French cruiser Friant

{{main|Friant-class cruiser}}

File:Friant-class cruiser drawing.jpg

In response to a war scare with Italy in the late 1880s, the French Navy embarked on a major construction program in 1890 to counter the threat of the Italian fleet and that of Italy's ally Germany. The plan called for a total of seventy cruisers for use in home waters and overseas in the French colonial empire. The Friant class—Friant, {{ship|French cruiser|Bugeaud||2}} and {{ship|French cruiser|Chasseloup-Laubat||2}}—was the first group of protected cruisers to be authorized under the program.{{sfn|Ropp|pp=195–197}}{{sfn|Campbell|pp=310–311}}

Friant was {{cvt|94|m|ftin}} long between perpendiculars and {{cvt|97.5|m}} long overall, with a beam of {{cvt|13.24|m|ftin}} and an average draft of {{cvt|5.84|m|ftin}}. She displaced {{cvt|3771|t|lk=on}} as designed. Her crew consisted of 331 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Roberts|p=241}} The ship's propulsion system consisted of a pair of triple-expansion steam engines driving two screw propellers. Steam was provided by twenty coal-burning Niclausse-type water-tube boilers that were ducted into three funnels. Her machinery was rated to produce {{convert|9000|ihp|lk=on}} for a top speed of {{convert|18.5|kn|lk=in}}, though the ship slightly exceeded those figures during initial speed testing, reaching a speed of {{convert|18.86|kn}} from {{cvt|9623|ihp}}.{{sfn|Roberts|p=241}}{{sfn|Campbell|p=311}} She had a cruising range of {{convert|6000|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.{{sfn|Garbett 1904|p=563}}

The ship was armed with a main battery of six Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893 45-caliber guns. They were placed in individual pivot mounts; one was on the forecastle, two were in sponsons abreast the conning tower, and the last was on the stern. These were supported by a secondary battery of four Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1891, which were carried in pivot mounts in the conning towers, one on each side per tower. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, she carried four QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss and eleven QF 1-pounder pom-pom. She was also armed with two {{cvt|350|mm|0}} torpedo tubes in her hull above the waterline. Armor protection consisted of a curved armor deck that was {{cvt|30|to|80|mm}} thick, along with {{cvt|75|mm|0}} plating on the conning tower.{{sfn|Campbell|p=311}}

In 1897, the ship had her light armament altered to eight 47 mm guns and three 37 mm guns, though the latter were quickly removed. She had her torpedo tubes removed in 1907. Her light armament was again revised in 1915, which then consisted of six 47 mm guns and two 37 mm guns. After the ship was converted into a depot ship for submarines in 1917, all of her guns were removed and a pair of {{cvt|75|mm|0}} guns were installed, one at the bow and the other at the stern. Two of her three funnels were also removed.{{sfn|Roberts|p=242}}

File:Chasseloup-Laubat profile and plan drawing.jpg

Construction of Friant began with her keel laying at the Arsenal de Brest on 8 December 1891. She was launched on 17 April 1893, the same day as her sister ship Chasseloup-Laubat,{{sfn|Roberts|p=242}} but stability problems delayed Friant{{'}}s completion. Her original, heavy military masts were removed, along with her four 47 mm guns to reduce weight high in the ship.{{sfn|Brassey 1895|p=23}} She was commissioned for sea trials on 25 June 1894, and she was placed in full commission on 15 May 1895. She was thereafter assigned to the Northern Squadron,{{sfn|Roberts|p=242}} arriving in time to take part in the annual fleet maneuvers that began on 1 July. The exercises took place in two phases, the first being a simulated amphibious assault in Quiberon Bay, and the second revolving around a blockade of Rochefort and Cherbourg. The maneuvers concluded on the afternoon of 23 July.{{sfn|Barry|pp=186–190}}

In 1896, she was assigned to the Northern Squadron, based in the English Channel. The unit was France's secondary battle fleet, and at that time also included the ironclad {{ship|French ironclad|Hoche||2}}; four coastal defense ships; the armored cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Dupuy de Lôme||2}}; and the protected cruisers Chasseloup-Laubat and {{ship|French cruiser|Coëtlogon||2}}.{{sfn|Brassey 1896|p=62}} She took part in training maneuvers with the rest of the squadron that year, which were conducted from 6 to 26 July in conjunction with the local defense forces of Brest, Rochefort, Cherbourg, and Lorient. The squadron was divided into three divisions for the maneuvers, and Friant was assigned to the 1st Division along with the ironclad Hoche, the coastal defense ship {{ship|French ironclad|Amiral-Tréhouart||2}}, and the aviso {{ship|French aviso|Lance||2}}, which represented part of the defending French squadron.{{sfn|Thursfield 1897|p=167}}

