Franco–Algerian war (1681–1688)

King Louis XIV sought to have the French flag respected in the Mediterranean, to preserve the economic advantages already obtained, and to play the role of "Most Christian King" ({{lang|la|Rex Christianissimus}}) against Islamic powers, while seeing to the maintaining the French alliance with the Sublime Porte.{{harvsp|Kaddache|2003|p=416}} France tried to settle the question of the Bastion, and the Spaniards of Oran tried to occupy Tlemcen and the English fleet threatened Algiers. But Algiers did not yield to these intimidations: any concession was refused to the French, the Spaniards were pushed pack to Oran in 1675, and the raïs dispersed the English ships which in 1678 threatened the city of Algiers.{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Godfrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SFPQwAACAAJ |title=Barbary Legend; War, Trade, and Piracy in North Africa, 1415-1830 |date=1957 |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=230–239}}

In October 1680, Barbary pirates captured a number of French vessels, without declaration of war,{{cite book|author=Eugène Sue|title=Histoire de la marine française: XVIIe siècle - Jean Bart|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FB-kNP6cfMkC|year=1836|publisher=F. Bonnaire|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FB-kNP6cfMkC/page/n148 145]–151}} and took the captains and crews to Algiers as slaves. On 18 October the Dey of Algiers, Baba-Hassan, officially declared war on Louis XIV{{cite book|author=Roland Courtinat|title=La piraterie barbaresque en Méditerranée: XVI-XIXe siècle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcLOZOCHf4YC&pg=PA60|year=2003|publisher=SERRE EDITEUR|isbn=978-2-906431-65-2|pages=60–}} and on 23 October, he announced the commencement to hostilities to the French consul, Jean Le Vacher.{{cite book|author=Henri Jean François Edmond Pellisier de Reynaud|title=Mémoires historiques et géographiques sur l'Algérie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBIoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA274|year=1844|publisher=Imprimerie royale|pages=274}} At the same time, he also ordered twelve warships to sea. Learning of this, Louis XIV ordered his ministers to prepare a punitive expedition.

{{Main|Bombardment of Algiers (1682)}}

File:Bombardement d alger par les francais en 1682.JPG

In 1677, following an explosion in Algiers and several attempts on his life, Dey Mohammed Trik escaped to Tripoli, leaving Algiers to Baba Hassan.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rARFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA139 |title=Leaves from a Lady's Diary of Her Travels in Barbary |publisher=H. Colburn |year=1850 |pages=139–}} Just one years into his rule he was already at war with one of the most powerful countries in Europe, the Kingdom of France. In 1682 France bombarded Algiers for the first time.{{Cite book |last=Eugène Sue |url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FB-kNP6cfMkC |title=Histoire de la marine française XVIIe siècle Jean Bart |date=1836 |publisher=F. Bonnaire |others=Lyon Public Library |language=French}} The outcome of the operation is difficult to assess. Around 500 Algerians were killed, and fifty buildings demolished.{{cite book|author=Joseph Wheelan|title=Jefferson's War: America's First War on Terror 1801-1805|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5U5DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|date=21 September 2004|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-0-7867-4020-8|pages=41}} The French fleet succeeded in inflicting serious damage on the port and city of Algiers, without suffering any major losses itself, and it forced the Dey to sue for peace. However Duquesne's mission had been to secure Dey's complete submission, which time and the weather had not permitted. When Louis XIV learned on 11 October that the mission had not achieved its aim, he made his displeasure clear. He nevertheless realised the overwhelming effect that relatively few bombs - some 280 - had had on the city. During the French bombardments which followed, in 1683, 1684 and 1688, Duquesne and then Tourville, would force the Dey to free all the Christians he held in slavery, but they did not succeed in ending the corsair war waged by the Regency of Algiers against European merchant vessels in the Mediterranean.

