Friedrich Deckel
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
File:Zeiss Ikon Compur Tessar lens f=105 mm, f-4,5...32 23.06.18 JM.jpg lens and a Deckel Compur rim-set shutter. Note the stylized "FD" branding on the right side of the shutter.]]
Friedrich Deckel GmbH, also known as F.Deckel, was a German company founded by Friedrich Deckel and Christian Bruns in Munich as Bruns & Deckel in 1903. Its most famous product is the Compur line of leaf shutters used on many photographic lenses starting from 1911. Bruns and Deckel previously had worked together at C. A. Steinheil & Söhne; Bruns was an inventor responsible for developing leaf shutters while Deckel was a laboratory mechanic.
Corporate history
By 1910, Zeiss had acquired a 16.8% stake in F.Deckel. Zeiss also owned a significant portion of competitor {{interlanguage link|Alfred Gauthier Calmbach|de}} (AGC), which was later renamed Prontor after its competing leaf shutter.
Taking advantage of their growing knowledge of factory production methods and machinery, by about 1920 Deckel started producing "extra" machines for sale to the trade, most notably the versatile FP line of industrial milling machines.{{cite web |url=http://www.lathes.co.uk/deckel/ |title=Deckel FP1 Universal Precision Milling Machine |website=Lathes UK |access-date=18 August 2023}} During World War II, photographic equipment production was paused and F.Deckel made fuel pumps for BMW airplane engines. By the end of the war, Deckel was also said to have produced a total of some 4100 examples of their FP1 milling machine for use in the war effort.{{cite web |url=http://www.lathes.co.uk/deckel/ |title=Deckel FP1 Universal Precision Milling Machine |website=Lathes UK |access-date=18 August 2023}}
In 1958, Carl Zeiss AG purchased F.Deckel outright and in 1976 closed down the Compur factor in Munich, consolidating production with Prontor at Calmbach. Leaf shutter production continued after the two companies were merged in 1984 until 2002.{{cite web |url=http://www.lathes.co.uk/deckel/ |title=Deckel FP1 Universal Precision Milling Machine |website=Lathes UK |access-date=14 March 2023}} A portion of the company, responsible for gas monitors, survives as Compur Monitors GmbH.{{cite web |url=https://www.compur.com/en/about-us/history/ |title=We wrote history – not only in gas detection |website=Compur Monitors |access-date=13 March 2023}} Their FP3 milling machine remained in production until the late years of the 20th Century.{{cite web |url=http://www.lathes.co.uk/deckel/ |title=Deckel FP1 Universal Precision Milling Machine |website=Lathes UK |access-date=18 August 2023}} Deckel's popular, if expensive, line of industrial tool and cutter grinders remain available for sale under the brand ISOG,{{cite web |url=https://www.isog-technology.com/ |title=ISOG Technology - Innovative Solutions to Optimize Grinding |website=ISOG Technology |access-date=18 August 2023}} a division of Precision Surfacing Solutions.{{cite web |url=https://www.precision-surface.com/ |title=Precision Surfacing Solutions |website=Precision Surfacing Solutions |access-date=18 August 2023}}
Leaf shutter development{{anchor|Compound|Compur|Compur-Rapid|Synchro-Compur}}
File:Agfa Isolette compur-rapid shutter edited.jpg
Bruns designed Steinheil's first leaf shutter in 1899, followed by an updated version using a leather brake to control shutter speeds.{{cite web |url=http://www.kl-riess.dk/compur.eng.html |title=Up and Down with Compur: The development and photo-historical meaning of leaf shutters |author=Riess, Klaus-Eckard |translator=Stoddard, Robert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091308/http://www.kl-riess.dk/compur.eng.html |archive-date=September 26, 2013 |url-status=dead}}
While at Bruns & Deckel, Bruns developed the Compound leaf shutter in 1905, which had a pneumatic escapement for slow speeds. After Bruns left the company shortly thereafter, it was renamed to F.Deckel; Bruns continued to develop shutters and replaced the pneumatic cylinder with a clockwork escapement in 1910,{{cite patent |number=1053152A |country=US |title=Objective-shutter |invent1=Christian Bruns |invent2=Heinrich Bruns |status=grant |gdate=February 18, 1913 |pridate=November 9, 1911}} naming the new shutter Compur as a portmanteau of Compound (from the earlier shutter design) and Uhrwerk (referring to the clockwork mechanism). A consortium of photographic companies, including Carl Zeiss AG, Bausch & Lomb (25% of which was owned by Zeiss), and AGC was formed in 1910 to acquire Bruns's Compur patent, which was provided to Deckel, who produced Compur shutters under license starting in 1911. Zeiss owned significant stakes in both Deckel and Gauthier. The earliest shutters are marked with D.R.P. ({{interlanguage link|Deutsches Reichs-Patent|de}}) 258646 D.R.G.M. (Deutsche Reich Gebraumeister) for the original patent.
