Friendshoring

Bonnie Glick first used the term "allied shoring" at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic while she was serving as the Deputy Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development. In June 2021, the term "ally-shoring" was used in an article by the Brookings Institution.{{Cite news |last=Kessler |first=Sarah |date=2022-11-18 |title=What Is 'Friendshoring'? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/business/friendshoring-jargon-business.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0362-4331}}

In April 2022, Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen used the term "friend-shoring" in one of her speeches,{{Cite web |last=Yellen |first=Janet |date=April 13, 2022 |title=Remarks by Secretary of the Treasury Janet L. Yellen on Way Forward for the Global Economy |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0714 |access-date=February 9, 2022 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury}} and the White House mentioned "ally and friendshoring" in a June 2022 report on resilient supply chains.

Recent U.S. trade policy, including USMCA and IPEF, has complied with the friendshoring arrangement.{{Cite web |date=2023-03-14 |title=A New Horizon in U.S. Trade Policy |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/a-new-horizon-in-u-s-trade-policy/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Center for American Progress |language=en}} One of the effects of this shift has been an increase in trade with Mexico which, in 2023, replaced China as the biggest producer of goods exported to the United States.{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade/Mexico-replaces-China-as-top-exporter-to-U.S.-in-2023|title=Mexico replaces China as top exporter to U.S. in 2023|work=NikkeiAsia|author=Marrian Zhou|date=February 8, 2024|accessdate=June 24, 2024}}

Friendshoring can help mitigate supply chain risk stemming from geopolitical tensions with countries which exert full control over the flow of important materials. When appropriately balanced with reshoring, friendshoring can promote supply chain resiliency.Rojas, M., et al (2022), [https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/public-sector/government-trends/2022/reshoring-global-supply-chains.html Reshoring and “friendshoring” supply chains], accessed 23 January 2023

Friendshoring also makes supply chains more reliable by reducing dependencies on countries that are not allies.{{Cite web |last=Austin |first=Elaine Dezenski and John C. |date=2021-06-08 |title=Rebuilding America's economy and foreign policy with 'ally-shoring' |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2021/06/08/rebuilding-americas-economy-and-foreign-policy-with-ally-shoring/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}} For example, companies operating in China experienced substantial interruptions due to its zero-COVID policy. Additionally, global supply chains have been thrown into disarray since Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022.

Whenever onshoring is infeasible, friendshoring can be a useful practice to maintain offshore operations but also mitigate risk, such as in the case of materials like lithium which are only available in specific parts of the world and thus can't be onshored.

Friendshoring can also be practical by tapping into complex, mature supply chains that are already developed for a particular supply or service, rather than attempting to onshore with entirely new supply chain. For example, in the automotive industry, finished goods often require the trade of intermediate goods with other countries. In such a case, friendshoring may be more feasible than onshoring in terms of cost and logistics.

Friendshoring can potentially lead to more expensive products if countries depart from areas with low production costs. Economists have also suggested that friendshoring can potentially lead to supply shocks and lower growth over time.{{Cite news |last=Kollewe |first=Julia |date=2022-08-06 |title=Friendshoring: what is it and can it solve our supply problems? |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/aug/06/friendshoring-what-is-it-and-can-it-solve-our-supply-problems |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0029-7712}}

Raghuram Rajan, former governor of the Reserve Bank of India, is critical of friendshoring, voicing concerns about its impact on global free and fair trade.Rajan, R., [https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/friend-shoring-higher-costs-and-more-conflict-without-resilience-by-raghuram-rajan-2022-06 Just Say No to "Friend-Shoring"], Project Syndicate, published 3 June 2022, accessed 6 January 2023 He argued that in a friendshoring model, a developing country could be denied beneficial opportunities simply due to its misalignment of values with other countries. For example, many developing countries have not adopted the U.S. sanctions on Russia after its invasion of Ukraine in order to avoid reducing trade. If such a stance disqualifies them from being considered a friend or ally of the U.S., then they could lose economic opportunity from the U.S. due to a friendshoring model.{{Cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Emily |last2=Kapstein |first2=Ethan B. |date=2023-02-01 |title=The Limits of "Friend-Shoring" |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/limits-friend-shoring |language=en}}

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has warned that friendshoring can lead to reduced economic growth.{{cite news |last1=Giles |first1=Chris |date=5 April 2023 |title='Friendshoring' is a risk to growth and financial stability, warns IMF |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b2f66486-80e5-425e-86e7-fe432da8aeec |access-date=7 April 2023 |work=Financial Times}} Specifically, it estimates that trade barriers associated with friendshoring could lead to a 2% decrease in global economic output, an impact that would spread unevenly across different countries. In an IMF simulation, friendshoring would lead to a drop of less than 1% of U.S. GDP but as much as a 6% drop in other countries. Emerging markets in Asia outside of China would be the most vulnerable to the consequences of friendshoring. The IMF also found that friendshoring may cause economic risks to be less diversified, potentially causing more economic downturns. Similarly, the World Trade Organization estimates that global production would reduce by 5% if friendshoring results in a divide between the east and west trading blocs.{{Cite news |last=Dixon |first=Hugo |date=2022-12-05 |title=Breakingviews - Friendshoring makes sense if done in the right way |url=https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/friendshoring-makes-sense-if-done-right-way-2022-12-05/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |work=Reuters |language=en}}

One difficulty of friendshoring involves the definition of a friend or an ally. In some cases, a military ally can also be a strong economic competitor. Furthermore, a country's status as a friend or ally can change over time. Such fluidity can make it difficult for companies or countries to make long-term decisions, such as friendshoring, based on these designations.

Some argue that moving business out of a non-allied country due to a lack of shared values doesn't necessarily always reap the benefits of risk mitigation, supply chain resiliency, and/or reliability. If motivated for purely political reasons, the financial and supply chain impact can sometimes make friendshoring impractical.{{Cite web |date=2022-11-28 |title=U.S. friendshoring supply chain policy 'divisive' - experts |url=https://supplychaindigital.com/supply-chain-risk-management/us-friend-shoring-supply-chain-policy-divisive-experts |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=supplychaindigital.com |language=en}}

Some claim that while friendshoring can strengthen relations between two countries that are allies, it can conversely exacerbate tension with countries that aren't considered allies and therefore denied opportunity. This can potentially lead to and/or escalate political and economic instability.

According to Hugo Dixon, friendshoring should be used as a defense mechanism rather than an attacking one. He gave the example that the U.S. shouldn't use friendshoring to harm China's economy, which could escalate into a cold war and potentially a hot war. Rather, the U.S. should use friendshoring to protect against supply chain interruptions. In Dixon's estimation, such can be achieved by selecting strategically important products and then sourcing suppliers and increasing production in other countries instead of severing ties completely.

• Offshoring
• China Plus One

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Category:Geopolitical terminology

Category:International business

Category:Supply chain management

Category:United States foreign policy