Fu'an dialect
{{Short description|Dialect of Eastern Min}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Fu'an
|nativename=
|states=Southern China
|region=Ningde, Fu'an, Shouning, Zhouning and Zherong, Fujian province
|speakers= ?
|ref=
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=Sinitic
|fam3=Chinese
|fam4=Min
|fam5=Coastal Min
|fam6=Eastern Min
|fam7=Funing
|ancestor=Proto-Sino-Tibetan
|ancestor2=Old Chinese{{efn|name=minClassification|Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.{{citation |last=Mei |first=Tsu-lin |author1-link=Mei Tsu-lin |title=Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=30 |year=1970 |pages=86–110 |doi=10.2307/2718766 |jstor=2718766}}{{citation |last=Pulleyblank |first=Edwin G. |author-link=Edwin G. Pulleyblank |title=Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology |year=1984 |page=3 |location=Vancouver |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8}}{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Min |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Glottolog |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |url-status=live |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=Leipzig |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}}}
|ancestor3=Proto-Min
|script=Chinese characters
|isoexception=dialect
|iso6=fuua
|glotto=none
|lingua=79-AAA-ibc
}}
The Fu'an dialect ({{lang|zh|福安話}}) is a dialect of Eastern Min, which is a branch of Min Chinese spoken mainly in the eastern part of Fujian Province, China.
The Fu'an dialect covers two city and three counties: Ningde, Fu'an, Shouning, Zhouning and Zherong County.
Phonology
The Fu'an dialect has 18 initials, 50 rimes and 7 tones.
= Initials =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
| !colspan=2 | Labial
!colspan=2 | Alveolar !colspan=2 | Velar !colspan=2 | Glottal |
|---|
| Stop
|{{IPA link|p}}||{{IPA link|pʰ}}|| ||{{IPA link|t}}||{{IPA link|tʰ}}|| || || {{IPA link|k}}||{{IPA link|kʰ}}||{{IPA link|ʔ}} || |
| Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}} || || ||{{IPA link|n}} || || || ||{{IPA link|ŋ}}|| || || |
| Fricative
| ({{IPA link|β}})||({{IPA link|f}})|| {{IPA link|θ}}|| || || ({{IPA link|ʒ}}) || ({{IPA link|ç}}) || ||{{IPA link|x}} || || |
| Affricate
| || || || {{IPA link|ts}}|| {{IPA link|tsʰ}} || || || || || || |
| Lateral
| || || || {{IPA link|l}} || || || || || || || |
| Approximant
| || || || || || || {{IPA link|j}} || {{IPA link|ɰ}} || || || |
= Rimes =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||||||||
| bgcolor=#225588 rowspan=5|Open syllable
|{{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|u}} || {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|ɛ}} || {{IPA link|ø}} || {{IPA link|œ}} || {{IPA link|o}} || {{IPA link|ɔ}} || {{IPA link|a}} | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{IPA|ui}} | {{IPA|ei}} | {{IPA|ɔi}} | {{IPA|ai}} | |||||
| {{IPA|uai}} | ||||||||
| {{IPA|iu}} | {{IPA|eu}} | {{IPA|ɛu}} | {{IPA|ou}} | {{IPA|au}} | ||||
| {{IPA|iau}} | ||||||||
| bgcolor=#225588 rowspan=4|Nasal coda
| {{IPA|iŋ}} | ||||||||
| {{IPA|ioŋ}} (ion, iom) | {{IPA|iaŋ}} (ian, iam) | |||||||
| {{IPA|uaŋ}} (uan, uam) | ||||||||
| {{IPA|ɛŋ}} (ɛn, ɛm) | {{IPA|ouŋ}} (oun, oum) | {{IPA|ɔuŋ}} (ɔun, ɔum) | ||||||
| bgcolor=#225588 rowspan=4|Glottal coda
| {{IPA|iʔ}} || {{IPA|uʔ}} || || || {{IPA|øʔ}} || {{IPA|œʔ}} || {{IPA|oʔ}} || {{IPA|ɔʔ}} || {{IPA|aʔ}} | ||||||||
| {{IPA|ioʔ}} | {{IPA|iaʔ}} | |||||||
| {{IPA|uaʔ}} | ||||||||
| {{IPA|eiʔ}} | {{IPA|ɛiʔ}} | {{IPA|ouʔ}} | {{IPA|ɔuʔ}} | |||||
| bgcolor=#225588 |Nasal
| {{IPA|m̝}} || {{IPA|n̝}} || {{IPA|ŋ̍}} || {{IPA|hŋ̍}} || || || || || |
= Tones =
| class="wikitable"
!No. |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |
| Tone name
| dark level | light level | rising | dark departing | light departing | dark entering | light entering |
|---|
| Tone contour
| {{IPA|˧˧˨}} 332 | {{IPA|˨}} 22 | {{IPA|˦˨}} 42 | {{IPA|˧˥}} 35 | {{IPA|˨˧}} 23 | {{IPA|˥}} 5 | {{IPA|˨}} 2 |
= Progressive assimilation =
| class="wikitable" |
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" | The Coda of the Former Syllable
! bgcolor="#ABCDEF" | The initial assimilation of the Latter Syllable |
|---|
| Null coda
|
|
| coda {{IPA|/-ŋ/}}
|
|
| coda {{IPA|/-k̚/}}
|
|
= Anticipatory assimilation =
= Tone sandhi =
The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable). Shaded cells indicate that tones of both the first and second syllables undergo change.
| class=wikitable |
| | bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|dark level 332 | bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|light level | bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|rising | bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|dark departing | bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|light departing | bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|dark entering | bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|light entering |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|dark level 332 | | |55 |55 |44 | |44 |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|light level 22 |332 | |style="background:lightgreen"|35+42 |55 |44 | |44 |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|rising 42 |style="background:lightgreen"|23+332 | |style="background:lightgreen"|35+42 |55 |44 | |44 |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|dark departing 35 | | |55 |55 |44 | |44 |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|light departing 23 | | |55 |55 |44 | |44 |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|dark entering 5 | | |55 |55 |44 | |44 |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|light entering 2 | | |style="background:lightgreen"|35+5 |55 |44 | |44 |
Notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{reflist}}
- {{cite book|author=Compilation Commission of Chorography of Fu'an City 福建省福安市地方志编纂委员会|title=Fu an shi zhi 福安市志 ["Chorography of Fu'an City"]|url=http://www.fjsq.gov.cn/frmBokkList.aspx?key=B9A0EC78DBF64A959AFC652303D18584|volume=37|publisher=Fangzhi chubanshe 方志出版社 ["Chorography Press"]|location=Beijing|year=1999|isbn=7-80122-540-6}}.
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Min Chinese}}
{{Chinese_language}}