Freeciv

At the computer science department at Aarhus University, three students, avid players of XPilot and of Sid Meier's Civilization, which was a stand-alone PC game for MS-DOS, decided to find out whether the two could be fused into an X-based multiplayer Civilization-like strategy game.{{cite web |url=https://freeciv.wikia.com/wiki/In_The_Beginning |title=Freeciv:In the Beginning |publisher=Freeciv.wikia.com |date=19 January 2007 |access-date=14 April 2009}} The students—Peter Unold, Claus Leth Gregersen and Allan Ove Kjeldbjerg—started development in November 1995;{{cite web|url=http://play.freeciv.org/blog/2015/11/freeciv-founded-20-years-ago-today/|title=Freeciv founded 20 years ago today!|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210171737/http://play.freeciv.org/blog/2015/11/freeciv-founded-20-years-ago-today/|archive-date=10 February 2017|url-status=dead}} the first playable version was released in January 1996, with bugfixing and small enhancements until April.{{cite web|url=http://download.gna.org/freeciv/stable/OLD/freeciv-1.0a.tar.gz|title=Freeciv 1.0a source code (1996); see DESIGN|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072143/http://download.gna.org/freeciv/stable/OLD/freeciv-1.0a.tar.gz|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://download.gna.org/freeciv/stable/OLD/freeciv-1.0k.tar.gz|title=Freeciv 1.0k source code (1996); see CHANGES|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072200/http://download.gna.org/freeciv/stable/OLD/freeciv-1.0k.tar.gz|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}} The rules of the game were close to Civilization, while the client/server architecture was basically that of XPilot.{{Cite web |title=restsquared.blogg.se - Freeciv roads |url=https://restsquared.blogg.se/2023/april/freeciv-roads.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=restsquared.blogg.se |language=sv}}

File:Bigshot.png

For the developers, Freeciv 1.0 was a successful proof of concept, but a rather boring game, so they went back to XPilot.{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/21/freeciv.html|title=Building Freeciv: An Open Source Strategy Game|first=Howard|last=Wen|date=21 November 2001|work=Linuxdevcenter.com|access-date=14 April 2009}}{{r|20YEARS}} Other players and developers took over; they made the game available on many other operating systems, including Linux, Solaris, Ultrix, AmigaOS, and Microsoft Windows. Linux distributions started to include Freeciv.{{cite web |url=http://metadata.ftp-master.debian.org/changelogs/main/f/freeciv/freeciv_2.2.1-1_changelog |title=freeciv_2.2.1-1_changelog |access-date=18 May 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}

The main development goal remained to make a Civilization-like game playable over the Internet, with participants on different continents, even when connected with 14400 bit/s modems. Freeciv achieved this by using an asynchronous client-server protocol: during each turn, human users play concurrently, and their actions are sent to the server for processing without awaiting the results. This kept the game playable with network latency up to a few hundreds of milliseconds.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

In 1998, computer players were added;{{cite web|title=README.AI (r4421)|url=http://svn.gna.org/viewcvs/freeciv/branches/S2_1/doc/README.AI?revision=4421&view=markup|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903224345/http://svn.gna.org/viewcvs/freeciv/branches/S2_1/doc/README.AI?revision=4421&view=markup|archive-date=3 September 2015|url-status=dead}} they could soon beat newcomers to the game with ease, using only minor forms of cheating. Computer players are implemented directly in the server; they do not play concurrently with human players, but separately, in between turns.

The game grew in popularity. A public server was installed on which games could be played around the clock; it retained the games and published a post-game analysis webpage with per-player statistics and an animated map replay.{{cite web|url=https://freeciv.wikia.com/wiki/Pubserver|title=Pubserver|access-date=28 November 2011}}{{cite web|url=https://civserver.freeciv.org/|title=old snapshots of civserver.freeciv.org (archive.org Wayback Machine)|access-date=29 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010092553/http://civserver.freeciv.org/|archive-date=10 October 2006|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://pubserver.freeciv.org/|title=old snapshots of pubserver.freeciv.org archive (archive.org Wayback Machine)|access-date=29 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205192019/http://pubserver.freeciv.org/|archive-date=5 February 2007|url-status=dead}}

