Frank Hawthorne

Frank C. Hawthorne was born in Bristol, England, on 8 January 1946, to Audrey Patricia (née Miles) and Frank Hawthorne, and went to Begbrook Primary School (now Begbrook Primary Academy) and Bishop Road Primary School, Bristol. In 1956, he moved to Maidenhead, Berkshire, and went to Maidenhead County Boys School (later Maidenhead Grammar School, now Desborough College) where he focused on Mathematics, Physics and Geography, played rugby, hockey, cricket, and did athletics (track and field). He was captured by Physical Geography and at the age of 15, decided to become a geologist. He played rugby for Thames Valley (later Maidenhead) Rugby Club and cricket for the village of Cookham Dean. From late 1962 onward, he was exposed to early English rock-and-roll at pubs and clubs on the periphery of London and became a lifelong enthusiast of this form of music. In 1964, he entered Imperial College London to study Pure Geology, play rugby, hockey and cricket, and drink the occasional pint of beer. He became interested in hard-rock geology and his B.Sc. thesis work, 3 months on the island of Elba in the Mediterranean, convinced him that this was a good career choice. He graduated in 1968 and went to McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, to do a Ph.D. under the supervision of the crystallographer H. Douglas Grundy. Doug Grundy have him an amphibole to "look at", and this look developed into his Ph.D. thesis on the crystal chemistry of the amphiboles. McMaster University has a Materials Research Institute{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=https://brockhouse.mcmaster.ca/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research |language=en-US}} that was situated in the Senior Science Building together with the Departments of Geology, Chemistry and Physics. Everyone took coffee and lunch together in an atmosphere that was scientifically intoxicating for graduate students; all the disciplines mixed together and discussed science every day. The institute gave Hawthorne the opportunity for both hands-on use of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, single-crystal neutron diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy, and for making the acquaintance of prominent scientists. In particular, he met the physicist I. David Brown{{cite journal |last1=Kampf |first1=Anthony R. |last2=Cooper |first2=Mark A. |last3=Rossman |first3=George R. |author-link3=George R. Rossman |last4=Nash |first4=Barbara P. |last5=Hawthorne |first5=Frank C. |last6=Marty |first6=Joe |date=2019-09-03 |title=Davidbrownite-(NH4), (NH4,K)5(V5+O)2(C2O4)[PO2.75(OH)1.25]4·3H2O, a new phosphate-oxalate mineral from the Rowley mine, Arizona, USA |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=869–877 |doi=10.1180/mgm.2019.56 |bibcode=2019MinM...83..869K |s2cid=202917386}} and the chemist R.D. Shannon{{cite journal |last1=Sokolova |first1=E. |last2=Cámara |first2=F. |last3=Abdu |first3=Y.A. |last4=Hawthorne |first4=F.C. |last5=Horváth |first5=L. |last6=Pfenninger-Horváth |first6=E. |date=2018-01-02 |title=Bobshannonite, Na2KBa(Mn,Na)8(Nb,Ti)4(Si2O7)4O4(OH)4(O,F)2, a new titanium-silicate mineral from Mt. Saint-Hilaire, Québec, Canada: Description and crystal structure |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=1791–1811 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2015.079.7.06 |s2cid=101428841|hdl=2318/1564796 |hdl-access=free }} (on sabbatical from DuPont) when they were developing Bond-Valence Theory.{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=I.D. |last2=Shannon |first2=R.D. |date=1973 |title=Empirical bond-strength–bond-length curves from oxides|journal=Acta Crystallographica |volume=29 |issue=A29 |pages=266–282 |doi=10.1107/S0567739473000689 |bibcode=1973AcCrA..29..266B |s2cid=98268015}} This theory went on to play a major role in Hawthorne's work and he became lifelong friends with Brown and Shannon.

Frank Hawthorne graduated with a Ph.D. in 1973 and went on to a post-doctoral position with Professor Robert B. Ferguson in the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada. This was another important step in his development as it exposed him to a wide variety of minerals from granitic pegmatites, particularly through the influence of Petr Černý, and he worked on a wide variety of pegmatite minerals with Černý and Ferguson, returning several times a year to the Materials Research Institute at McMaster University to collect single-crystal X-ray data (at no cost). At the end of his post-doctoral fellowship, he became a Research Associate, operating the electron microprobe and lecturing for other faculty members when they went on sabbatical leave. After seven years of this rather precarious existence, he secured a University Research Fellowship{{cite journal |last=Kavanagh |first=Robert J. |date=1987 |title=The NSERC Program of University Research Fellowships |journal=Canadian Journal of Higher Education |volume=XVII-2 |issue=2 |pages=59–77 |doi=10.47678/cjhe.v17i2.183015 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ363652.pdf}} in 1980, the first year of that program. The Federal Government recognized that there were few academic jobs available in the 1970s and introduced the URF program whereby a recipient received a salary and a modest research grant to act as a faculty member (lecture and do research) for 5 years. If at the end of this time, the URF was hired as a faculty member by the university, the salary was paid in part by the Federal Government over the next 5 years. In 1983, Frank Hawthorne received a Major Equipment Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for a Single-Crystal Diffractometer and began to build his laboratory and have graduate students. At this time, Hawthorne established connections with the Royal Ontario Museum as a source of crystals for minerals of unknown structure, and accompanied staff (Dr. Fred J. Wicks{{cite journal |last1=Sturman |first1=B.D. |last2=Peacor |first2=D.R. |last3=Dunn |first3=P.J. |date=1981-08-01 |title=Wicksite, a new mineral from northeastern Yukon Territory |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=19 |issue=31|pages=377–380 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-abstract/19/3/377/11501/wicksite-a-new-mineral-from-northeastern-yukon |s2cid=132336415}} and Terri Ottaway){{cite web |last=Ottaway |first=Terri |title=Terri Ottaway CV |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/terri-ottaway-4b811619/ |website=LinkedIn}} to the Tucson Gem and Mineral Show where he connected with mineral collectors and dealers who were to become the principal source of crystals for his experimental work.

