French cruiser Kléber

The Dupleix-class ships were much smaller and more lightly armed than the preceding {{ship|French cruiser|Jeanne d'Arc|1899|2}}. They measured {{convert|132.1|m|ftin|sp=us}} long overallSilverstone, p. 79 with a beam of {{convert|17.8|m|ftin|sp=us}} and had a maximum draft of {{convert|7.46|m|ftin|sp=us}}. The cruisers displaced {{convert|7700|t|LT|sp=us|lk=on|0}} as designed. They normally had a crew of 19 officers and 550 enlisted men, but accommodated 24 officers and 583 enlisted men when serving as a flagship.Jordan & Caresse, p. 82

The sister ships' propulsion machinery consisted of three vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a single propeller shaft, using steam provided by water-tube boilers, but the types of machinery differed between them. Kléber had three-cylinder engines that used 20 Niclausse boilers at a working pressure {{convert|18|kg/cm2|kPa psi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}. The engines of all three ships were designed to produce a total of {{convert|17100|PS|lk=on|sp=us}} that was intended to give them a maximum speed of {{convert|21|kn|lk=in}}. Only Kléber exceeded their designed speed during her sea trials on 14 October 1903, attaining {{convert|21.5|kn}} from {{convert|17177|PS|sp=us}}. The sisters carried up to {{convert|1200|t|sp=us}} of coal and could steam for {{convert|6450|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.Jordan & Caresse, pp. 82, 94

The ships of the Dupleix class had a main armament that consisted of eight quick-firing (QF) Canon de 164.7 mm Modèle 1893–1896 guns. They were mounted in four twin gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure and a pair of wing turrets amidships.Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 305 The cruisers' secondary armament consisted of four QF Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1891 guns on single mounts in unprotected casemates in the hull. For defense against torpedo boats, they carried ten QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss and four {{convert|37|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} Hotchkiss guns, all of which were on single mounts.Jordan & Caresse, pp. 82, 89–90 The ship were also equipped with two above-water {{convert|450|mm|in|adj=on|1|sp=us}} torpedo tubes, one on each broadside.

The nickel steel armor belt of the Dupleix-class cruisers covered the entire waterline length of the ship except for {{convert|62|ft|m|sp=us|1|disp=flip}} of the stern. The belt armor was {{convert|102|mm|sp=us|0}} thick, although it reduced to {{convert|84|mm|in|sp=us}} in front of the forward turret. The curved protective deck had a total thickness of {{convert|42|mm|in|sp=us}} on the flat and {{convert|70|mm|1|sp=us}} on the upper part of the curved portion where it met the bottom edge of the belt armor. The face and sides of the gun turrets were protected by {{convert|110|mm|in|sp=us|adj=on|1}} Harvey face-hardened armor plates. The armor protection of the gun barbettes was {{convert|120|mm|in|sp=us}} thick. The sides of the elliptical conning tower were 100 to 120 millimeters thick.Jordan & Caresse, pp. 91–92

File:Le_Petit_Parisien_14_aout_1904.jpg Galilée at Tangier illustrated in Le Petit Parisien in 1904]]

Named after the French Revolutionary-era General Jean-Baptiste Kléber,Silverstone, p. 103 the ship was ordered from Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde on 28 December 1897. Construction was considerably delayed when the armament configuration was revised after the ship had already been laid down; the contract for Kléber was revised to account for the changes on 22 August 1899. Kléber was laid down at their shipyard in Bordeaux in early 1899Jordan & Caresse, pp. 81–82 and launched on 20 September 1902.{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence|date=22 September 1902 |page=8 |issue=36879}} When the ship was launched she struck the river bottom because the height of the tide had been misjudged. Despite the damage, the ship began her formal sea trials on 26 September. Repairs and trials took two years and she was finally commissioned on 4 July 1904. The ship cost 19,258,000 francs.Jordan & Caresse, pp. 81–82, 94–95, 213

Kléber was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet's Light Squadron ({{lang|fr|Escadre légère}}) upon completion, together with her sister {{ship|French cruiser|Desaix||2}}. The latter ship was transferred away in September 1905, but rejoined the squadron in November 1906, replacing Kléber which was transferred to the Atlantic where she became the flagship of the Antilles Division ({{lang|fr|Division des Antilles}}).Jordan & Caresse, pp. 95, 210 During a visit to the United States, the ship accidentally rammed an American cargo ship, the {{GRT|2183|disp=adj}} iron-hulled screw steamer Hugoma, on the Mississippi River off New Orleans, Louisiana, on 20 February 1907. Hugoma subsequently sank in {{convert|100|ft|m}} of water. There were 25 people on board the freighter, and sources disagree as to whether all of them survived or seven crewmen died.{{cite book |author1=U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Navigation |title=Thirty-Ninth Annual List of Merchant Vessels of the United States for the Year Ending June 30, 1907 |series=1936/37-1939/41: Report series, no.[1], 4, 8, 11 |date=1907 |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=379 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3330071}}{{cite web |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?190464 |title=Hugoma (+1907) |publisher=Wrecksite |access-date=26 September 2019}} By 20 May Kléber was visiting New York City, together with the armored cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Victor Hugo||2}} and the protected cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Chasseloup-Laubat||2}}. The trio sailed to Jamestown, Virginia, on 31 May where they participated in the Jamestown Exposition and in the naval review presided over by President Theodore Roosevelt on 10 June.Sieche, pp. 150, 155, 157