Subsequent 1.x releases improved the GUI, improved the gameplay, optimized playability over poor connections, and added many small features. Over time, the winning strategy proved to be city smallpox, i.e. sprawling the map with many small cities as fast as possible; whoever could develop fastest would win the game, and growing and developing individual cities was not worthwhile.{{cite tech report |first=Philip A. |last=Houk |title=A Strategic Game Playing Agent for FreeCiv |number=NWU-CS-04-29 |institution=Northwestern University |url=https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/computer-science/documents/tech-reports/1999-2004/NWU-CS-04-29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301024126/https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/computer-science/documents/tech-reports/1999-2004/NWU-CS-04-29.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-01 |url-status=live |year=2004 |page=21}}

In practice, from around 2002, experienced players would form teams at the start of the game; a fork of Freeciv included specific features for team play.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

Version 2.0, released in 2005, introduced several important changes. New team playing features and advanced diplomacy made cooperative gaming more attractive. Adjustments to various costs and benefits put an end to the dominance of the city smallpox strategy that left many of the game's features unused; developing one's empire now necessitated a careful plan for city development, including the use of trade routes and phases of rapture, in which city populations grow quickly, under relatively peaceful conditions. As a result, multiplayer games were almost always played in teams and typically took longer to finish when compared to 1.x games.{{Cite web |date=2005-03-01 |title=Freeciv – Freeciv |url=http://www.freeciv.org/index.php/Freeciv |access-date=2024-02-02 |archive-date=1 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301020952/http://www.freeciv.org/index.php/Freeciv |url-status=dead }}

In 2006, TCP and UDP port number 5556 was assigned to Freeciv by IANA.{{cite web|url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml?search=5556|title=Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry|publisher=IANA|date=January 2006|access-date=12 September 2016}} In 2017, after being hosted on Gna! for 15 years, Freeciv moved its source repository to GitHub.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170307021144/http://gna.org/projects/freeciv Freeciv project] at Gna! (archived 3 March 2017)

In 2000, CNN placed Freeciv among the "Top 10 Linux games for the holidays".Lee Anderson (20 December 2000), [http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/12/20/linux.games.idg/index.html "Top 10 Linux games for the holidays"]. CNN. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041206174427/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/12/20/linux.games.idg/index.html |date=6 December 2004}} In 2005, in an O'Reilly article on "Open Source Mac Gaming", Freeciv was recommended.Robert Daeley (2005), [http://archive.oreilly.com/pub/post/open_source_mac_gaming.html "Open Source Mac Gaming"]. O'Reilly Media, Inc. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182256/http://archive.oreilly.com/pub/post/open_source_mac_gaming.html |date=16 September 2017 }} In 2008, APC named Freeciv among the "Top 5 best (free) open source games".{{cite web |last=Sbarski |first=Peter |date=21 January 2008 |title=Top 5 best (free) open source games |url=https://apcmag.com/top_5_best_free_open_source_games.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528144336/http://apcmag.com/top_5_best_free_open_source_games.htm/ |archive-date=28 May 2016 |access-date=8 February 2010 |publisher=APC}} Linux Format selected it as "HotPick" in April 2010 and in October 2014.[https://archive.org/stream/Linux_Format_130_April_2010/#page/n71/mode/2up/search/hotgames Linux Format 130], April 2010, p. 72[https://archive.org/stream/Linux_Format_189_October_2014/#page/n65/mode/2up/search/hotgames Linux Format 189], October 2014, p. 65