The Jews of Marseilles were suspected of passing warnings to their co-religionists in Algiers about the impending French assault, and this led to their being temporarily expelled from the city.{{cite book|author=Gillian Weiss|title=Captives and Corsairs: France and Slavery in the Early Modern Mediterranean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jHD5oQDtJgC&pg=PT89|date=11 March 2011|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-7784-1|pages=89}}

The next year, Duquesne sailed again to bombard Algiers for the second time.{{cite book|author1=Eliakim Littell|author2=Robert S. Littell|title=Living Age ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6cxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65|year=1854|publisher=Littell, Son and Company|pages=65}}

{{Main|Bombardment of Algiers (1683)}}

File:Bombardement d'Alger en 1683 par la flotte française.jpg

The bombardment began on the night of 26–27 June, and two hundred and twenty two bombs, launched in less than twenty four hours, started fires in Algiers and prompted general disorder as well as killing around 300 Algerians. Hassan Dey intended to resist nonetheless, but the population urged him to sue for peace. Duquesne agreed to a truce on condition that all Christian slaves were delivered to him. When the truce expired, Hassan Dey asked for, and received, an extension. Duquesne meanwhile set out his terms for agreeing a peace:

• freeing all Christian slaves
• an indemnity equal to the value of all the goods seized from France by pirates
• a solemn embassy to be sent to Louis XIV to ask his forgiveness for the hostile acts committed against his navy.

These terms resolved the Dey to continue resistance.{{cite web |url=http://www.vallee-du-ciron.com/Documents/Ouvrages/Michelant/1683.Alger.htm|title=Bombardement d'Alger par Duquesne|last=Michelant |first=L. |website=Faits mémorables de l'histoire de France |access-date=21 April 2018 }}

File:Supplice du consul de france pere levacher.JPG

Before a peace treaty could be signed though, Baba Hassan was deposed and killed by a Raïs called Mezzo Morto Hüseyin.{{cite book |author1=Robert Lambert Playfair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA142 |title=The Scourge of Christendom: Annals of British Relations with Algiers Prior to the French Conquest |author2=Sir Robert Lambert Playfair |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |year=1884 |pages=142–}} Continuing the war against France, the bombardments resumed, killing many victims. Mezzomorto threatened, if the firing did not cease, to put the Christian captives at the mouths of the cannons, still the bombardments continued. So he carried out his threats.{{cite book |last1=France |first1=Ministère de la marine et des colonies |title=Revue maritime et coloniale / Ministère de la marine et des colonies |date=1861–1896 |publisher=Librairie de L. Hachette |location=Paris |page=663}}

• {{Harvsp|Panzac|2005|p=33}}

One of the Algerian commanders, Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha, then seized command and denounced the cowardice of the Dey, for agreeing to treat with the French. He had him put to death and was acclaimed as his successor by the janissaries. Before long a red flag, raised from the heights of the Casbah, announced to Duquesne that combat was resumed.{{cite web |url=http://www.vallee-du-ciron.com/Documents/Ouvrages/Michelant/1683.Alger.htm|title=Bombardement d'Alger par Duquesne|last=Michelant |first=L. |website=Faits mémorables de l'histoire de France |access-date=21 April 2018 }} The Algerians replied to the bombs hurled at their city by tying the French consul, Jean Le Vacher, to the mouth of a cannon.{{cite book|author=Daniel Panzac|title=The Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800-1820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dyeFP5Hyc4C&pg=PA33|year=2005|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-12594-9|pages=33}} On 28 July pieces of his shattered limbs fell on the decks of the French vessels, along with those of other French prisoners blown to pieces.{{cite book|author=Clement Melchior Justin Maxime Fourcheux de Montrond|title=Les marins les plus celebres. Par ---. 5. ed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSxniTA01v0C&pg=PA55|year=1860|publisher=Lefort|pages=55}}

Despite the fierce resistance of the Algerians, the city was engulfed by an enormous fire which consumed palaces, mosques, and many other buildings across the city; the wounded could not find any refuge; and ammunition ran low. Algiers would have been reduced to ruins had not Duquesne himself run out of missiles. The bombardment ended on 29 July.