In 1983, he was invited to give a lecture at the University of Pavia. This began one of the major scientific collaborations of his career with Drs. Roberta Oberti (it),{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Cooper |first2=Mark A. |last3=Grice |first3=Joel D. |author-link3=:de:Joel D. Grice |last4=Ottolini |first4=Luisa |author-link4=Luisa Ottolini |date=2000 |title=A new anhydrous amphibole from the Eifel region, Germany: Description and crystal structure of obertiite, NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti4+)Si8O22O2 |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=236–241 |doi=10.2138/am-2000-0124 |bibcode=2000AmMin..85..236H |s2cid=101423309}} Luciano Ungaretti{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Oberti |first2=Roberta |author-link2=:it:Roberta Oberti |last3=Cannillo |first3=Elio |last4=Sardone |first4=Nicola |last5=Zanetti |first5=Alberto |last6=Grice |first6=Joel D. |author-link6=:de:Joel D. Grice |last7=Ashley |first7=Paul M. |date=1995-02-01 |title=A new anhydrous amphibole from the Hoskins mine, Grenfell, New South Wales, Australia: Description and crystal structure of ungarettiite, NaNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)Si8O22O2 |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=80 |issue=1–21 |pages=65–172 |doi=10.2138/am-1995-1-216 |s2cid=99185906}} and Giuseppi Rossi{{cite journal |last1=Della Ventura |first1=Giancarlo |last2=Parodi |first2=Gian Carlo |last3=Mottana |first3=Annibale |last4=Chaussidon |first4=Marc |date=1993 |title=Peprossiite-(Ce), a new mineral from Campagnano (Italy): the first anhydrous rare-earth-element borate |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1127/ejm/5/1/0053 |bibcode=1993EJMin...5...53V |s2cid=133406414}} on the crystal chemistry of amphiboles, and he has spent ~4 years in Italy working with them on crystal chemistry and with Giancarlo Della Ventura{{cite journal |last1=Tait |first1=Kimberly T. |last2=Hawthorne |first2=Frank C. |last3=Grice |first3=Joel D. |author-link3=:de:Joel D. Grice |last4=Ottolini Luisa |author-link4=Luisa Ottolini |last5=Nayak |first5=V.K. |date=2005 |title=Dellaventuraite, NaNa2(MgMn3+2Ti4+Li)Si8O22O2, a new anhydrous amphibole from the Kajlidongri Manganese Mine, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh, India |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=90 |issue=2–3 |pages=304–309 |doi=10.2138/am.2005.1659 |bibcode=2005AmMin..90..304T |s2cid=97885011}} in Rome on short-range order in amphiboles. In 1985, he went to the University of Chicago for 2 months to work with Joseph V. Smith{{cite journal |last=Wyllie |first=Peter J. |author-link=Peter John Wyllie |date=February 2007 |title=Joseph V. Smith, 1928-2007 |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=113–119 |doi=10.1180/S0026461X00007453 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2007MinM...71..113W |s2cid=131389320}} on the topology of four-connected three-dimensional nets. There he met the theoretical chemist Jeremy Burdett who introduced him to the moments approach to the electronic energy density of solids. This was pivotal for Hawthorne's ideas on structure as it connected the topology of chemical bonds with the energy of the constituent crystals.

In 2001, he was awarded a Tier I Canada Research Chair which relieved him of some of his undergraduate teaching and allowed him to attract another crystallographer, Dr. Elena Sokolova,{{cite journal |last1=Pautov |first1=L.A. |last2=Agakhanov |first2=A.A. |last3=Bekenova |first3=G.K. |date=2006 |title=Sokolovaite CsLi2AlSi4O10F2 - a new mineral species of the mica group |journal=New Data on Minerals |volume=41 |pages=5–13}} to the department, first as a Research Associate and later as a Research Professor. Dr. Sokolova has had a major influence on his ideas concerning crystal structure and also introduced him to the Crystallography-Mineralogy community in Russia. He obtained funding from the Federal Government of Canada to develop a large laboratory: several X-ray diffractometers, polarized infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, bulk- and milli-Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron microprobe and a micro-SIMS for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, and formed a consortium with other local scientists for him and his students to have access to Magic-angle-Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Atomic Force Microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, all of which were used extensively to characterize minerals and geochemical processes.

Traditionally, Mineralogy has been an observational science: Mineralogists describe new minerals, measure the stability fields of known minerals with respect to intensive thermodynamic variables, solve and refine crystal structures, and attempt to develop empirical schemes of organization of this knowledge, and apply these schemes to problems in the Earth and Environmental Sciences. Most minerals are complex (sensu lato) objects from both structural and chemical perspectives. On the one hand, this makes a quantitative theoretical understanding of the factors controlling structure, chemical composition and occurrence difficult to impossible by established theoretical methods in Physics and Chemistry. On the other hand, the more complicated a mineral, for example, veblenite: KNa(H₂O)₃[(Fe₂+5Fe₃+4Mn₂+6Ca_□)(OH)₁₀(Nb₄O₄{Si₂O₇}₂(Si₈O₂₂)₂)O₂],{{cite journal |last1=Cámara |first1=F. |last2=Sokolova |first2=E |last3=Hawthorne |first3=F.C. |last4=Rowe |first4=R. |last5=Grice |first5=J.D. |author-link5=:de:Joel D. Grice |last6=Tait |first6=K.T. (2013) |title=Veblenite, K2_2Na(Fe2+5 Fe3+4 Mn2+7_)Nb3Ti(Si2O7)2 (Si8O22)2O6(OH)10(H2O)3, a new mineral from Seal Lake, Newfoundland and Labrador: mineral description, crystal structure, and a new veblenite (Si8O22) ribbon |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |volume=77 |issue=7 |pages=2955–2974 |hdl=2318/142931 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2013.077.7.06|hdl-access=free }} the more information it contains about its origin and properties. The principal thrust of Hawthorne's work has been to establish the theoretical underpinnings of more rigorous approach to Mineralogy. The patterns of linkage of chemical bonds in space contain significant energetic information that may be used for this purpose. Bond Topology combines aspects of Graph Theory, Bond-Valence Theory, and the moments approach to the electronic-energy density-of-states to interpret topological aspects of crystal structure, and allows consideration of many issues of crystal structure, mineral composition, and mineral behavior that are not addressed by established methods.