Freeciv was described as an example in The Art of Unix Programming by Eric S. Raymond.{{Cite book | url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch06s01.html#id2914115 | title=Case Study: Freeciv Data Files | work=The Art of Unix Programming | author=Eric S. Raymond | author-link=Eric S. Raymond | year=2003 | publisher=faqs.org | isbn=0-13-142901-9 | at=chapters 6+7 | access-date=26 January 2014 | archive-date=22 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122223053/http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch06s01.html#id2914115 | url-status=dead }} Studies and courses have used Freeciv as a platform for experimenting with the design and programming of intelligent agents.{{cite web | url=https://www.scazlab.com/justin/publications/79208593-Metareasoning-metacognition.pdf#page=160 | publisher=Yale Social Robotics Laboratory | format=PDF | title=Metareasoning for Self-Adaptation in Intelligent Agents | author1=Ashok K. Goel | author2=Joshua Jones | at=Chapter 10 | work=Metareasoning – Thinking about thinking | year=2011 | access-date=28 January 2014 | archive-date=3 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203024401/http://www.scazlab.com/justin/publications/79208593-Metareasoning-metacognition.pdf#page=160 | url-status=dead }}{{cite web | url=https://home.cc.gatech.edu/dil/uploads/6/aiide2-08.pdf | title=Combining Model-Based Meta-Reasoning and Reinforcement Learning for Adapting Game Playing Agents | author1=Patrick Ulam | author2=Joshua Jones | author3=Ashok K. Goel | year=2008 | publisher=Georgia Tech | access-date=28 January 2014 | archive-date=1 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213815/http://home.cc.gatech.edu/dil/uploads/6/aiide2-08.pdf | url-status=dead }}{{ cite web | url=https://cs.auckland.ac.nz/research/gameai/projects/GA%20in%20FreeCiv.pdf | title=Optimization in Strategy Games: Using Genetic Algorithms to Optimize City Development in FreeCiv | author1=Ian Watson | author2=Damir Azhar | author3=Yachu Yang | author4=Wei Pan | author5=Gary Chen | year=2005 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320062203/https://cs.auckland.ac.nz/research/gameai/projects/GA%20in%20FreeCiv.pdf | archive-date=20 March 2013 | df=dmy-all |publisher=The University of Auckland }}{{ cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbMLAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 | title=AI Game Engine Programming | author=Brian Schwab | pages=234–240 | year=2009 | publisher=Course Technology | isbn=9781584506287 }}{{cite web | url=https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse590ag/99sp/ | title=CSE 590AG: Applications of Artificial Intelligence | author=T. Lau | publisher=University of Washington | year=1999 | access-date=28 January 2014 | archive-date=1 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201191224/http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse590ag/99sp/ | url-status=dead }}

Freeciv is very configurable, down to the specific rules, so it can be played in Freeciv (default) mode, Civilization mode, Civilization II mode, or a custom mode. One or several players act as game administrators and can configure the game rules. Typically modified rules are:

• Number of players required before the game can be started. The maximum number of players is 126 in the latest version of Freeciv.
• Speed of technological development
• Whether there should be computer controlled players
• Whether (computer controlled) barbarians should invade player settlements
• How close cities can be built to one another
• How continents and islands are generated and distributed over the map
• The map size, where the maximum map size is 2,048,000 map tiles (128,000 before 2.4.0)
• Map topology (rectangular or hexagonal tiling; whether it wraps horizontally and/or vertically)

In order to play a game of Freeciv, a user must start up a Freeciv client and connect it to a Freeciv server. Initially, the server is in pre-game phase; in this phase, clients can connect and game configuration parameters can be changed. At some point, the server may be ordered to start a game; in response, it creates game players (nations) and the game map, and assigns every player to either a Freeciv client or a computer player, as specified by the configuration. From that point on, the game will run until it ends or is terminated; the server can never get back into pre-game state. The user can also start a game directly from the client: this automatically starts a Freeciv server, connects to it and starts the game.

File:Freeciv2 1-beta1-zh.png in version 2.1]]

Freeciv's graphics system is configurable: originally, map display was always in overhead mode (like in Civ I).{{cite web|url=https://www.free-games-net.com/games/freeciv.shtml |title=a review on Free Games Net (1998) |publisher=Free-games-net.com |access-date=14 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103220500/http://www.free-games-net.com/games/freeciv.shtml |archive-date=3 January 2009 }} Isometric mode (like in Civ II and III) and optionally hexagonal tiling (like in Civ V and VI) were added later. In both modes, look can be further customized by switching to an alternative set of graphics (called a tileset). The sounds can be replaced as well. Freeciv supports human-to-human multiplayer gameplay and artificial intelligence (AI) computer players. While the game is turn based, human players move simultaneously. The AI players move separately, partly at the start of a turn, partly at the end.

In releases before 2.0, AI players could not engage in diplomatic relationships with human players. Under the current releases, AI players will engage in a very predictable, rules-based diplomacy. Version 2.2.0 included a map editor, termed Civworld. It can create new scenarios, as well as edit the map currently being played. Basic scripting is available with Freeciv, but is not available in Civworld.{{cite web| url=https://freeciv.wikia.com/wiki/Editor |title=Freeciv Editor Page |publisher=Wikia |access-date=23 February 2010}} Version 2.3 increased the limit of players from 30 to 126.