File:Tourville visitant Duquesne lors du bombardement d'Alger en 1683.jpg

The pride of the Algerian pirates was crushed, and as the French fleet returned to France, Algiers sent an embassy under Djiafar-Aga-Effendi to ask forgiveness of Louis XIV, for the injuries and cruelty that the corsairs had inflicted on France.{{cite book|author=Alan G. Jamieson|title=Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DlMqY9OQXAC&pg=PA134|date=15 February 2013|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-946-0|pages=134}}{{cite web |url=http://www.vallee-du-ciron.com/Documents/Ouvrages/Michelant/1683.Alger.htm|title=Bombardement d'Alger par Duquesne|last=Michelant |first=L. |website=Faits mémorables de l'histoire de France |access-date=21 April 2018 }}

The new Dey, Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha agreed to free another 546 captives,{{cite book|author=Paul Eudel|title=L'orf?vrerie alg?rienne et tunisienne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQILAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=1902|publisher=Рипол Классик|isbn=978-5-87318-342-5|pages=35–}}{{cite book|author=Daniel Panzac|title=The Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800-1820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dyeFP5Hyc4C&pg=PA33|year=2005|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-12594-9|pages=33}} but refused to sign a peace agreement with Duquesne, who was then 79 years of age, so Louis XIV sent another envoy, Anne Hilarion de Tourville, to treat with him. A hundred-year peace was agreed, including After almost a month of negotiations, a treaty of "Tourville" was signed in April 1684, it included:{{cite book |last1=France |first1=Ministère de la marine et des colonies |title=Revue maritime et coloniale / Ministère de la marine et des colonies |date=1861–1896 |publisher=Librairie de L. Hachette |location=Paris |page=663}}

• {{Harvsp|Panzac|2005|p=33}}
• Freedom of trade between the two countries,
• Liberation of slaves,
• Respect of the free passage for naval vessels,
• Free exercise of the Christian religion,
• Establishment of lists of products that are negotiable between the two countries,
• Assurance given to the Dey that his ambassador in Paris could ensure compliance with the treaty.

{{Main|Bombardment of Algiers (1688)}}

The agreement was not respected: French corsairs, encouraged by Marseille merchants, again attacked Algerian ships. The Dey retaliated by arresting French nationals and even the consul, without however denouncing the treaty in 1686. The King of France supported the Marseillais.{{harvsp|Kaddache|2003|p=417}}

File:Le bombardement d'Alger en 1688.jpg

In 1688 a military expedition was ordered by Louis XIV against the Regency of Algiers in order to enforce the peace treaty of 1683 which had been violated by Algerian pirates. The squadron, comprising 31 ships and 10 bomb galiots, was commanded by Jean II d'Estrées.{{cite book |last1=Geoffrey Symcox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHpyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |title=The Crisis of French Sea Power, 1688–1697: From the Guerre d'Escadre to the Guerre de Course |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-010-2072-5 |page=74}}{{cite book |last=Kaddache |first=Mahfoud |date=1982 |title=L'Algérie des Algériens |location=Algiers |publisher=Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion |page=417 |isbn=978-9-961-96621-1}}{{cite book|author=Geoffrey Symcox|title=The Crisis of French Sea Power, 1688–1697: From the Guerre d'Escadre to the Guerre de Course|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHpyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-010-2072-5|pages=74}}{{cite book |first=Mouloud |last=Gaïd|title=L'Algérie sous les Turcs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LONyAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Maison tunisienne de l'édition|pages=148|access-date=22 April 2018}}