Using Graph Theory, the topological characteristics of a bond network may be represented as a weighted chromatic digraph of coordination polyhedra and their connectivities. The elements of the adjacency matrix of this graph form a permutation group that is a subgroup of the symmetric group SN (where N is the number of unique off-diagonal elements of the adjacency matrix), and one may use counting theorems (e.g., Pólya enumeration theorem) to enumerate all edge sets (linkages between polyhedra) that are distinct, thereby counting all distinct local arrangements of coordination polyhedra.{{cite journal |last=Hawthorne |first=Frank C. |date=1983 |title=Graphical enumeration of polyhedral clusters |journal=Acta Crystallographica |volume=A39 |issue=5 |pages=724–736 |doi=10.1107/S0108767383001452 |bibcode=1983AcCrA..39..724H |s2cid=96967197}}{{cite journal |last=Hawthorne |first=Frank C. |date=August 2014 |title=The Structure Hierarchy Hypothesis |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=957–1027 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2014.078.4.13 |bibcode=2014MinM...78..957H |s2cid=101776945}} This approach allows all topologically possible local arrangements to be enumerated for specific sets of coordination polyhedra. Infinite arrangements with translational symmetry may be represented by finite graphs via wrapping and extends this method to crystals.{{multiref2 |{{cite journal |last1=Lussier |first1=Aaron J. |last2=Hawthorne |first2=Frank C. |date=January 2021 |title=Structure topology and graphical representation of decorated and undecorated chains of edge-sharing octahedra |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=9–30 |doi=10.3749/canmin.2000061|bibcode=2021CaMin..59....9L }} |{{cite journal |last1=Day |first1=Maxwell Christopher |last2=Hawthorne |first2=Frank Christopher |date=May 2022 |title=Bond topology of chain, ribbon and tube silicates. Part I. Graph- theory generation of infinite one-dimensional arrangements of (TO4)n– tetrahedra |journal=Acta Crystallographica |volume=A78 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=212–233 |pmid=35502713 |pmc=9062827 |doi=10.1107/S2053273322001747}}}}

Work by the late Jeremy Burdett showed that the electronic energy density of states can be derived using the method of moments, and that the energy difference between two structures depends primarily on the first few disparate moments of their respective energy density of states{{cite journal |last=Burdett |first=Jeremy K. |author-link=Jeremy Burdett |date=1987 |title=Some structural problems examined using the method of moments |journal=Structure and Bonding |volume=65 |pages=29–90 |doi=10.1007/BFB0004458 |isbn=3-540-17581-4 |s2cid=172564174}} This leads to the following conclusions: (1) zero-order moments define chemical composition; (2) second-order moments define coordination numbers; (3) fourth- and sixth-order moments define local connectivity of coordination polyhedra; and (4) higher moments define medium- and long-range connectivity. Using the moments approach, it may be shown that anion-coordination changes in chemical reactions quantitatively correlate with the reduced enthalpy of formation of the reactants from the product phases for some simple mineral reactions and that changes in bond topology correlate with reduced enthalpy of formation for some simple hydrated phases{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Sokolova |first2=Elena |date=2012-07-16 |title=The role of H2O in controlling bond topology: The [6]Mg(SO4)(H2O)n (n = 0-6) structures |journal=Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials |volume=227 |issue=8 |pages=594–603 |doi=10.1524/zkri.2012.1473 |bibcode=2012ZK....227..594H |s2cid=101166515}}

Using the moments approach (see above), chemical reactions in minerals may be divided into two types: (1) Continuous reactions in which bond topology is conserved; and (2) discontinuous reactions in which bond topology is not conserved. (1) For continuous reactions, thermal expansion and elastic compression must be accompanied by element substitutions that maintain commensurability between different components of the structure. Hence one can define from an atomistic perspective the qualitative changes caused by variation in temperature and pressure. Extensive experimental work{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Della Ventura |first2=Giancarlo |date=2007-10-01 |title=Short-range order in amphiboles |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=173–222 |doi=10.2138/rmg.2007.67.5 |bibcode=2007RvMG...67..173H |s2cid=94123518}} has shown that short-range order is ubiquitous in amphiboles and defines the chemical pathways by which these minerals respond to varying temperature and pressure. The theoretical developments that underpin this behaviour indicate that they should apply to all other anisodesmic minerals{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |date=2016-09-23 |title=Short-range atomic arrangements in minerals. I: The minerals of the amphibole, tourmaline and pyroxene supergroups. |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=513–536 |doi=10.1127/EJM/2016/0028-2538 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016EJMin..28..513H |s2cid=100181132}} (2) Minerals in which bond topology is not conserved in chemical reactions form the majority of mineral species, but are less quantitatively abundant; however, they form the majority of the environmentally relevant minerals. The criteria that control the chemical composition and stability of these minerals at the atomic level may be derived from the valence-sum rule and valence-matching principle and much of this complexity can be quantitatively predicted reasonably well,{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Schindler |first2=Michael |date=2008-02-01 |title=Understanding the weakly bonded constituents in oxysalt minerals |journal=Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials |volume=223 |issue=12 |pages=41–68 |doi=10.1524/zkri.2008.0003 |bibcode=2008ZK....223...41H |s2cid=94848921}} and species in aqueous solution also follow the valence-sum rule, and that their Lewis basicities scale with pH of the solution at maximum concentration of the species in solution{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frakn C. |last2=Burns |first2=Peter C. |last3=Grice |first3=Joel D. |author-link3=:de:Joel D. Grice |date=1996 |title=The crystal chemistry of boron |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=41–116 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236669302 |issn=1529-6466 |s2cid=133133108}} Complex species in aqueous solution actually form the building blocks of the crystallizing minerals, and hence the structures retain a record of the pH of the solutions from which they crystallized.

