French ironclad La Galissonnière

The La Galissonnière-class ironcladsIronclad is the all-encompassing term for armored warships of this period. Armored corvettes were originally designed for the same role as traditional wooden corvettes, but this rapidly changed as the size and expense of these ships caused them to be used as second-class armored ships. were designed as faster, more heavily armed versions of the {{sclass|Alma|ironclad|0}} armored corvettes by Henri Dupuy de Lôme. They used the same central battery layout as their predecessors, although the battery was lengthened {{convert|4|m|ftin|sp=us}} to provide enough room to work the larger {{convert|240|mm|adj=on|1|sp=us}} guns. A two-propeller layout was adopted in an unsuccessful attempt to reduce the ship's draft.

La Galissonnière measured {{convert|76.62|m|ftin|sp=us}} between perpendiculars, with a beam of {{convert|14.84|m|ftin|sp=us}}. She had a mean draft of {{convert|6.55|m|ftin|sp=us}}de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1976, p. 26 and displaced {{convert|4654|t|LT|sp=us}}. The ship had a metacentric height of {{convert|.926|m|ftin|sp=us}}.Wright, p. 59 Her crew numbered between 352 and 382 officers and men.Gardiner, p. 302

La Galissonnière had two Wolf vertical compound steam engines, each driving a single {{convert|3.8|m|ftin|adj=on|sp=us}} propeller.Wright, p. 60 Her engines were powered by four oval boilers. On sea trials the engines produced a total of {{convert|2370|ihp|lk=in}} and the ship reached {{convert|13.08|kn|lk=in}}. La Galissonnière carried {{convert|500|MT|LT}} of coal which allowed the ship to steam for {{convert|3240|nmi}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}. She was ship-rigged with three masts and had a sail area around {{convert|1707|sqm|sqft|sp=us}}.

The ship mounted four of her six 240-millimeter Modèle 1870 guns in the central battery on the battery deck. The other two 240-millimeter guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck, sponsoned out over the sides of the ship, abaft the funnel.Wright, pp. 59–60 La Galissonnière{{'}}s secondary armament of four {{convert|120|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us}} guns was also mounted on the upper deck. They were replaced by six {{convert|100|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us}} guns in 1880. The armor-piercing shell of the 19-caliber 240-millimeter gun weighed {{convert|317.5|lb|kg|1}} while the gun itself weighed {{convert|15.41|LT|t}}. It had a muzzle velocity of {{convert|1624|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal {{convert|14.4|in|mm|0}} of wrought iron armour at the muzzle. The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells.Brassey, p. 477

The ship received four {{convert|37|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us}} Hotchkiss 5-barrel revolving guns in 1878.de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac, p. 31 They fired a shell weighing about {{convert|500|g|lb|abbr=on}} at a muzzle velocity of about {{convert|610|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} to a range of about {{convert|3200|m|yd|sp=us}}. They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute.{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_1pounder_m1.htm|title=United States of America 1-pdr (0.45 kg) 1.46" (37 mm) Marks 1 through 15|date=15 August 2008|access-date=22 December 2009|publisher=Navweps.com}} La Galissonnière also received several towed Harvey torpedoes.

La Galissonnière had a complete {{convert|150|mm|in|sp=us|1|adj=on}} wrought iron waterline belt, approximately {{convert|2.4|m|ft|sp=us|1}} high laid over {{convert|650|mm|in|sp=us}} of wood. The sides of the battery itself were armored with {{convert|120|mm|in|sp=us|1}} of wrought iron backed by {{convert|520|mm|in|sp=us}} of wood and the ends of the battery were closed by bulkheads of the same thickness. The barbette armor was {{convert|120|mm|in|sp=us}} thick.de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1976, p. 27 The unarmored portions of their sides were protected by thin iron plates.