D'Estrées' squadron arrived at Algiers on 26 June. The bombardment lasted several days, and succeeded in inflicting serious damage on the city. Hadj Mezzomorto killed more than forty Christians by cannon and the French responded by executing Muslim hostages on board. Algerian artillery defences had been strengthened since the previous French expeditions in 1682 and 1683, and so the Algerians sank several French ships.{{Harvsp|Gaïd|2014|p=148}}{{harvsp|Gaïd|1975|p=75}} Faced with determined resistance, the French fleet was obliged to retire after 16 days.{{cite book |author=Jörg Manfred Mössner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCDpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=Die Völkerrechtspersönlichkeit und die Völkerrechtspraxis der Barbareskenstaaten: (Algier, Tripolis, Tunis 1518-1830) |date=10 October 2013 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-169567-9 |pages=15}} Mezzo Morto retaliated by attackin the French coast and shipping.{{cite web | last=Babinger | first=Fr. | title=Mezzomorto | website=Brill | date=24 Apr 2012 | url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/mezzomorto-SIM_4656 | access-date=20 Jan 2022}}{{cite book|author=Phillip C. Naylor|title=Historical Dictionary of Algeria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akGIpgEV-D4C&pg=PA279|year=2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6480-1|pages=279}}

By the end of 1688, the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman II, at the request of the King of France, sent a new pasha to Algiers. But the Dey felt so strong that he did not allow a delegate from Istanbul to land in Algiers. This show of force prompted the janissaries who were fearing for their influence to depose him and force him to flee. They choose Hadj-Chaban as his successor.{{cite book|author=Jörg Manfred Mössner|title=Die Völkerrechtspersönlichkeit und die Völkerrechtspraxis der Barbareskenstaaten: (Algier, Tripolis, Tunis 1518-1830)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCDpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|date=10 October 2013|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-169567-9|pages=15}} The new Dey sent a plenipotentiary to Versailles; Stadtholder of the United Provinces William of Orange who was Louis XIV's most bitter personal enemy. Having become William III of England, immediately aroused a general coalition in Europe against the Sun King. The latter was then reduced to putting an end to the disputes which then opposed him to Pope Alexander VIII as well as to the Dey of Algiers.{{cite book |last1=EUGÈNE PLANTET |url=https://www.cnplet.dz/images/bibliotheque/Autres/Correspondance-des-Deys-d-Alger-avec-la-Cour-de-France-Tome-1.pdf |title=CORRESPONDANCE DES DEYS D'ALGER AVEC LA COUR DE FRANCE 1579 — 1833(CORRESPONDENCE OF THE DEYS OF ALGIERS WITH THE COURT OF FRANCE 1579 — 1833) |date=1889 |publisher=RECUEILLIE DANS LES DÉPÔTS D’ARCHIVES DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES, DE LA MARINE, DES COLONIES ET DE LA CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE DE MARSEILLE |location=Paris |pages=XXI}} Relations with France, which were restored in 1688, improved, especially after the Dey had sent the ambassador Mohammed-el-Amine to France. On 24 September 1689, a treaty was signed in Algiers.

• Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628)

{{reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last=Gaïd |first=Mouloud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4HEzgEACAAJ |title=L'Algérie sous les Turcs [Algeria under the Turks] |publisher=Mimouni |year=2014 |orig-date=1975 |isbn=978-9961-68-157-2 |language=Fr}}
• {{cite book | last=Kaddache | first=Mahfoud | title=L'Algérie des Algériens de la préhistoire à 1954 | trans-title = Algeria of the Algerians: Prehistory to 1954 | date=2003 | publisher=Paris-Méditerranée |isbn=978-2-84272-166-4 | language=fr}}
• {{Cite book |last=Panzac |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dyeFP5Hyc4C |title=The Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800-1820 |publisher=BRILL |year=2005 |isbn=978-90-04-12594-0 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:French-Algerian War 1681-1688}}

Category:Algeria–France military relations

Category:17th century in the Regency of Algiers

Category:Janissaries

Category:Wars involving the Regency of Algiers

Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of France (987–1792)

Category:Conflicts in 1681

Category:1680s in the French colonial empire

Category:17th-century military history of France

Category:Military history of the Mediterranean