In January 1908 Kléber became flagship of the Moroccan Division ({{lang|fr|Division du Maroc}}) and was placed in reserve the following year. In 1911 the ship was assigned to the Far East Naval Division ({{lang|fr|Division navale de l'Extrême-Orient}}), joining her sister {{ship|French cruiser|Dupleix|1900|2}}. Kléber struck an uncharted reef on 12 July 1912 and received temporary repairs at Kobe, Japan, before returning to Lorient, France, in January 1913 where she returned to reserve.Jordan & Caresse, p. 95

As tensions rose during the July Crisis of 1914, Kléber, Desaix and the other cruisers in reserve were reactivated. The sisters were assigned to the 3rd Light Division ({{lang|fr|3^e Division légère}} (DL)) of the 2nd Light Squadron ({{lang|fr|Escadre 2^e légère}}) which was tasked to defend the English Channel in conjunction with the British. The 3rd DL was on station in the western end of the Channel by 4 August, where their mission was to intercept German shipping and provide distant cover for the smaller ships escorting the transports conveying the British Expeditionary Force to France. In early September, Kléber and the armored cruisers {{ship|French cruiser|Gloire|1900|2}} and {{ship|French cruiser|Gueydon||2}} established a new patrol line further south off the southern coast of Brittany.Jordan & Caresse, pp. 223–224

File:Kléber damaged AWM C04666.JPG

Improved defenses in the Channel and the stabilization of the front in early 1915 allowed the cruisers to be released from their tasks, so Kléber was transferred to the Dardanelles to support Allied forces in the Gallipoli Campaign in May. She was assigned to the Dardanelles Squadron ({{lang|fr|Escadre des Dardanelles}}) when that unit was formed on 16 May. The ship briefly ran aground off Scala Nuova Bay and was engaged by coastal artillery without effect before she could free herself. Kléber, Dupleix, and the armored cruisers {{ship|French cruiser|Bruix||2}} and {{ship|French cruiser|Latouche-Tréville||2}} were now assigned to blockade the coast of Asia Minor, based out of Lesbos.Jordan & Caresse, pp. 224, 236 Kléber collided with the Royal Australian Navy troopship HMT Boorara in the Aegean Sea on 17 July 1915, forcing Boorara to beach herself on Mudros and damaging the cruiser's bow.{{cite web |title=Australian troopship A42 HMAT Boorara (ex Pfalz) at Mudros, after being rammed by French cruiser... |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1203566 |website=Australian War Memorial |access-date=3 May 2020}}{{cite web |title=NETLEY, ENGLAND. 1918-03. TORPEDO DAMAGE TO THE SIDE OF SS BOORARA SHOWN AFTER SHE WAS BEACHED ... |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C244578 |website=Australian War Memorial |access-date=16 May 2020}}

After the Kingdom of Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in mid-October, Kléber, the Russian protected cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Askold||2}} and four destroyers was tasked to raid the Aegean coast of Bulgaria between Dedeagatch and Porto Lago while other forces bombarded the former town and its nearby railroad junction on 21 October. The successes of merchant raiders like {{SMS|Möwe|1914|2}} in 1916 caused the Allies to transfer cruisers to the Atlantic to protect their shipping. Kléber became the flagship of a new 6th DL, which consisted of all three sisters, in July 1916, based in Dakar, French West Africa.Corbett, pp. 172–174; Jordan & Caresse, pp. 237, 242

To release manpower for higher-priority patrol boats, the 6th DL was reduced to two ships and renamed the Coast of Africa Division ({{lang|fr|Division navale de la côte d'Afrique}}) on 18 May 1917; {{lang|fr|Contre-amiral}} (Rear Admiral) Louis Jaurès transferred his flag to Dupleix. En route to Brest, France, Kléber struck a mine at 06:00 on 27 June that the German U-boat {{Ship|SM|UC-61||2}} had laid off the Iroise entrance to Brest. The mine exploded abreast the forward boiler rooms, knocking them and the forward auxiliary machine room offline. The aft boilers were only operable for 20 more minutes before bulkheads began to give way at 06:30 and abandon ship was ordered. Nearby fishing trawlers, a French torpedo boat and a British steamship were able to rescue all but 38 of her crew.Jordan & Caresse, pp. 245–246

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

• {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905|editor1-last=Chesneau |editor1-first=Roger|editor2-last=Kolesnik|editor2-first=Eugene M.|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1979|isbn=0-8317-0302-4|name-list-style=amp|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2}}
• {{cite book|last=Corbett|first=Julian|title=Naval Operations|edition=2nd|series=History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents|volume=III|orig-year=1940|year=1997|publisher=Imperial War Museum in association with the Battery Press|location=London; Nashville, Tennessee|isbn=1-870423-50-X}}
• {{cite book |last1=Jordan |first1=John |last2=Caresse |first2=Philippe |title=French Armoured Cruisers 1887–1932 |date=2019 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, UK |isbn=978-1-5267-4118-9|name-list-style=amp}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Sieche|first1=Erwin F.|year=1990 |title=Austria-Hungary's Last Visit to the USA|journal=Warship International|volume=XXVII |issue=2 |pages=142–164 |issn=0043-0374}}
• {{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Directory of the World's Capital Ships|url=http://paulsilverstone.com/book/directory-of-the-worlds-capital-ships/|year=1984|publisher=Hippocrene Books|location=New York|isbn=0-88254-979-0}}

{{Dupleix class cruiser}}

{{1907 shipwrecks}}

{{July 1915 shipwrecks}}

{{June 1917 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kleber}}

Category:Dupleix-class cruisers

Category:Ships built in France

Category:1902 ships

Category:World War I cruisers of France

Category:Maritime incidents in 1907

Category:Maritime incidents in 1915

Category:Maritime incidents in 1917

Category:Ships sunk by mines

Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean