios a la causa católica", quoted after Checa Godoy 2016, p. 70; this was the claim raised by owner of the competitive, Carlist periodical, Lorenzo Sáenz y Fernández Cortina Later during the decade he used to take part in rallies hailing the Integrist leader Ramón Nocedal, e.g. in 1899 in Seville, El Noticiero Sevillano 22.04.99, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=385609&posicion=3&presentacion=pagina here] yet none of the sources consulted provides information on him holding formal roles in Integrist party structures, be it in Jaén or Andalusia. Seldom his poems appeared in El Siglo Futuro. El Siglo Futuro 17.05.23, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=464f1d4b-d62c-43d8-b10a-a33405b8d7a7&page=2 here]

Following the end of liberal democracy and institutionalization of the Primo dictatorship Ureña retained low political profile. In the mid- and late 1920s he was at times mentioned by the primoderiverista bulletin Patria, issued in Jaén; he featured as engaged in various initiatives of Unión Patriótica, yet there is no confirmation he joined either UP or Somatén himself. Though Integrism remained mostly accidentalist, he demonstrated some monarchist sympathies.e.g. when in 1929 he joined Junta Provincial of a committee, formed to build a monument to the late queen Maria Cristina, Patria [Jaén] 16.03.29, p. 1 In 1930 he represented the province of Jaén in nationwide Integrist structures, re-born after the fall of Primo.together with Servando Cuadra and Vicente Motuno, El Siglo Futuro 20.03.30, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/viewer?oid=0000468968 here] Shortly before collapse of the monarchy, in April 1931, he appeared at public rallies of Acción Católica, La Ciudad 04.04.31, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=6021288&posicion=1&presentacion=pagina here] yet it is not clear whether in local elections he ran for the ayuntamiento on the list of AC or this of any other organization.

File:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg

In 1931-1932 and following 44 years of secession (1888-1932), the Integrists re-united with Carlism in the mainstream Traditionalist organization, Comunión Tradicionalista. At the time Ureña was just selling El Pueblo Católico and the daily did not have the chance to speak either for or against the merger. In 1933 he was assaulted when driving a car from Jaén to El Madroño; the stone hit him in the face and he had to undergo medical treatment; initially papers speculated that it was a non-political case of vandalism, but later it was taken as a mark of growing social tension in Martos. Las Provincias 17.10.33, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1000319117&posicion=9&presentacion=pagina here], El Siglo Futuro 14.11.33, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=b21c6ebd-d2a0-4abe-83a4-f112fcf6ba0a&page=3 here] In 1934 he was already aligned within the Carlist framework, e.g. he took part in religious service in Madrid held for the soul of Marcelino Oreja, the Carlist killed during the October 1934 revolution. El Siglo Futuro 09.10.34, available [https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=161c3c32-9859-43ae-9863-4bc390302cc3 here] In 1935 he represented the Carlists in Bloque Nacional, a monarchist alliance, and presided over its provincial Junta Directiva in Jaén, with Melchor Ferrer another Carlist member of the body. El Debate 16.06.35, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=2001060746&presentacion=pagina&posicion=2 here] It is not clear why he was in Madrid during the July coup of 1936;on July 23, 1936 the Avila newspaper, at the time controlled by the rebels, published a brief note that "Francisco Urena" was wounded in a knife assault in Torredonjimeno, see El Diario de Avila 23.07.36, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=655730&posicion=1&presentacion=pagina here]. The note is puzzling, as it is believed that at the time Ureña was in Madrid, and likewise his son, also "Francisco Ureña" he was made to dig his own grave before declaring ¡Viva Cristo Rey! when shot together with his son. Fernández Espinosa 2009 His estate was expropriated few weeks later.namely on September 16, 1936, Francisco Cobo Romero, La guerra civil y la represión franquista en la provincia de Jaén (1936-1950), Jaén 2009, ISBN 9788487115219, p. 173. One source claims that after the war it was purchased by the Rojas Montes family, Francisco Canales, El Cortijo El Madroño de Martos como momento clave en mi genealogía, [in:] Un rincón muy Canalístico service 17.10.14, available [http://kanalakgranatensis.blogspot.com/2014/10/el-cortijo-el-madrono-de-martos-como.html here]. In 1944 a "fábrica de aceite de orujo" was re-opened in El Madroño by Manuel Rojas González, Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Jaén 23.03.44, p. 4. Now the estate is offering rental of premises for private or social events, but it also hosts Museo de Aceite Cortijo El Madroño; in history section it contains some information on Ureña Navas, compare Museo del Aceite, [in:] Cortijo El Madroño service, available [https://www.cortijoelmadrono.es/index.php/museo-y-almazara here]

• Integrism
• Traditionalism
• Carlism
• Carlism in literature

{{Reflist|3}}

• Antonio Checa Godoy, Historia de la prensa en Jaén. 1808-2012, Jaén 2016
• Manuel Fernández Espinosa, La poesía en Jaén: D. Francisco de Paula Navas y el grupo literario ‘El Madroño’, [in:] Giennium 11 (2008), pp. 169-210
• Luis Gómez López, Manuel Fernández Espinosa, Vidas de la Ibérica Tosiria. Personajes de Torredonjimeno que hicieron historia, Torredonjimeno 2007, pp. 79-80
• Juan Manuel Matés Barco, Las empresas periodísticas durante la II República: el discurso polítivo y económico de tradicionalismo giennense, [in:] Boletin del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses 145 (1992), pp. 77-105
• Aurelio Valladares Reguero, Diccionario biográfico de la Provincia de Jaén, vol. IV, Ubeda 2012, pp. 361-363

• [https://www.dipujaen.es/hemerotecadigital/catalogo El Pueblo Catolico at local Jaen hemeroteca]
• [https://www.google.com/maps/@37.7385979,-4.0612861,3a,73.9y,321.47h,88.13t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1scO5Yl5zIaxPLTp_h1lWXqw!2e0!6shttps:%2F%2Fstreetviewpixels-pa.googleapis.com%2Fv1%2Fthumbnail%3Fcb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile%26w%3D900%26h%3D600%26pitch%3D1.8721540436391564%26panoid%3DcO5Yl5zIaxPLTp_h1lWXqw%26yaw%3D321.46745739646764!7i16384!8i8192?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIxMS4wIKXMDSoJLDEwMjExNDUzSAFQAw%3D%3D "El Madroño" estate today at GoogleMaps service]
• [http://desdemicampanario.es/2018/08/25/un-intelectual-catolico-asesinado-en-1936-francisco-de-paula-urena-navas/ private blog entry on Ureña Navas]
• [https://www.cortijoelmadrono.es/ commercial site of what is now El Madroño]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhK1ER3B4Hg Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ureña Navas, Francisco}}

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