Friant-class cruiser

File:'Italia,' first class ironclad of the Italian Navy LCCN2003672917 cropped.jpg {{ship|Italian ironclad|Italia||2}}, the threat of which prompted the French naval program of 1890]]

In the late 1880s, the Italian {{lang|it|Regia Marina}} (Royal Navy) accelerated construction of ships for its fleet and reorganized the most modern ironclad battleships—the {{sclass|Duilio|ironclad|5}} and {{sclass|Italia|ironclad|4}}es—into a fast squadron suitable for offensive operations. These developments provoked a strong response in the French press. The Budget Committee in the French Chamber of Deputies began to press for a "two-power standard" in 1888, which would see the French fleet enlarged to equal the combined Italian and German fleets, then France's two main rivals on the continent. This initially came to nothing, as the supporters of the {{lang|fr|Jeune École}} doctrine called for a fleet largely based on squadrons of torpedo boats to defend the French coasts rather than an expensive fleet of ironclads. This view had significant support in the Chamber of Deputies.{{sfn|Ropp|p=195}}

The next year, a war scare with Italy led to further demands to strengthen the fleet. The visit of a German squadron of four ironclads to Italy compounded French concerns about a combined Italo-German fleet that would dramatically outnumber their own. Training exercises held in France that year demonstrated that the slower French fleet would be unable to prevent the faster Italian squadron from bombarding the French coast at will, in part because it lacked enough cruisers (and doctrine to use them) to scout for the enemy ships.{{sfn|Ropp|pp=195–197}}

To correct the weaknesses of the French fleet, on 22 November 1890, the Superior Naval Council authorized a new construction program directed not at simple parity with the Italian and German fleets, but numerical superiority. In addition to twenty-four new battleships, a total of seventy cruisers were to be built for use in home waters and overseas in the French colonial empire. The Friant class were the first group of protected cruisers to be authorized under the program.{{sfn|Ropp|pp=195–197}}{{sfn|Campbell|pp=310–311}}

File:French cruiser Davout NH 88802.jpg

On 28 March 1890, the French naval minister, Édouard Barbey, requested a new design for an improved version of the cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Davout||2}} from Delphin Albert Lhomme, the supervisor of construction at Toulon. The new ship was to be larger, which would permit several improvements over the earlier ship, including a longer cruising radius, more powerful armament, and improved armor protection. Barbey specified the new ship was to be able to cruise for {{convert|6000|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}} under normal conditions, the armament was to consist of a main battery of six {{cvt|164.7|mm}} guns, and water-tube boilers were to be used instead of the fire-tube boilers used in earlier French cruisers. The ship would have a minimum speed of {{convert|18|kn}} under normal conditions and {{convert|18.5|to|19|kn}} using forced draft. He set the displacement at around {{cvt|3600|t|lk=on}}. To these specifications, Lhomme added a secondary battery of four {{cvt|100|mm}} guns.{{sfn|Roberts|p=240}}

On 21 August, Lhomme submitted his proposal, which Barbey forwarded to the {{lang|fr|Conseil des Travaux}} (Council of Works) six days later for review. During a meeting on 28 October, the {{lang|fr|Conseil}} approved the design, but significant revisions were to follow as work on the vessels began. Already on 17 November, Barbey ordered that the originally planned M1881/84 pattern of 164.7 mm gun was to be replaced with the newly designed M1891 pattern, which had a longer barrel and were fitted with gun shields. These improvements made the guns heavier, which in turn necessitated alterations to the superstructure to reduce topweight. As the ships neared completion, the naval minister, Auguste Alfred Lefèvre, made the decision on 12 March 1894 to cut down the originally intended military masts and replace the upper portion with lighter pole masts. The fighting top was to be retained, but it was determined that it would have to be removed to improve stability, which Gustave Besnard, by then the naval minister, ordered on 16 February 1895. The military masts were removed altogether, and {{cvt|66|t}} of ballast was added to the ships. He also instructed the shipyards to delete the originally planned torpedo tubes from the stern and broadside positions, leaving only a pair of tubes in the bow.{{sfn|Roberts|pp=240–241}}