Leaf shutters are provided in standardized sizes. Compur shutters were marketed with smaller lenses (sizes #00 to #3), while Compound shutters continued to be provided for larger sizes (#4 and #5).{{cite web |url=https://www.largeformatphotography.info/shutters-history-and-use.html |title=Shutters - History and Use |author=Purdum, Ernest |date=2006 |website=largeformatphotography.info |access-date=13 March 2023}}
| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"
! {{diagonal split header|Dimension|Size}} ! #00 !! #0 !! #1 !! #2 !! #3 |
| Body diameter
| {{cvt|45.2|mm}} || {{cvt|58|mm}} || {{cvt|70.5|mm}} || {{cvt|80.5|mm}} || |
|---|
| Front lens thread
| rowspan=2 | M22.5-0.5 || rowspan=2 | M29.5-0.5 || M40-0.75 || rowspan=2 | M45.75-0.75 || rowspan=2 | M58-0.75 |
| Rear lens thread
| M36-0.75 |
| Depth
| {{cvt|16|mm}} || colspan=2 | {{cvt|20|mm}} || colspan=2 | {{cvt|26.5|mm}} |
| Front to iris
| {{cvt|9.3|mm}} || {{cvt|10.2|mm}} || {{cvt|10.75|mm}} || {{cvt|14.5|mm}} || {{cvt|31.5|mm}} |
| Mount flange thread
| M25.0-0.5 || M32.5-0.5 || M39-0.75 || M50-0.9 || M62-0.75 |
| Lens board hole diameter
| {{cvt|26.3|mm}} || {{cvt|34.6|mm}} || {{cvt|41.6|mm}} || {{cvt|52.5|mm}} || {{cvt|65|mm}} |
| Maximum iris diameter
| {{cvt|17.4|mm}} || {{cvt|24|mm}} || {{cvt|30|mm}} || {{cvt|35|mm}} || {{cvt|45|mm}} |
As introduced, the Compur leaf shutter used a dial to set shutter speeds; the early dial-set versions were succeeded by the rim-set version in 1927, which moved the shutter speed control to the outer rim of the shutter.{{cite web |url=https://www.pacificrimcamera.com/pp/leicab.htm |title=Leica B (Compur) |website=Pacific Rim Camera |access-date=13 March 2023}} A self-timer mechanism was added in 1928, which was labelled Compur S.{{cite web |url=https://cameramill.co.uk/100-years-since-first-compur-shutter-was-introduced/ |title=100 Years since first Compur Shutter was Introduced |author=Barnes, Darron |date=July 31, 2012 |website=Milly's Cameras |access-date=13 March 2023}}{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/modern-mechanix.1938.02/page/112/mode/2up |title=How Camera Shutters Work |author=Holden, T. T. |date=February 1938 |magazine=Modern Mechanix |volume=XIX |number=4 |publisher=Fawcett Publications, Inc. |pages=112–113;132 |access-date=13 March 2023}}
The Compur leaf shutter initially provided speeds of up to {{frac|250}} sec; the later models (denoted by Compur-Rapid) extended the fastest shutter speed to {{frac|500}} (#00) and {{frac|400}} (#0) in 1935. AGC released the similar Prontor leaf shutter design in 1935. The fastest speed should be selected prior to cocking the shutter, as a stiff secondary spring is engaged with the fastest speeds; other speeds may be selected after the shutter is cocked. In addition, the self-timer cannot be used with the fastest shutter speed.{{cite web |url=https://www.petrakla.com/pages/how-to-use-a-compur-shutter |title=How to use a Compur Shutter |website=Classic Petrakla Cameras |access-date=13 March 2023}} Early versions use three leaf blades, while Compur-Rapid versions used five.{{cite web |url=https://skgrimes.com/products/shutters/compur-shutters/ |title=Compur Shutters |website=S.K. Grimes |access-date=13 March 2023}} Flash synchronization was added via a coaxial PC terminal on the rim of the shutter in 1951, which bore the Synchro-Compur branding. Synchro-Compur shutters have an additional lever painted green, which allows the user to select electronic flash synchronization ("X") or flashbulb sync ("M"). Some Compur shutters have a trailing -P, indicating these shutters offer "press to focus" functionality. A separate button is provided that allows the photographer to open the shutter leaves to check focus on the ground glass without changing the shutter speed setting or tripping the shutter.