A mathematical hierarchy is an ordered set of elements where the ordering reflects a natural hierarchical relation between the elements. The structure hierarchy hypothesis states that structures may be ordered hierarchically according to the polymerization of coordination polyhedra of higher bond valence. Structure hierarchies have two functions: (1) they serve to organize our knowledge of minerals (crystal structures) in a coherent manner, and in this way relate to the original structure classifications of William Lawrence Bragg{{cite journal |last=Bragg |first=W.L. |author-link=Lawrence Bragg |date=1930-03-29 |title=The structure of silicates |journal=Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials |volume=74 |issue=3152 |pages=237–305 |doi=10.1038/125510A0 |bibcode=1930Natur.125..510B |s2cid=29456415}} and Nikolai Belov;{{cite book |last=Belov |first=N.V. |author-link=Nikolay Belov (geochemist) |year=1963 |title=Crystal chemistry of large-cation silicates |publisher=Akademia Nauk SSSR |location=Moscow |oclc=256347 |s2cid=92628709}} (2) if the basis of the classification involves factors that are related to the mechanistic details of the stability and behaviour of minerals, then the physical, chemical and paragenetic characteristics of minerals should arise as natural consequences of their crystal structures and the interaction of those structures with the environment in which they occur. The structure hierarchy hypothesis may be justified by considering a hypothetical structure-building process whereby higher bond-valence polyhedra polymerize to form the structural unit. This hypothetical structure-building process resembles our ideas of crystallization from an aqueous solution, whereby complexes in aqueous and hydrothermal solutions condense to form crystal structures, or fragments of linked polyhedra in a magma condense to form a crystal. Although our knowledge of these processes is rather vague from a mechanistic perspective, the foundations of the structure hypothesis give us a framework within which to think about the processes of crystallization and dissolution{{cite book |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Schindler |first2=Michael |date=2013 |chapter=Crystallization and Dissolution in Aqueous Solution: A Bond-valence Approach |title=Structure and Bonding. Bond Valences |editor-last1=Brown |editor-first1=Ian David |editor-last2=Poeppelmeier |editor-first2=Kenneth |editor-link2=Kenneth Poeppelmeier |publisher=Springer |location=Heidelberg, Germany |pages=161–190 |doi=10.1007/430_2013_91 |issn=0081-5993 |isbn=9783642549687}} Structure hierarchies have been developed for several mineral families, e.g. borates,{{cite journal |last1=Grice |first1=Joel D. |author-link1=:de:Joel D. Grice |last2=Burns |first2=Peter C. |last3=Hawthorne |first3=Frank C. |date=1999 |title=Borate minerals II. A hierarchy of structures based on the borate fundamental building block |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=37 |pages=731–762|s2cid=53529890}} uranyl oxides and oxysalts,{{cite journal |last1=Lussier |first1=Aaron J. |last2=Lopez |first2=Rachel A.K. |last3=Burns |first3=Peter C. |date=January 2016 |title=A revised and expanded structure hierarchy of natural and synthetic hexavalent uranium compounds |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=177–283 |doi=10.3749/canmin.1500078 |bibcode=2016CaMin..54..177L |s2cid=99141419}} phosphate,{{cite journal |last1=Huminicki |first1=Danielle M.C. |last2=Hawthorne |first2=Frank C. |date=2002 |title=The crystal chemistry of the phosphate minerals |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=123–253 |doi=10.2138/rmg.2002.48.5 |bibcode=2002RvMG...48..123H |s2cid=95717991}} sulfate,{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Krivovichev |first2=Sergey V. |author-link2=:ru:Кривовичев, Сергей Владимирович |last3=Burns |first3=Peter C. |date=2000 |title=The crystal chemistry of sulfate minerals |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=1–112 |doi=10.2138/rmg.2000.40.1 |bibcode=2000RvMG...40....1H |s2cid=100698794}} arsenate{{cite journal |last1=Majzlan |first1=Juraj |last2=Drahota |first2=Petr |last3=Filippi |first3=Michal |date=2014 |title=Parageneses and crystal chemistry of arsenic minerals |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=17–184 |doi=10.2138/rmg.2014.79.2 |bibcode=2014RvMG...79...17M |s2cid=101600205}} and oxide-centered Cu, Pb and Hg minerals{{cite journal |last1=Krivovichev |first1=Sergey V. |author-link1=:ru:Кривовичев, Сергей Владимирович |last2=Mentré |first2=Olivier |last3=Siidra |first3=Oleg I. |last4=Colmont |first4=Marie |last5=Filatov |first5=Stanislav K. |date=2013-09-12 |title=Anion-centered tetrahedra in inorganic compounds |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=113 |issue=8 |pages=6459–6535 |doi=10.1021/cr3004696 |pmid=23621387}}

Hydrogen was long considered a fairly unimportant component in minerals, particularly when present as "water of hydration". This view has now changed: the polar nature of hydrogen controls the dimensions of polymerization of strongly bonded oxyanions in crystal structures,{{cite journal |last=Hawthorne |first=Frank C. |date=1992 |title=The role of OH and H2O in oxide and oxysalt minerals |journal=Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials |volume=201 |issue=1–4 |pages=183–206 |doi=10.1524/zkri.1992.201.14.183 |s2cid=97779054}} giving rise to cluster, chain, sheet and framework structures. Minerals forming in the core, mantle and deep crust do not incorporate so much hydrogen, and hydrogen is also far less polar at high pressures due to symmetrization of donor and acceptor bonds, and minerals generally crystallize as frameworks. Minerals forming in the shallow crust or at the Earth's surface have cluster, chain, sheet and framework structures in response to the constituent hydrogen.

Long-Range Order (LRO) describes the tendency for atoms to order at a specific location in a structure, averaged over the whole crystal. Short-Range Order (SRO) is the tendency for atoms to locally cluster in arrangements that are discordant with random distribution. A local form of Bond-Valence Theory (i.e., NOT a mean-field approach) can be used to predict patterns of SRO{{cite journal |last=Hawthorne |first=Frank C. |date=1997 |title=Short-range order in amphiboles: a bond-valence approach |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=35 |pages=203–218 |s2cid=132586932 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228492584}} Infrared spectroscopy (IR) in the fundamental OH-stretching region is sensitive to both LRO and SRO of species bonded to OH, and one can combine Rietveld structure refinement and IR spectroscopy to derive patterns of SRO.{{cite journal |last1=Della Ventura |first1=Giancarlo |last2=Robert |first2=Jean-Louis |last3=Bény |first3=Jean-Michel |last4=Raudsepp |first4=Mati |last5=Hawthorne |first5=Frank C. |date=1993 |title=The OH-F substitution in Ti-rich potassium-richterites: Rietveld structure refinement and FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopic studies of synthetic amphiboles in the system K2O-Na2O-CaO-MgO-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-HF |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=78 |pages=980–987 |url=https://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/am/vol78/AM78_980.pdf |s2cid=100474166}} Thus H can act as a local probe of SRO in many complex rock-forming minerals.

