Fred M'membe

M'membe was born in Mongu, Barotseland, on 11 March 1959. He went to St John's Secondary School, where he did his junior secondary, and later went to St Francis in Malole, where he completed his senior secondary. He studied accounting at the Copperbelt University. He worked for a time as an accountant before moving into journalism in November 1990. He is also a qualified member of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) and has a Master in Economic Policy and Planning from the University of Zambia. He also holds a law degree from the University of Zambia and is an advocate of the High Court and Supreme Court of Zambia.

He met Mike Hall, a Malawi-born journalist who covered Southern Africa for the BBC and UK and US newspapers.{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/13/world/newspaper-gains-zambia-s-respect.html |title=Newspaper gains Zambia's respect |author=Jane Perlez |date=13 November 1991 |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 January 2012}} At the time, Zambia had only two newspapers, both of them controlled by the government of Kenneth Kaunda, and the pair felt that an independent news source was long overdue. With Hall's help, M'membe went on to found Post Newspapers Limited in 1991, as well as a printing company, Independent Printers Limited, which would be responsible for printing The Zambia Post, Post Newspapers' flagship publication. The pair modelled the paper's design on South Africa's liberal Weekly Mail and Lisbon, Portugal's daily Público. Despite a modest circulation of 40,000 and Zambia's "anemic" economy, the paper quickly proved a financial success.

As the only independent newspaper in Zambia,{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/22/world/world-briefing.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm |title=World Briefing |date=22 December 2000 |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 January 2012}} The Post has frequently come into conflict with the government. In the first ten years of its existence alone, it was the target of more than fifty criminal and civil suits. Though the paper supported Frederick Chiluba's Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) in the 1991 election that ousted Kenneth Kaunda and won Chiluba the presidency, M'membe soon became critical of what he perceived as Chiluba's failure to live up to his campaign promises.

Ahead of the 1996 general election, Chiluba's government increased its efforts to restrict independent media. On 5 February 1996, The Post reported the MMD's plans to hold a referendum on constitutional changes. Chiluba's government banned the edition and charged M'membe, managing editor Bright Mwape, and special projects editor Masautso Phiri with possession of a banned publication and state secrets, causing the three to go into hiding for several weeks to avoid arrest. M'membe and Mwape surrendered to authorities in March and were sentenced to 24 days in a maximum security prison on charges of contempt of Parliament. The charges were protested by the Committee to Protect Journalists, which launched a letter-writing campaign to secure the pair's release.{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2252c,4565c25f371,47c5652123,0,CPJ,,ZMB.html |title=Attacks on the Press in 1996 – Zambia |date=5 February 1996 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |access-date=17 January 2012}}

In 1999, M'membe and ten members of his staff were charged with espionage following a Post article that stated that Zambia was unprepared to withstand a possible military attack from Angola.{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/301828.stm |title=Zambian newspaper editor arrested |date=23 March 1999 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=17 January 2012}} The newspaper's offices were also surrounded by police to prevent further publishing.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/12/world/world-briefing.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm |title=World Briefing |date=12 March 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 January 2012}} M'membe's co-defendants were acquitted by the Lusaka High Court on 18 August 2000, though the judge ruled that M'membe himself still had to answer the case.{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/885775.stm |title=Zambian journalists cleared of espionage |date=18 August 2000 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=17 January 2012}} He was acquitted in December of the same year.

In August 2001, M'membe was arrested again following an article in which he accused Chiluba of embezzlement. The article began, "It's very difficult to avoid calling President Frederick Chiluba a thief, because he is a thief. How else can one describe a person who steals?"{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/25/world/efforts-to-muzzle-the-press-spread-in-southern-africa.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=Efforts to Muzzle the Press Spread in Southern Africa |author=Henri E. Cauvin |date=25 August 2001 |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 January 2012}} M'membe was charged with defaming the president, charges The New York Times described as "efforts to muzzle the press" ahead of impending elections.

Though Chiluba was barred by the Constitution of Zambia from seeking a third term, he was succeeded by his former vice-president and fellow MMD member Levy Mwanawasa. M'membe soon found himself in conflict with Mwanawasa as he had been with Chiluba, and was arrested on 12 February 2002 on defamation charges following publication of an article in which he quoted opposition lawmaker Dipak Patel as calling Mwanawasa a "cabbage", an apparent reference to Mwanawasa's condition following a serious traffic accident that left him with slurred speech.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1816201.stm |title=Zambia newspaper editor arrested |date=12 February 2002 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=17 January 2012}} M'membe stated that he believed the charges to be "politically motivated", and that Patel (who was also issued a summons) was their primary target.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1818857.stm |title=Zambia's cabbage case could backfire |date=14 February 2002 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=17 January 2012}}

During a June 2009 hospital strike, Post News Editor Chansa Kabwela forwarded to Vice-President George Kunda pictures that had been given to the newspaper of a woman giving birth in the street, which she felt were important to share but too graphic to publish. The following month, she was arrested on a charge of "distributing obscene materials in order to corrupt the morals of society".{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/14/world/africa/14zambia.html |title=In Zambia, Pictures of Birth, Mailed as Protest, Bring Arrest |author=Barry Bearak |date=13 July 2009 |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 January 2012}} The charges against her were dismissed by a judge in November 2009, but after M'membe published an op-ed piece from a Zambian lawyer living abroad in Kabwela's support, he was charged with contempt of court. He was convicted in June 2010 and sentenced to four months' hard labour.{{cite web |url=https://www.cpj.org/2010/06/in-zambia-post-editor-fred-mmembe-sent-to-prison.php |title=In Zambia, Post Editor Fred M'membe sent to prison |date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |access-date=17 January 2012}}