File:CullamBruce-Lockhart--Dawning_Fanfare.oga

There are different clients available SDL, GTK+ (version3) and Xaw3D{{cite web|url=https://packages.debian.org/search?suite=sid&arch=amd64&searchon=names&keywords=freeciv-client-|title=Debian – Package Search Results – freeciv-client-}} A Qt client was added in version 2.5. The Freeciv interface is available in over 30 different languages.

{{cite web|url=https://freeciv.wikia.com/wiki/Translations|title=Freeciv – Translations|publisher=Wikia|access-date=19 April 2016}} The addition of Gaelic was covered on BBC TV.{{cite AV media|url=https://www.facebook.com/BBCNaidheachdan/videos/10150267754321342/|title=Freeciv now available in Galic|author=BBC Naidheachdan|date=11 September 2011|access-date=19 April 2016}}

Originally developed on IRIX, Freeciv has been ported to many different operating systems: it is distributed with many Linux distributions, offers installers for Microsoft Windows, and has been known to run on Mac OS X, MorphOS, Solaris, Ultrix, QNX, OS/2, Cygwin, AmigaOS, AROS, RISC OS, Maemo, ZETA, SkyOS, various BSDs, and smartphones and tablets running Android.

Between version 2.4 and version 3.1 Mac OS X was not supported, but returned in March of 2023.{{cite web| url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/freeciv/freeciv/S3_1/ChangeLog|title=Freeciv 3.1-beta1 change log| access-date=20 December 2024}} As of version 2.3, Windows versions older than Windows XP SP3 are no longer supported. Freeciv is available in the PortableApps format.{{cite web|url=https://portableapps.com/apps/games/freeciv_portable|title=Freeciv Portable|publisher=PortableApps.com |date=2014 |access-date=13 February 2015}}

Freeciv21 is a fork of the original Freeciv project started with the intention of modernizing the code and the client interface, and also adjusting the software more to the needs of multiplayer longturn variant.{{cite web | url=https://github.com/longturn/freeciv21 | title=Freeciv21 | website=GitHub }}{{cite web | url=https://longturn.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ | title=Welcome to the Freeciv21 manual — Freeciv21 Manual }} It was started by enthusiasts within the Longturn.net community. As of January 2023 it is in late developing stage. The first standard Longturn game played on Fc21 software was LT75, started in November 2022.

File:Fciv-trireme.png

File:Fciv-caravel-2023-04-09.png

Fciv.net is a web-based variant of Freeciv which focuses on 3D graphics. It uses the Three.js 3D engine.{{cite web |title=FCiv.net December 2022 showcase| date=19 December 2022| url=https://www.civfanatics.com/2022/12/19/fciv-net-december-2022-showcase/}} {{as of|February 2025}} the site is not working.

File:Freecivx-net-2024-11-28.png

Freecivx.net is a free-to-play variant of Freeciv which focuses on 3D graphics. It uses the Three.js 3D engine and OpenAI for AI/LLM chat in-game assistance.{{cite web |title=FCiv.net December 2022 showcase| date=19 December 2022| url=https://www.civfanatics.com/2022/12/19/fciv-net-december-2022-showcase/}} Freecivx has a Java client and server in development.

Freeciv-web is a version of Freeciv playable online in any modern web browser. It supports 2D isometric graphics or 3D graphics using WebGL. The game is a fork of the Freeciv project, with the goal of redesigning the desktop game into a version which can be played online. Freeciv-web introduced several new features, such as play-by-email support{{cite web |url=https://www.freecivweb.org/webclient/?action=pbem |title=Freeciv-web play-by-email.|publisher=The Freeciv-web Project|access-date=19 April 2016}} freely available to anyone online, and support for playing the game on any real-world map location by choosing a map using Mapbox, which is not available in commercial games in the genre.{{cite web|url=https://www.freecivweb.org/freeciv-earth/|title=Freeciv-web real-earth map.|publisher=The Freeciv-web Project|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092945/https://www.freecivweb.org/freeciv-earth/|url-status=dead}} The game's default settings are closest to Civilization II, both in gameplay and graphics (including the units and the isometric grid). The proposal to create a web-version of Freeciv was made 6 April 2007 on the Freeciv mailing lists, and documented on the Freeciv.org wiki.{{cite web |url=https://freeciv.wikia.com/wiki/FreecivWebClient |title=Freeciv web client documentation on freeciv.wikia.org.|publisher=The Freeciv Project|access-date=14 February 2010}} Freeciv-web was originally created by Andreas Røsdal, but is now maintained by several Freeciv developers on GitHub.{{cite web |url=https://github.com/freeciv/freeciv-web |title=Freeciv-web on github.|publisher=The Freeciv-web Project|access-date=19 April 2016}}