The first two ships, {{ship|French cruiser|Friant||2}} and {{ship|French cruiser|Chasseloup-Laubat||2}}, were ordered in late 1890, and the third, {{ship|French cruiser|Bugeaud||2}}, was ordered in early 1891. They were fitted with three different types of water-tube boilers to compare their performance in service. They all proved to be somewhat of a disappointment, as all three could not match Davout in speed despite having greater horsepower. This was primarily the result of poor combustion in the boilers, particularly the Niclausse boilers installed aboard Friant. The ships' hull form, while inspired by Davout{{'}}s, had poor lines at the bow that caused the ships to trim down by around {{cvt|30|cm}} when cruising at high speeds. Additionally, weights in the ships were poorly distributed along their length, which contributed to poor handling.{{sfn|Roberts|pp=240–242}}

File:Chasseloup-Laubat profile and plan drawing.jpg

The ships of the Friant class were {{cvt|94|m|ftin}} long between perpendiculars, {{cvt|97.05|m|ftin}} long at the waterline, and {{cvt|97.5|m|ftin}} long overall. They had a beam of {{cvt|13.24|m|ftin}} and an average draft of {{cvt|5.84|m|ftin}}, which increased to {{cvt|6.41|m}} aft. They displaced {{cvt|3771|t}} as designed. The ships' hulls featured a pronounced ram bow (that was not reinforced for use in ramming attacks) and a tumblehome shape,{{sfn|Roberts|p=241}} which were common characteristics of major French warships of the period. They had a forecastle deck that extended for almost the entire length of the ship, terminating with a short quarterdeck aft and a sloped stern. Their superstructure consisted of a main conning tower with a bridge forward and a smaller, secondary conning tower aft. Each ship was originally to be fitted with a pair of heavy military masts with fighting tops, but stability problems with Friant forced them to be replaced with lighter pole masts carrying only observation positions. Steering was controlled by a single rudder.{{sfn|Campbell|p=311}}{{sfn|Brassey 1895|p=23}} Chasseloup-Laubat was fitted with bilge keels to improve her stability.{{sfn|Weyl|p=28}} Their crew consisted of 331 to 339 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Roberts|p=241}}{{sfn|Campbell|p=311}}

The ships' propulsion system consisted of a pair of 3-cylinder, triple-expansion steam engines driving two screw propellers. Steam was provided by twenty coal-burning water-tube boilers of the Niclausse type for Friant and the Lagrafel d'Allest type for Chasseloup-Laubat, while Bugeaud received twenty-four Belleville boilers. All of the ships' boiler rooms were ducted into three funnels. Their machinery was rated to produce {{convert|9000|ihp|lk=on}} for a top speed of {{convert|18.5|kn|lk=in}}. During sea trials, all three ships exceeded these figures, reaching between {{convert|18.77|and|18.95|kn}} from {{cvt|9623|to|9811|ihp}}.{{sfn|Roberts|p=241}} Coal storage amounted to {{cvt|600|t}} normally and up to {{cvt|740|t}}, which provided a cruising range of {{convert|3550|nmi}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}, though Friant could steam for {{cvt|5818|nmi}} at {{convert|11|kn}}; the historian Stephen Roberts notes that this was "possibly with max coal".{{sfn|Roberts|p=241}}{{sfn|Campbell|p=311}}

File:St Idelsbade (Saint-Idesbalde). Pièce de 100 de marine - Fonds Berthelé - 49Fi1270 (cropped).jpg

The ships were armed with a main battery of six Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893 45-caliber guns. They were placed in individual pivot mounts; one was on the forecastle, two were in sponsons abreast the conning tower, another pair were in sponsons just forward of the aft conning tower, and the last was on the stern.{{sfn|Campbell|p=311}} They were supplied with a variety of shells, including solid, {{cvt|45|kg}} cast iron projectiles, and explosive armor-piercing (AP) and semi-armor-piercing (SAP) shells that weighed {{cvt|54.2|kg}} and {{cvt|52.6|kg}}, respectively. The guns fired with a muzzle velocity of {{cvt|770|to|800|m/s}}.{{sfn|Friedman|p=221}}

The ships' offensive armament was augmented by a secondary battery of four Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1891, which were carried in pivot mounts in the conning towers, one on each side per tower.{{sfn|Campbell|p=311}} The guns fired {{cvt|14|kg}} cast iron and {{cvt|16|kg}} AP shells with a muzzle velocity of {{cvt|710|to|740|m/s}}.{{sfn|Friedman|p=225}} All of the primary and secondary guns were fitted with gun shields to protect their crews. The offensive weaponry was rounded out by two {{cvt|350|mm|0}} torpedo tubes that were carried in their hulls above the waterline, one on either side.{{sfn|Campbell|p=311}}