In the early 1970s, Deckel introduced electronically controlled shutters, branded as Compur-electronic. The 4.5 V PX21 battery required to operate these shutters is now out of production.
Exposure value
{{main|Exposure value}}
F.Deckel developed the exposure value (EV) scale, also known as the Light Value Scale, which is a single number that measures scene illumination on a base-2 logarithmic scale. Each EV corresponds to several combinations of shutter speed and aperture settings that provide the proper exposure for the illumination of the scene.{{cite magazine |title=LVS: What It Is, How to Use It |author=Wolbarst, John |date=July 1957 |pages=58–61;110 |magazine=Modern Photography}} The EV scale was first used on Synchro-Compur shutters displayed at Photokina 1954.{{cite web |url=https://mikeeckman.com/2018/12/kepplers-vault-25-light-value-scale/ |title=Keppler's Value 25: Light Value Scale |date=December 7, 2018 |website=Mike Eckman dot com |access-date=14 March 2023}}
Deckel-mount lenses{{anchor|DKL}}
File:Système Voigtländer, objectifs montés devant l'obturateur central.jpg|Voigtländer Ultramatic and dismounted lens
File:Voigtländer-Lens Super-Dynarex-1-4-135-02.jpg|Voigtländer Super-Dynarex 135 mm {{f/|4}} lens, showing DKL-mount bayonet lugs
File:Schneider Retina Xenon von Alf Sigaro.jpg|Schneider-Kreuznach Retina-Xenon 50 mm {{f/|1.9}} lens
File:RetinaXenarDKL2.jpg|Schneider-Kreuznach Retina-Xenar 50 mm {{f/|2.8}} lens
In the late 1950s, Deckel introduced a bayonet lens mount which was used mainly with 35mm leaf-shutter cameras built in Germany, including the Kodak Retina IIIS, Kodak Retina Reflex S, Braun Paxette Reflex, and Voigtländer Bessamatic. DKL-mount lenses for the Kodak cameras were made by both Schneider-Kreuznach and Rodenstock, while Voigtländer made their own lenses for the Bessamatic line. DKL-mount lenses became less popular as focal-plane shutter cameras became more prevalent in the 1960s, and production ceased by the early 1970s.
The original bayonet was introduced in 1956 with the Voigtländer Vitessa T, followed by the Braun Colorette Super II in 1957, which shared the {{cvt|44.7|mm}} flange focal distance with the earlier Exakta system. Although the DKL-mount system is ostensibly compatible across manufacturers, camera manufacturers introduced variations in the mounting lug profiles and inclusion of an aperture control ring to physically prevent the attachment of lenses from other DKL-mount systems.{{cite web |url=https://photobutmore.de/vintagephoto/verschluss/ |title=Bajonett-compur / DKL oder das 'Deutsche Einheitsbajonett' |author=Neuhaus, Horst |date=January 12, 2017 |website=Photo but More |language=de |trans-title=The Compur DKL Lens Bayonet or the 'Standard German Bayonet' |access-date=13 March 2023}} For instance, the Schneider-Kreuznach and Rodenstock lenses made for the Kodak Retina S-mount do not fit Voigtländer cameras directly; a small physical modification to the mounting lugs will make them compatible. This was intended to prevent Voigtländer photographers from using less expensive Retina lenses.