Light lithophile elements (LLEs) can be important variable components in several groups of rock-forming minerals that were thought either to be free of LLEs, or to contain stoichiometrically fixed amounts of these components. Systematic examination of these types of crystal-chemical issues using a combination of SREF (Site-occupancy REFinement), SIMS (Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry) and HLE (Hydrogen-Line Extraction) showed this not to be the case.{{cite journal |last=Hawthorne |first=Frank C. |date=1995-05-18 |title=Light lithophile elements in metamorphic rock-forming minerals |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=607–622 |doi=10.1127/ejm/7/3/0607 |bibcode=1995EJMin...7..607H |s2cid=132619458}} Of particular importance are the role of Li, Ti and H in amphiboles,{{multiref2 |{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Ungaretti |first2=Luciano |last3=Oberti |first3=Roberta |author-link3=:it:Roberta Oberti |last4=Bottazzi |first4=Piero |last5=Czamanske |first5=Gerald K. |date=1993 |title=Li: An important component in igneous alkali amphiboles |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=78 |pages=733–745 |s2cid=54181778 |url=https://msaweb.org/AmMin/AM78/AM78_733.pdf}} |{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Oberti |first2=Roberta |author-link2=:it:Roberta Oberti |last3=Zanetti |first3=Alberto |last4=Czamanske |first4=Gerald K. |date=1998 |title=The role of Ti in hydrogen-deficient amphiboles: Sodic-calcic and sodic amphiboles from Coyote Peak, California |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=36 |pages=1253–1265 |s2cid=53554318 |url=https://rruff.info/doclib/cm/vol36/CM36_1253.pdf}}}} Li and H in staurolite{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Ungaretti |first2=Luciano |last3=Oberti |first3=Roberta |author-link3=:it:Roberta Oberti |last4=Caucia |first4=Franca |last5=Callegari |first5=Athos |date=1993 |title=The crystal chemistry of staurolite. III. Local order and chemical composition |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=597–616 |s2cid=101311679}} and Li in tourmaline{{cite journal |last=Hawthorne |first=Frank C. |date=1996 |title=Structural mechanisms for light-element variations in tourmaline |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=34 |pages=123–132 |s2cid=4606714 |url=https://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/cm/vol34/CM34_123.pdf}} This work has resulted in much improved understanding of the crystal chemistry of these minerals, and the possibility for more realistic activity models for their thermodynamic treatment.

In 1987, Hawthorne began collaboration with Roberta Oberti, Luciano Ungaretti and Giuseppe Rossi in Pavia using large-scale crystal-structure refinement and electron-microprobe analysis of amphiboles to solve many crystal-chemical problems, e.g.{{multiref2 |{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Ungaretti |first2=Luciano |last3=Oberti |first3=Roberta |author-link3=:it:Roberta Oberti |last4=Cannillo |first4=Elio |last5=Smelik |first5=Eugene A. |date=1994 |title=The mechanism of [6]Li incorporation in amphiboles |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=79 |pages=443–451 |url=https://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/am/vol79/AM79_443.pdf |s2cid=106400211}} |{{cite journal |last1=Oberti |first1=Roberta |author-link1=:it:Roberta Oberti |last2=Hawthorne |first2=Frank C. |last3=Ungaretti |first3=Luciano |last4=Cannillo |first4=Elio |date=1995 |title=[6]Al disorder in amphiboles from mantle peridotites |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=33 |pages=867–878 |url=https://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/cm/vol33/CM33_867.pdf |s2cid=135315390}} |{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Oberti |first2=Roberta |author-link2=:it:Roberta Oberti |last3=Sardone |first3=Nicola |date=1996 |title=Sodium at the A site in clinoamphiboles: the effects of composition on patterns of order |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=34 |pages=577–593 |url=https://rruff.info/doclib/cm/vol34/CM34_577.pdf |s2cid=100421977}}}} This work has had a major impact on the understanding of amphibole structure, chemical composition and occurrence{{cite journal |editor-last1=Hawthorne |editor-first1=Frank C. |editor-last2=Oberti |editor-first2=Roberta |editor-link2=:it:Roberta Oberti |editor-last3=Della Ventura |editor-first3=Giancarlo |editor-last4=Mottana |editor-first4=Annibale |date=2007 |title=Amphiboles: Crystal Chemistry, Occurrence and Health Issues |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume=67 |issn=1529-6466}}{{Page needed|date=August 2024|reason=This issue is 554 pages long.}} and resulted in a more comprehensive classification and nomenclature for these minerals{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Oberti |first2=Roberta |author-link2=:it:Roberta Oberti |last3=Harlow |first3=George E. |last4=Maresch |first4=Walter V. |last5=Martin |first5=Robert F. |last6=Schumacher |first6=John C. |last7=Welch |first7=Mark D. |date=2012-11-01 |title=Nomenclature of the amphibole super-group |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=97 |issue=11–12 |pages=2031–2048 |doi=10.2138/am.2012.4276 |bibcode=2012AmMin..97.2031H |s2cid=32057489}}