By 1897, the cruiser force of the squadron was revised to include Friant, Dupuy de Lôme, the armored cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Bruix||2}}, and the unprotected cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Epervier||2}}.{{sfn|Brassey 1897|p=57}} Friant was mobilized in 1897 to participate in the large-scale maneuvers of 1897 with the Northern Squadron, which were held in July. Suchet and the bulk of the squadron were tasked with intercepting the coastal defense ship {{ship|French ironclad|Bouvines||2}}, which was to steam from Cherbourg to Brest between 15 and 16 July. As with the previous year's maneuvers, the defending squadron was unable to intercept Bouvines before she reached Brest. The squadron then moved to Quiberon Bay for another round of maneuvers from 18 to 21 July. This scenario saw the protected cruisers {{ship|French cruiser|Sfax||2}} and {{ship|French cruiser|Tage||2}} simulate a hostile fleet steaming from the Mediterranean Sea to attack France's Atlantic coast. Unlike the previous exercises, Friant and the rest of the Northern Squadron successfully intercepted the cruisers and "defeated" them.{{sfn|Thursfield 1898|pp=140–143}} The unit remained largely unchanged in 1898, apart from the substitution of {{ship|French cruiser|Pothuau||2}} for Bruix and {{ship|French cruiser|Surcouf||2}} for Epervier.{{sfn|Brassey 1898|p=57}} On 28 March, Friant collided with the torpedo boat {{ship|French torpedo boat|Ariel||2}}, resulting in the sinking of the latter vessel.{{sfn|Naval Notes|p=850}} Later that year, Friant was transferred to the training squadron, along with the armored cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Amiral Charner||2}} and the protected cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Davout||2}}.{{sfn|Naval Notes: France|p=1092}}

Friant and both of her sister ships had been deployed to East Asia by January 1901 as part of the response to the Boxer Uprising in Qing China; at that time, six other cruisers were assigned to the station in addition to the three Friant-class ships.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse 2017|p=218}}{{efn|The Far East and Western Pacific Division consisted of the flagship, {{ship|French cruiser|D'Entrecasteaux||2}}, the armored cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Amiral Charner||2}}, and seven protected cruisers: Friant, {{ship|French cruiser|Descartes||2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Pascal||2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Bugeaud||2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Chasseloup-Laubat||2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Jean Bart||2}}, and {{ship|French cruiser|Guichen|1897|2}}. It also included a number of local guard ships and gunboats for local defense.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse 2017|p=218}}}} She remained in East Asian waters in 1902.{{sfn|Brassey 1902|p=51}} Friant was struck by a typhoon on 8 August 1902 while moored in Nagasaki, Japan.{{sfn|Algue|pp=552–553}} In the mid-1900s, after returning to France, Friant was reboilered with newer models; the work was completed in 1907, and after conducting sea trials she returned to service with the fleet.{{sfn|Garbett 1907|p=1538}}

At the start of World War I in August 1914, Friant was assigned to the {{lang|fr|Division de l'Atlantique}} (Division of the Atlantic), along with the armored cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Condé||2}} and the protected cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Descartes||2}}.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse 2019|p=219}} Friant was in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, in late July when war became imminent and the French naval command recalled her to rejoin the fleet.{{sfn|Corbett 1920|p=48}} Upon arriving back in France, she was assigned to the 2nd Light Squadron, which at that time consisted of the armored cruisers {{ship|French cruiser|Marseillaise||2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Amiral Aube||2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Jeanne d'Arc|1899|2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Gloire|1900|2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Gueydon||2}}, and {{ship|French cruiser|Dupetit-Thouars||2}}. The unit was based in Brest, and along with Lavoisier, the squadron was strengthened by the addition of several other cruisers over the following days, including the armored cruisers {{ship|French cruiser|Kléber||2}} and {{ship|French cruiser|Desaix||2}}, the protected cruisers {{ship|French cruiser|Châteaurenault|1898|2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|D'Estrées||2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Lavoisier||2}}, and {{ship|French cruiser|Guichen|1897|2}}, and several auxiliary cruisers. The ships then conducted a series of patrols in the English Channel in conjunction with a force of four British cruisers.{{sfn|Meirat|p=22}}

Over the course of 1914 and 1915, the cruisers of the squadron were dispersed to other stations,{{sfn|Meirat|p=22}} and Friant was moved to French Morocco by September 1914, where she joined the armored cruisers Bruix and Amiral Charner and the protected cruisers {{ship|French cruiser|Cosmao|1889|2}} and {{ship|French cruiser|Cassard||2}} in the {{lang|fr|Division du Maroc}} (Morocco Division). The cruisers patrolled for German arms shipments to Spain and Spanish Morocco. The division tasked with patrolling the sea lanes off the coast of northwestern Africa and protecting merchant shipping from commerce raiders. It was also responsible for escorting convoys and patrolling anchorages in the Canary Islands to ensure German U-boats were not using them to refuel. The cruisers operated out of Oran, French Morocco. By late September, it had become clear that German raiders were not operating in the area, so the armored cruisers were transferred elsewhere.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse 2019|p=227}}{{sfn|Corbett 1920|p=275}} By March 1915, the Morocco Division consisted of Friant, Cassard, and Cosmao.{{sfn|Corbett 1923|p=7}}

After French and British forces conquered Germany's colonies in western Africa, including Togoland, Kamerun, and German Southwest Africa, the French stationed Friant in the Gulf of Guinea, though she was later replaced by the cruiser Surcouf.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse 2019|p=227}} On 29 July 1917, Friant was decommissioned at Lorient, and the French naval command ordered that she be converted into a depot ship for submarines on 6 December. On 20 June 1918, she was moved to Mudros, and then to Corfu to support the 3rd Submarine Flotilla. She was also employed as a distilling ship there. She was decommissioned again in July 1919 and struck from the naval register on 21 June 1920. She was then given to the firm as partial payment for the salvaging of the wreck of the battleship {{ship|French battleship|Liberté||2}}. She was then towed to Italy to be broken up in 1922.{{sfn|Roberts|p=242}}

{{notelist

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{{Friant class cruiser}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Friant}}

Category:Friant-class cruisers

Category:Ships built in France

Category:1893 ships