For close-range defense against torpedo boats, they carried a battery of numerous small-caliber, quick-firing guns. This comprised four QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss and eleven QF 1-pounder pom-pom, all in individual mounts. The former were carried in pairs in the forward and aft conning towers on the upper deck; the latter were distributed around the ships, including atop the sponsons for the main guns and higher in the superstructure.{{sfn|Campbell|p=311}}

Armor protection consisted of a curved armor deck that was {{cvt|30|mm}} thick on the flat, which increased to {{cvt|80|mm}} on the sloped sides, where it provided a measure of vertical protection. Above the deck at the sides, a cofferdam filled with cellulose was intended to contain flooding from damage below the waterline. Below the main deck, a thin splinter deck covered the propulsion machinery spaces to protect them from shell fragments. Their forward conning towers had {{cvt|75|mm|0}} thick plating on the sides. The gun shields were {{cvt|50|mm|0}} thick.{{sfn|Campbell|p=311}}

File:French cruiser Bugeaud NH66061.jpg

File:Prince George of Greece and Denmark arriving at Suda Bay cropped.JPG to Crete in 1898]]

Friant and Chasseloup-Laubat spent their first years in service assigned to the Northern Squadron, based in the English Channel.{{sfn|Brassey 1896|p=62}} Bugeaud was instead assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron, France's primary battle fleet.{{sfn|Thursfield|pp=164–167}} In both units, the ships were primarily occupied with training exercises. In 1898, Bugeaud transferred to serve as the flagship of the Levant Division in the eastern Mediterranean. During that time, she participated in the International Squadron, composed of ships from several of the Great Powers, that intervened in the Cretan Revolt of 1897–1898.{{sfn|Naval Notes: France|p=1092}}{{sfn|Clowes|pp=444–448}}

Bugeaud was deployed to East Asia by early 1900 in response to the Boxer Uprising,{{sfn|Service Performed|p=299}} and the other two members of the class had followed her there by 1901,{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse 2017|p=218}} and they remained in the region after the conflict ended.{{sfn|Brassey 1902|p=51}} After returning to France in the mid-1900s, Friant received new boilers and thereafter returned to fleet operations.{{sfn|Garbett 1907|p=1538}} Meanwhile, the poor shipyard facilities in the Far East prevented sufficient maintenance being done for Bugeaud, and she was in a poor state by 1907. Unable to economically repair her, the French Navy struck the ship from the naval register and sold her for scrap.{{sfn|Smigielski|p=193}}{{sfn|Brassey 1904|pp=90–91}} That year, Chasseloup-Laubat took part in a visit to the United States for the Jamestown Exposition.{{sfn|Sieche|pp=150, 155, 157}} She was later hulked in 1911 and disarmed in 1913.{{sfn|Smigielski|p=193}}

At the start of World War I in August 1914, Friant was on station in France's colonies in the Americas.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse 2019|p=219}} She was initially assigned to a cruiser squadron to patrol the western end of the English Channel.{{sfn|Meirat|p=22}} In September, she was moved to French Morocco to join a group of cruisers patrolling for German commerce raiders.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse 2019|p=227}}{{sfn|Corbett|p=275}} At some point after the start of the conflict, Chasseloup-Laubat was converted into a distilling ship to support the main French fleet at Corfu.{{sfn|Smigielski|p=193}}{{sfn|Saint-Ramond|p=60}} Friant was later moved to the Gulf of Guinea to patrol Germany's colony of Kamerun in western Africa.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse 2019|p=227}} She ended the war having been converted into a repair ship based in Morocco and later at Mudros to support a flotilla of submarines. She was struck from the naval register in 1920 and sold to ship breakers.{{sfn|Smigielski|p=193}} Chasseloup-Laubat was sent to Port Etienne, French Mauritania, to supply the colony with water and eventually sank in 1926 in the bay of Nouadhibou after having been abandoned.{{sfn|Pavé|pp=17–18}}

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{{Friant class cruiser}}

{{French protected cruisers}}

{{WWI French ships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Friant class cruiser}}

Category:Cruiser classes

Category:Ships built in France

Category:World War I cruisers of France

Category:Ship classes of the French Navy