The tourmaline minerals rival the amphiboles in complexity, and were relatively neglected until twenty-five years ago.{{When|date=August 2024|reason=When is "twenty-five years ago"?}} Hawthorne and his students began crystal-chemical work on these minerals and rapidly identified a new subgroup of tourmaline minerals,{{cite journal |last1=MacDonald |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Hawthorne |first2=Frank C. |last3=Grice |first3=Joel D. |author-link3=:de:Joel D. Grice |date=1993-12-01 |title=Foitite, []⁠, a new alkali-deficient tourmaline: Description and crystal structure |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=78 |issue=11–12 |pages=1299–1303 |s2cid=99055813 |url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM78/AM78_1299.pdf}} showed that tourmaline has more complicated cation-ordering patterns than was hitherto thought,{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=MacDonald |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Burns |first3=Peter C. |date=1993 |title=Reassignment of cation site-occupancies in tourmaline: Al/Mg disorder in the crystal structure of dravite |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=78 |pages=265–270 |url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM78/AM78_265.pdf |s2cid=99650003}} and a new classification scheme for the tourmaline-supergroup minerals was approved by the International Mineralogical Association.{{cite journal |last1=Henry |first1=Darrell J. |last2=Novák |first2=Milan |last3=Hawthorne |first3=Frank C. |last4=Ertl |first4=Andreas |last5=Dutrow |first5=Barbara L. |author-link5=Barbara Dutrow |last6=Uher |first6=Pavel |last7=Pezzotta |first7=Federico |date=2011-05-01 |title=Nomenclature of the tourmaline super-group minerals |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=96 |issue=5–6 |pages=895–913 |doi=10.2138/am.2011.3636 |bibcode=2011AmMin..96..895H |s2cid=38696645}} There has since{{When|date=August 2024|reason="Since" when?}} been a major increase in tourmaline studies, turning it into a petrogenetically useful mineral.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Systematic work on the crystal chemistry of rock-forming minerals have led to the discovery many hitherto unrecognized types of chemical substitution, e.g.{{multiref2 |{{cite journal |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Frank C. |last2=Oberti |first2=Roberta |author-link2=:it:Roberta Oberti |last3=Ungaretti |first3=Luciano |last4=Grice |first4=Joel D. |author-link4=:de:Joel D. Grice |date=1992 |title=Leakeite, NaNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22 (OH)2, a new alkali amphibole from the Kajlidongri manganese mine, Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh, India |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=77 |issue=9–10 |pages=1112–1115 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/77/9-10/1112/42688/Leakeite-NaNa2-Mg2Fe23-Li-Si8O22-OH-2-a-new-alkali |s2cid=99369390}} |{{cite journal |last1=Oberti|first1= oberta |author-link1=:it:Roberta Oberti |last2=Della Ventura |first2=Giancarlo |last3=Boiocchi |first3=Massimo |last4=Zanetti |first4=Alberto |last5=Hawthorne |first5=Frank C. |date=2017 |title=The crystal chemistry of oxo-mangani-leakeite and mangano-mangani-ungarettiite from the Hoskins mine and their impossible solid-solution: An XRD and FTIR study |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=707–722 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2016.080.124 |bibcode= 2017MinM...81..707O |s2cid=103492118}}}} The main interest with regard to rare accessory minerals is the opportunity to examine novel crystal structures in relation to the hierarchical organization of structural arrangements in general. Often by serendipity, this work has led to some very interesting findings [e.g., the discovery of thiosulphate in sidpietersite{{cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Mark A. |last2=Hawthorne |first2=Frank C. |date=1999 |title=The structure topology of sidpietersite, Pb2+4(S6+O3S2-) O2(OH)2, a novel thiosulphate structure |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=37 |pages=1275–1282 |s2cid=132010544 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288317579}} and [C₄-Hg₂₊₄]₄₊ groups in mikecoxite{{cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=M.A. |last2=Dunning |first2=G.E. |last3=Hawthorne |first3=F.C. |last4=Ma |first4=C. |last5=Kampf |first5=A.R. |last6=Spratt |first6=J. |last7=Stanley |first7=C.J. |last8=Christy |first8=A.G. |date=2021 |title=Mikecoxite, IMA 2021-060. CNMNC Newsletter 64 |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |volume=85 |doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.93}} Hawthorne has been involved in the discovery of 180 new mineral species.