In July 2011, M'membe again faced a charge of contempt of court for defying a ban not to print "libelous" articles about presidential candidate (later president) Rupiah Banda.{{cite news |url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/07/25/post-newspaper-editor-fred-mmembe-loses-bid-cross-examine-rbs-lawyer/ |title=Post Newspaper Editor Fred M'membe loses bid to cross examine RB's lawyer |date=25 July 2011 |work=The Lusaka Times |access-date=17 January 2012}}{{BLP sources section|date=February 2021}}On 1 November 2016, the Post newspaper was placed under provisional liquidation after five former employees applied to court to have the company placed on liquidation in order to recover their terminal benefits. According to documents filed in court, the five former employees did not give the Post the statutory 21-day notice before a petition for liquidation can be filed. Documents filed in Court also show that an offer was made by M'membe to pay the monies demanded by the former employees into court, which offer had not been accepted.

The newspaper was instrumental in covering the pre- and post-2016-election irregularities, and this is cited as one of the reasons why the newspaper was shut down.

The Zambia Revenue Authority in June 2016 illegally closed the Post in contravention of an Order of the Tax Appeals Tribunal, in a move clearly intended to shut down the critical voice.

On 14 February 2017, Valentine's Day, the Magistrate's Court of Zambia issued an arrest warrant to the Zambia Police Service to arrest Fred M'membe and his lawyer Nchima Nchito for alleged "personation" for fighting to save the Post. Nchima's arrest warrant was quashed by the Court on 28 February 2017. As police reached Mr. M'membe's residence, he was absent and only his wife (Mutinta Mazoka, daughter of the late UPND leader Anderson Mazoka) was present. She was arrested and charged with attempting to prevent the arrest of her husband, but was acquitted the following year.{{Cite web|date=2018-07-09|title=Zambia : Fred M'membe's wife acquitted, slams PF for using Police for their own Political ends|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2018/07/09/fred-mmembes-wife-acquitted-slams-pf-for-using-police-for-their-own-political-ends/|access-date=2021-02-16|website=Lusaka Times|language=en-GB}} She was previously arrested in connection with she and M'membe's journalistic work in 2016.{{Cite web|date=2016-06-28|title=Zambian editors arrested trying to enter newspaper's offices amid tax dispute|url=https://cpj.org/2016/06/zambian-editors-arrested-trying-to-enter-newspaper/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Committee to Protect Journalists|language=en-US}} She is the proprietor of the Mast newspaper which after the closure of the Post has remained one of the few critical and independent voices providing checks and balances to the Zambian government. {{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In 2018, M'membe founded the Socialist Party, splitting off from the Rainbow Party. He was the party's candidate for president in the 2021 Zambian general election and is still President of the Socialist Party in Zambia.{{Cite web|last=Hamusute|first=Keith|date=2018-04-25|title=Another socialist party in Zambia|url=https://africasacountry.com/2018/04/another-socialist-party-in-zambia|access-date=2021-02-16|website=Africa Is a Country|language=en-US}}

M'membe is married to Mutinta Mazoka, a politician, newspaper owner, and the daughter of United Party for National Development founder Anderson Mazoka.{{Cite web|title=Mutinta Mazoka: Why I chose Dad's party over my husband's – Zambia Daily Mail|url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/mutinta-mazoka-why-i-chose-dads-party-over-my-husbands/|access-date=2021-02-16|website=www.daily-mail.co.zm}}

M'membe was the third recipient of the Media Institute of Southern Africa's Press Freedom Award in 1995. MISA described him as "the most persecuted journalist in his country and the rest of the region."{{Cite web|url=http://www.misa.org/index.php?Itemid=758|title=MISA Press Freedom Award: Previous winners|publisher=Media Institute of Southern Africa|access-date=6 October 2012}} Previous awardees include Onesimo Makani Kabweza and Basildon Peta.

In 1995, M'membe won the International Press Freedom Award of the Committee to Protect Journalists,{{cite web |url=http://www.cpj.org/attacks96/frontmatter/ipfa.html |title=Journalists Receive 1996 Press Freedom Awards |year=1996 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |access-date=28 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605095952/https://www.cpj.org/attacks96/frontmatter/ipfa.html |archive-date=5 June 2012 |df=dmy }} "an annual recognition of courageous journalism".{{cite web |url=https://cpj.org/awards/ |title=CPJ International Press Freedom Awards 2011 |year=2011 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |access-date=28 May 2011}}

In 2000, he was selected by the International Press Institute as one of 50 "World Press Freedom Heroes" of the organisation's fifty years of existence.

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Category:1959 births

Category:Living people

Category:People from Mongu District

Category:Zambian journalists

Category:Zambian prisoners and detainees

Category:Prisoners and detainees of Zambia

Category:Copperbelt University alumni