DKL lens mount cameras include seven distinct variants (the earliest models released, Voigtländer Vitessa T and Braun Colorette Super II, share the same physical mount):
{{clear}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;"
|+ style="font-size:125%;" | DKL-mount variants ! colspan=2 {{diagonal split header|Camera|Lens}} ! ENNA !! Rodenstock !! Schneider Kreuznach !! {{ill|Staeble|de|Staeble-Werk}} !! {{ill|C. A. Steinheil & Söhne|de|lt=Steinheil}} !! Voigtländer | |
| Balda | Baldamatic III
| {{No X}} || {{No X}} || {{Yes C}}: Curtagon 2.8/35, Xenon 1.9/50, Xenar 2.8/50, Tele-Xenar 4/135 || {{No X}} || {{No X}} || {{No X}} |
|---|---|
| rowspan=2 | Braun | Colorette Super II{{efn|name=ColoretteVitessa|The Braun Colorette Super II and Voigtländer Vitessa T share the same lens mount, so lenses are fully compatible between the two camera systems. Originally, Voigtländer lenses were sold only for the Vitessa T.}}
| {{No X}} || {{Yes C}}: Eurygon 4/35, Ysarex 2.8/50, Rotelar 4/85 & 4/135 || {{Yes C}} Radiogon 4/35, Xenar 2.8/50, Tele-Arton 4/85 || {{No X}} || {{Yes C}}: Culmigon 4.5/35, Culminar 2.8/50 || {{Yes C}}: Skoparet 3.4/35, Color-Skopar 2.8/50, Dynaret 4.8/100, Super-Dynaret 4/135 |
| Paxette Reflex
| {{Yes C}}: Lithagon 3.5/35 || {{Yes C}}: Rotelar 4/135 || {{Yes C}}: Xenar 2.8/50 || {{Yes C}}: Ultralit 2.8/50 || {{Yes C}}: Culmigon 4.5/35, Quinon 1.9/50 || {{No X}} | |
| Iloca | Electric
| {{No X}} || {{Yes C}}: Eurygon 4/35, Heligon 1.9/50, Ysarex 2.8/50, Rotelar 4/135 || {{No X}} || {{No X}} || {{Yes C}}: Culmigon 4.5/35, Quinon 1.9/50, Culminar 2.8/50 || {{No X}} |
| Kodak | Retina IIIS, Retina Reflex S / III / IV, Instamatic Reflex
| {{No X}} || {{Yes C}}: Eurygon 2.8/30, Eurygon 4/35, Heligon 1.9/50, Ysarex 2.8/50, Rotelar 4/85 & 4/135 || {{Yes C}}: Curtagon 4/28 & 2.8/35, Xenon 1.9/50, Xenar 2.8/45 & 2.8/50, Tele-Arton 4/85, Tele-Xenar 4/135 & 4.8/200 || {{No X}} || {{Yes C}}: Culminar 2.8/50 || {{No X}} |
| rowspan=2 | Voigtländer | Bessamatic, Ultramatic
| {{No X}} || {{No X}} || {{No X}} || {{No X}} || {{No X}} || {{Yes C}}: Skoparex 3.4/35, Skopagon 2/40, Color-Skopar X 2.8/50, Color-Lanthar 2.8/50, Septon 2/50, Dynarex 3.4/90 & 4.8/100, Super-Dynarex 4/135, 4/200, & 5.6/350, Zoomar 2.8/36~82 |
| Vitessa T{{efn|name=ColoretteVitessa}}
| {{No X}} || {{Yes C}}: Eurygon 4/35, Ysarex 2.8/50, Rotelar 4/85 & 4/135 || {{Yes C}} Radiogon 4/35, Xenar 2.8/50, Tele-Arton 4/85 || {{No X}} || {{Yes C}}: Culmigon 4.5/35, Culminar 2.8/50 || {{Yes C}}: Skoparet 3.4/35, Color-Skopar 2.8/50, Dynaret 4.8/100, Super-Dynaret 4/135 | |
| Wirgin | Edixa electronica
| {{No X}} || {{No X}} || {{Yes C}}: Curtagon 4/28 & 2.8/35, Xenon 1.9/50, Xenar 2.8/50, Tele-Xenar 4/135 || {{No X}} || {{Yes C}}: Culminar 2.8/50, Quinon 1.9/50 || {{No X}} |
;Notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- {{cite patent |country=US |invent1=Rudolph Klein |invent2=Theodore Brueck |number=1092110 |status=grant |gdate=March 31, 1914 |pridate=June 25, 1910 |title=Camera Shutter |assign=Morris Rosenbloom}} (similar "clockwork" leaf shutter patent assigned to Ilex Mfg. Co.)
- {{cite web |url=https://pheugo.com/cameras/index.php?page=compur |title=Compur Rapid (disassembly and maintenance) |website=Camera Collecting and Restoration}}
- {{cite web |url=http://rick_oleson.tripod.com/index-88.html |title=How it Works: The Compur Leaf Shutter |author=Oleson, Rick}}