• Frankhawthorneite is named after him{{cite journal |last1=Grice |first1=Joel D. |author-link1=:de:Joel D. Grice |last2=Roberts |first2=Andrew C. |date=1995 |title=Frankhawthorneite, a unique HCP framework structure of a cupric tellurate |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=33 |pages=649–653 |url=https://rruff.info/doclib/cm/vol33/CM33_649.pdf |s2cid=262008830}}
• 1978, elected Fellow of the Mineralogical Society of America{{cite web |title= Mineralogical Society of America Fellows List |url=http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/Awards/fellowslist.html |website=Mineralogical Society of America}}
• 1984, awarded the Hawley Medal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada{{cite journal |last=Barr |first=S.M. |date=1984 |title=Proceedings of the twenty-ninth annual meeting of the Mineralogical Association of Canada |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=22 |page=695 |s2cid=134628584 |url=https://rruff.info/rruff_1.0/uploads/CM22_695.pdf}}
• 1985, elected Fellow of the Geological Association of Canada{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
• 1990, elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada{{cite web | url=https://rsc-src.ca/en/find-rsc-member/results?combine=&first_name=&last_name=Hawthorne¤t_employer=&academy_25=All&is_deceased=All | title=Member Directory {{pipe}} the Royal Society of Canada }}
• 1991, awarded the W.W. Hutchison Medal of the Geological Association of Canada{{cite web | url=http://www.gac.ca/MEDALS/Hutchison.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205203322/http://www.gac.ca/MEDALS/Hutchison.html |archive-date=5 February 2007 | title=The W.W. Hutchison Medal |website=Geological Association of Canada}}
• 1991, awarded a Killam Fellowship by the Canada Council{{cite web |title=The Killam Program: A record of Canada Council's role |url=https://canadacouncil.ca/funding/prizes/killam-program |website=Canada Council for the Arts |access-date=2024-08-29}} To the right, there are two links. They will download PDFs to your device. This award is listed on the Fellowship PDF.
• 1993, awarded the Willet G. Miller Medal of the Royal Society of Canada{{cite web | url=https://rsc-src.ca/en/awards-excellence/past-award-winners#MillerMedal | title=Past Award Winners {{pipe}} the Royal Society of Canada | date=21 October 2018 }}
• 1994, awarded the Hawley Medal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada{{cite journal |last=Wicks |first=Fred J. |date=1998 |title=The Hawley Medal for 1994 to Frank Hawthorne, Luciano Ungaretti, Roberta Oberti, Franca Caucia and Athos Callegari |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=22 |pages=986–988 |url=https://rruff.info/doclib/cm/vol32/CM32_986.pdf}}
• 1995, awarded the Schlumberger Medal of the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland{{cite web |title=Neumann Medal |url=https://www.minersoc.org/neumann.html}} Originally the Schlumberger Medal, it was renamed the Neumann Medal in 2022.
• 1996, awarded the Logan Medal, the highest honour of the Geological Association of Canada{{cite web |url=http://www.gac.ca/MEDALS/logan.html |title=The Logan Medal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010204025400/http://www.gac.ca/MEDALS/logan.html |archive-date=4 February 2001}}
• 1997, Rh Institute Foundation Award for Excellence in Research{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
• 1997, appointed Distinguished Professor of the University of Manitoba{{cite web |url=https://umanitoba.ca/environment-earth-resources/dr-frank-hawthorne-profile-page | title=Dr. Frank Hawthorne Profile Page {{pipe}} Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources |website=University of Manitoba}}
• 1998, awarded the Hawley Medal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada{{cite journal |last=Nicholls |first=James |date=1999 |title=The Hawley Medal for 1998 to Frank C. Hawthorne |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=36 |page=259 |url=https://rruff.info/doclib/cm/vol37/CM37_259.pdf}}
• 1999, awarded the Peacock Medal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada{{cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Roger M. |date=1999 |title=The Past-Presidents' Medal for 1999 to Frank C. Hawthorne |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |volume=38 |pages=261–262 |url=https://rruff.info/doclib/cm/vol38/CM38_261.pdf}} Note that the Past-Presidents' Medal has since been renamed the Peacock Medal.
• 2001, awarded a Tier I Canada Research Chair in Crystallography and Mineralogy{{multiref2 |{{cite web |editor-last1=Mikuska |editor-first1=Julie |editor-last2=Scott |editor-first2=Sara |date=2001 |title=12 Canada Research Chairs |url=https://www.umanitoba.ca/admin/bog/annual_report01/annual_report01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123090001/https://www.umanitoba.ca/admin/bog/annual_report01/annual_report01.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2022 |page=17 |publisher=University of Manitoba |access-date=28 August 2022 }} |{{cite web |title=Chairholders: Profile for Frank Hawthorne |url=http://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/chairholders-titulaires/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=305 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827040943/http://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/chairholders-titulaires/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=305 |archive-date=27 August 2011 |website=Canada Research Chair |access-date=2024-08-29 }}}}
• 2001, listed by Science Watch as the most highly cited Mineralogist/Crystallographer for 1990–2000{{cite web |date=December 2001 |title=Most-Cited Authors in Geosciences, 1991-2001 |url=http://archive.sciencewatch.com/nov-dec2001/sw_nov-dec2001_page2.htm#M |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722020313/http://archive.sciencewatch.com/nov-dec2001/sw_nov-dec2001_page2.htm#M |archive-date=22 July 2012 |website=Science Watch |access-date=11 March 2011 }}
• 2005, appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada{{cite web | url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/146-15969 | title=Dr. Frank C. Hawthorne }}
• 2006, elected Foreign Fellow of the Russian Academy of Sciences{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
• 2007, listed by Science Watch as the most highly cited Geoscientist in the world for the decade 1996–2007{{cite web |date=August 2007 |title=Research From the Ground Up |url=http://archive.sciencewatch.com/july-aug2007/sw_july-aug2007_page1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311072853/http://archive.sciencewatch.com/july-aug2007/sw_july-aug2007_page1.htm |archive-date=11 March 2012 |website=Science Watch |access-date=11 March 2011 }}
• 2007, elected Fellow of the Geochemical Society{{cite web |url=https://www.geochemsoc.org/honors/awards/geochemistryfellows | title=Geochemistry Fellows |website=Geochemical Society}}
• 2007, elected Fellow of the European Association of Geochemistry{{cite web |url=https://www.eag.eu.com/awards/fellows/ |title=Geochemistry Fellows |website=European Association of Geochemistry}}
• 2008, awarded the Killam Prize in Natural Sciences by the Canada Council{{cite press release |date=2008-04-29 |title=Constance Backhouse, Sherrill Grace, Frank Hawthorne, Peter St George-Hyslop and Michael Sefton to receive $100,000 Killam Prizes |url=http://www.canadacouncil.ca/news/releases/2008/nf128539538656519080.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806173557/http://www.canadacouncil.ca/news/releases/2008/nf128539538656519080.htm |archive-date=2011-08-06 |website=Canada Council for the Arts |access-date=2024-08-29}}
• 2009, awarded the IMA Medal of the International Mineralogical Association{{cite web |url=http://mineralogy-ima.org/Hawthorne.htm |title=2009 - Frank C. HAWTHORNE |website=International Mineralogical Association|date=7 May 2012 }}
• 2009, awarded the Carnegie Medal by the Carnegie Museum of Natural History{{cite web |url=https://carnegiemnh.org/press/dr-barbara-lee-dutrow-wins-the-2021-carnegie-mineralogical-award/ |title=Dr. Barbara Lee Dutrow Wins the 2021 Carnegie Mineralogical Award}}
• 2010, awarded the Bancroft Medal of the Royal Society of Canada{{cite web |url=https://rsc-src.ca/en/awards-excellence/past-award-winners |title=Past Award Winners |website=The Royal Society of Canada |date=21 October 2018 }}
• 2012, awarded the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal{{cite web |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients?f%5B0%5D=honour_type_id%3A%22126%22&f%5B1%5D=province%3A%22456%22&page=37 |title=Recipients |date=11 June 2018}}
• 2013, awarded the Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America{{Cite journal |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article/99/5-6/1181/46828/Presentation-of-the-2013-Roebling-Medal-of-the |title=Presentation of the 2013 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Frank C. Hawthorne | American Mineralogist |journal=American Mineralogist|date=May 2014 |volume=99 |issue=5–6 |pages=1181–1182 |doi=10.2138/am.2014.635 |last1=Halden |first1=Norman M. |url-access=subscription }}
• 2015, elected Life Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
• 2015, elected Fellow of the Geological Society of America{{cite web | url=https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/About/awards/GSA_Fellows/GSA/Awards/Fellows.aspx#H | title=Fellowship - Current Fellows }}
• 2015, elected Honorary Fellow of the Russian Mineralogical Society{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
• 2016, elected Honorary Fellow of the Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia{{cite web |url=https://www.socminpet.it/370/honorary-fellows.html |title=Honorary Fellows}}
• 2016, special issue of the Canadian Mineralogist published to honour the career of Frank Hawthorne{{cite web |url=https://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/publications/canmin-thematic-issues/ti54-1/ |title=A Tribute to Frank Christopher Hawthorne|work=Mineralogical Association of Canada }}
• 2017, awarded the Fersman Medal by the Fersman Mineralogical Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
• 2018, appointed Distinguished Professor Emeritus, University of Manitoba
• 2018, awarded Buerger Medal by the American Crystallographic Association{{cite web | url=https://www.amercrystalassn.org/buerger-award | title=Buerger Award }}
• 2018, appointed Companion of the Order of Canada
• 2020, elected to the Academia Europaea{{cite web |url=https://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/professor-emeritus-frank-c-hawthorne-elected-to-the-academia-europaea/ |title=Professor Emeritus Frank C. Hawthorne elected to the Academia Europaea |work=Mineralogical Association of Canada |date=26 July 2021 |author1=Eva }}
• 2021, elected Fellow of the American Crystallographic Association{{cite web |url=https://www.amercrystalassn.org/fellows |title=Fellows }}