Freeciv-web is free and open-source software. The Freeciv C server is released under the GNU General Public License, while the Freeciv-web client is released under the GNU Affero General Public License. Freeciv-web supports human-to-human multiplayer gameplay and artificial intelligence (AI) computer players. Its features are similar to the Freeciv C client, although not all of the user-interface has been ported from the C client yet.

The Freeciv-web server on play.freeciv.org was shut down in March 2018, but the project was revived by a group of volunteers on freecivweb.org.{{cite web|url=https://www.freeciv.org/|title=Freeciv project news|publisher=Freeciv.org|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305150458/http://www.freeciv.org/ |archive-date=5 March 2018 |url-status=live}} Freeciv-web can be played online at a number of servers such as freecivweb.org. All the features required to play a full game of Freeciv are in place. Most servers offer multiple varieties of the game: single-player, multiplayer free-for-all, play-by-email and longturn.

File:Freeciv Greatturn Earth world replay - match GT05.ogv

Freeciv Longturn is a specialized large-group-multiplayer-online-strategy variant of Freeciv featuring daylong game turns with large amounts of human opponents per map, allowing for optimal timing to build up strategic plans and readapt them to the circumstances of each turn. Matches can last anytime from a few weeks to months, and commonly involve 20 to 30 players in each one.{{cite web|url=https://longturn.net |title=Longturn website}}

Longturn's first game, now called LT0, started around 2004 on the Polish Civilization fanpage civ.org.pl and is now conducted at Longturn.net. It was decided that the game is a bit too slow-paced, so a new "3X movement" ruleset was devised – basically, all units had their movement points and vision radius tripled.{{cite web|url=https://longturn.net/intro/ |title=Longturn introduction page}} As of December 2022, the latest game was LT76.{{cite web|url=https://longturn.net/game/ |title=Longturn games list}} Changes to settings or rulesets are discussed in the Longturn forum.{{cite web |url=https://forum.longturn.net/viewtopic.php?id=398 |title="No more polls" – Longturn forum |access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021010832/http://forum.longturn.net/viewtopic.php?id=398 |url-status=dead }} and, recently, Longturn Discord server where the community is currently centered. There is ongoing development of a few non-standard rulesets specifically adjusted for longturn multiplayer games, diverging from the rules of the original Civilization which was created as a single-player game.

Greatturn was a similar concept on another server.{{cite web|url=http://greatturn.org |title=Greatturn presentation page |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517130544/http://civland.org/greatturn/ |archive-date=17 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://civland.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=1106&hilit=greatturn|title="Under New Management" – Civland Freeciv Forum|date=10 September 2014|access-date=12 September 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313030650/http://civland.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=6&hilit=greatturn&t=1106|url-status=dead}} FreeCivWeb.org also offers longturn games (more than fifty have been played before mid-2021) with a multiplayer ruleset which is documented in great detail.{{cite web|url=https://freeciv.fandom.com/wiki/Multiplayer_II:_Caravel,_Game_Manual|title=FreecivWeb.org Multiplayer II: Caravel, Game Manual|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729234223/https://freeciv.fandom.com/wiki/Multiplayer_II:_Caravel,_Game_Manual|archive-date=29 July 2021}}

Power of Planets – Earth (formerly known as GaCivs) is a free-to-play MMO-RTS variant based on FreeCiv. The ruleset was devised to support long-term time-based gameplay instead of turn-based strategy.{{Cite web|url=https://gaborauth.itch.io/pop-e|title=Power of Planets – Earth|website=itch.io|language=en|access-date=2022-02-20}}

{{Portal|Free and open-source software|Video games}}

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{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Official website}}
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• {{Openhub|Freeciv}}

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