La Galissonnière was laid down at Brest on 22 June 1868 and launched on 7 May 1872. While the exact reason for such prolonged construction time is not known, the budget for the French Navy was cut after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 and the French dockyards had not been reformed with working practices more suitable for the industrial age.Ropp, pp. 31, 55–58 The ship began her sea trials on 20 April 1874 and was not commissioned until 18 July 1874. She became flagship of the Pacific Squadron on 16 May 1874 under the command of Rear Admiral Perigot. She returned to Brest on 19 March 1877, having circumnavigated the world via the Suez Canal. The ship was placed in reserve upon her return until she recommissioned on 15 August 1878 in preparation for a commission as flagship of the Caribbean Squadron which began on 6 October under Rear Admiral Peyron. Two years later she sailed to Cherbourg and was reduced to reserve on 13 May 1880.de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1976, p. 31

La Galissonnière became the flagship of the Levant Squadron ({{langx|fr|Division Navale du Levant}}) under Rear Admiral Alfred Conrad on 27 May 1881. Shortly afterward she bombarded the Tunisian port of Sfax in July 1881 as part of the French occupation of Tunisia.Wilson, pp. 2-3 In early 1882 La Galissonnière was present in Alexandria shortly before the British bombarded it before the beginning of the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War.Wright, p. 58 The ship remained in the Mediterranean through 1883.

La Galissonnière relieved her half-sister {{ship|French ironclad|Victorieuse||2}} in April 1884 as the flagship of the Far East Squadron, under the command of Vice Admiral Amédée Courbet, just in time to participate in the Sino-French War of 1884–85.de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1976, p. 32 The ship fought in the late stages of the Battle of Fuzhou in August 1884 when she tried to pass a Chinese fort (known to the French as Fort Kimpaï) defending the entrance to the Min River. La Galissonnière failed to destroy the fort and was lightly damaged by a shell that struck her bow. It damaged her steam capstan and killed one man. The ship supplied landing parties during the Battle of Tamsui in October 1884, but they were forced to retreat by Chinese troops, although only nine men were killed. Nothing is known of any further participation by La Galissonnière in the war. She was ordered home in February 1886 and laid up for the last time in Cherbourg upon her return. The ship was condemned on 24 December 1894.

In June 1895, La Galissonnière was used as a target ship during experiments to determine the ability of modern ironclads to resist fire from coastal artillery batteries. For the tests, which were conducted off Cherbourg, she was fitted with additional armor plate, and two sheep were placed aboard to test the effect of shock waves from shell hits. Four {{cvt|19|cm}} shells were fired from a coastal artillery battery, all of which penetrated the armor. One of the sheep was killed by a shell blast, but the other survived, which demonstrated that the shock waves the French had believed would be fatal were not.Lansdale & Everhart, pp. 102–103

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• {{cite book|last=Brassey|first=Thomas|authorlink=Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey|title=The Naval Annual 1887|url=https://archive.org/details/brasseysannual00brasgoog|year=1888|publisher=J. Griffin|location=Portsmouth, England}}
• {{cite journal|last=de Balincourt|first=Captain|author2=Vincent-Bréchignac, Captain|year=1976|title=The French Navy of Yesterday: Ironclad Corvettes|journal=F.P.D.S. Newsletter|publisher=F.P.D.S.|location=Akron, OH|volume=IV|issue=4|pages=26–32 |oclc=41554533}}
• {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich|year=1979|isbn=0-8317-0302-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lansdale |first1=Philip V. |last2=Everhart |first2=Lay H. | title = Notes on Ordnance and Armor | date=July 1896 | journal = Notes on the Year's Naval Progress | volume = XV | pages = 95–126 | publisher = United States Office of Naval Intelligence | location = Washington, D.C. | oclc = 727366607 |name-list-style=amp}}
• {{cite book

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|title=French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914

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• {{cite book|last=Ropp|first=Theodore|authorlink=Theodore Ropp|title=The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy 1871–1904|year=1987|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|isbn=0-87021-141-2}}
• {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Herbert Wrigley|title=Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare from 1855 to 1895|url=https://archive.org/details/ironcladsinacti00wilsgoog|year=1896|publisher=S. Low, Marston and Company|location=London|oclc=1111061}}
• {{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Christopher C.|year=1982|title=La Galissonnière, the French Flagship at Alexandria in 1882|journal=Warship International|publisher=International Naval Research Organization|location=Toledo, OH|volume=XIX|issue=1|issn=0043-0374}}

{{La Galissonnière class ironclad}}

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Category:Ships built in France

Category:La Galissonnière-class ironclads

Category:Corvettes of France

Category:1872 ships

Category:Sino-French War naval ships