• {{Cite journal |last=Hawthorne |first=Frank C. |title=Crystal chemistry of the amphiboles |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume=9A |pages=1–102 |date=January 1981|url=http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/RIM/rim09A.html |s2cid=129882165}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Hawthorne |first=Frank C. |date=1983-09-01 |title=Graphical enumeration of polyhedral clusters |url=http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S0108767383001452 |journal=Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography |language=en |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=724–736 |doi=10.1107/S0108767383001452 |bibcode=1983AcCrA..39..724H |issn=0108-7673|url-access=subscription }}
• {{Cite journal |last=Hawthorne |first=Frank C. |title=The crystal chemistry of the amphiboles |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/mac/canmin/article-abstract/21/2/174/11609/The-crystal-chemistry-of-the-amphiboles |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=173–480 |date=May 1983}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Burns |first1=Peter C. |last2=Grice |first2=Joel D. |author-link2=:de:Joel D. Grice |last3=Hawthorne |first3=Frank C. |title=Borate minerals. I. Polyhedral clusters and fundamental building blocks |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |volume=33 |pages=1131–1151 |date=January 1995 |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~pburns/PCB034.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051054/http://www3.nd.edu/~pburns/PCB034.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |s2cid=132696304}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Burns |first1=Peter C. |last2=Ewing |first2=Rodney C. |author-link2=Rodney C. Ewing |last3=Hawthorne |first3=Frank C. |title=The crystal chemistry of hexavalent uranium: polyhedron geometries, bond-valence parameters, and polymerization of polyhedra |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |volume=35 |pages=1551–1570 |year=1997 |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~pburns/PCB049.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051129/http://www3.nd.edu/~pburns/PCB049.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |s2cid=20224412}}
• {{Cite journal |first1=Frank C. |last1=Hawthorne |first2=Roberta |last2=Oberti |author-link2=:it:Roberta Oberti |date=October 2007 |title=Classification of the Amphiboles |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=55–88 |doi= 10.2138/rmg.2007.67.2|bibcode=2007RvMG...67...55H |s2cid=129587005}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Hawthorne |first=Frank C. |year=2012 |title=A bond-topological approach to theoretical mineralogy: crystal structure, chemical composition and chemical reactions |journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals |language=en |volume=39 |issue=10 |pages=841–874 |doi=10.1007/s00269-012-0538-4 |bibcode=2012PCM....39..841H |s2cid=97959636 |issn=0342-1791|doi-access=free}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Hawthorne |first=F. C. |year=2014 |title=The structure hierarchy hypothesis |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/structure-hierarchy-hypothesis/8234F733AE3F84D569CE1EFDB7C96C5F |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |language=en |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=957–1027 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2014.078.4.13 |bibcode=2014MinM...78..957H |s2cid=101776945 |issn=0026-461X|url-access=subscription }}
• {{Cite journal |last=Hawthorne |first=F. C. |date=1 April 2015 |title=Toward theoretical mineralogy: A bond-topological approach |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2015-5114/html |journal=American Mineralogist |language=en |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=696–713 |doi=10.2138/am-2015-5114 |bibcode=2015AmMin.100..696H |s2cid=98836563 |issn=0003-004X|url-access=subscription }}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Day |first1=Maxwell Christopher |last2=Hawthorne |first2=Frank Christopher |date=1 May 2022 |title=Bond topology of chain, ribbon and tube silicates. Part I. Graph-theory generation of infinite one-dimensional arrangements of ( T O 4 ) n − tetrahedra |url=https://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S2053273322001747 |journal=Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=212–233 |doi=10.1107/S2053273322001747|pmid=35502713 |pmc=9062827 |issn=2053-2733}}

• {{Cite book |title=Amphiboles: crystal chemistry, occurrence, and health issues |date=2007 |publisher=Mineralogical Society of America |editor=Frank C. Hawthorne |editor2=Roberta Oberti |editor2-link=:it:Roberta Oberti |editor3=Giancarlo Della Ventura |editor4=Annibale Mottana |isbn=9780939950799 |oclc=176897672}}
• {{Cite book |title=Landmark papers: structure topology |date=2006 |publisher=Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland |editor=F. C. Hawthorne |isbn=0-903056-23-2 |location=London |oclc=191821912}}
• {{Cite book |title=Spectroscopic methods in mineralogy and geology |date=1988 |publisher=Mineralogical Society of America |editor=Frank C. Hawthorne |isbn=0-939950-22-7 |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=17967077}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawthorne, Frank}}

Category:1946 births

Category:Living people

Category:Alumni of Imperial College London

Category:Canada Research Chairs

Category:Canadian mineralogists

Category:English emigrants to Canada

Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada

Category:Companions of the Order of Canada

Category:McMaster University alumni

Category:Scientists from Bristol

Category:Academic staff of the University of Manitoba

Category:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Category:Logan Medal recipients