Full fiscal autonomy for Scotland and Wales

{{short description|Form of devolution proposed for Scotland and Wales}}

Full fiscal autonomy (FFA) – also known as devolution max,[http://www.holyrood.com/articles/tag/devo-max/ McLeish reiterates support for devo-max] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119053706/http://www.holyrood.com/articles/tag/devo-max/ |date=19 January 2012 }} www.holyrood.com, accessed 23 October 2011 devo-max,{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/embrace_devo_max_labour_told_1_1929545|title=Embrace devo-max, Labour told|date=26 October 2011|work=The Scotsman|access-date=15 November 2011}} or fiscal federalism{{cite web|url=http://ideas.repec.org/p/uct/uconnp/2004-42.html#provider|title=The Economic Case for Fiscal Federalism in Scotland|last=MacDonald|first=Ronald|author2=Hallwood, Paul|date=July 2004|work=Working papers|publisher=University of Connecticut, Department of Economics|pages=95|access-date=18 November 2011|location=Stamford}} – is a particular form of far-reaching devolution proposed for Scotland and for Wales. The term has come to describe a constitutional arrangement in which instead of receiving a block grant from His Majesty's Treasury as at present, the Scottish Parliament or the Senedd would receive all taxation levied in Scotland or Wales; it would be responsible for most spending in Scotland or Wales but make payments to the UK government to cover Scotland or Wales's share of the cost of providing certain UK-wide services, largely defence and foreign relations. Scottish/Welsh fiscal autonomy – stopping short of full political independence – is usually promoted by advocates of a federal United Kingdom.

History

= Scotland =

As early as July 2001, former Conservative Party chancellor Kenneth Clarke said he believed that it would be "disastrous for the Scottish economy".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1459121.stm Clarke warns on Scots freedom] On the other hand, Robert Crawford, the former head of Scottish Enterprise, said in February 2004 that the Scottish economy "could be improved" by fiscal autonomy.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3453233.stm Crawford backs fiscal autonomy]

David Cameron, then leader of the Conservative Party, stated in 2005 that he would not stand in the way of handing full taxation powers to the Scottish Parliament if the idea was supported by the Scottish Conservative Party.{{cite news|date=21 December 2005|title=Cameron says Scotland can have fiscal autonomy if Tories want it|work=The Scotsman|publisher=Johnston Publishing|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/top-stories/cameron-says-scotland-can-have-fiscal-autonomy-if-tories-want-it-1-686822|access-date=14 April 2014}}

The 2011 Scottish Social Attitudes Survey core finding was that while 32% of respondents supported Scottish independence,{{cite news|last=Dinwoodie|first=Robbie|date=5 December 2011|title=Independence support climbs to six-year high|work=The Herald|location=Glasgow|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/political-news/independence-support-climbs-to-six-year-high.16050855|access-date=12 December 2011}} 43% supported greater autonomy within the UK. 29% of respondents supported devo-max, but only 21% supported the status quo.{{cite news|last=Carrell|first=Severin|date=5 December 2011|title=Scots back independence – but at a price, survey finds|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/scottish-back-independence-price-survey|access-date=12 December 2011}} The election of a majority Scottish National Party government in May 2011, committed to holding an independence referendum, also brought the possibility that FFA could be an extra option in the vote.[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/may/08/scotland-independence-vote-financial-autonomy Scotland independence vote could contain 'financial autonomy' option] www.guardian.co.uk, 8 May 2011 Some senior Scottish Labour Party figures have also suggested that they would support devo max, including Malcolm Chisholm MSP,[http://www.newsnetscotland.com/index.php/scottish-politics/3460-malcolm-chisholm-labour-must-support-devo-max-and-abandon-calman.html Malcolm Chisholm: Labour must support Devo-Max and abandon Calman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021044248/http://newsnetscotland.com/index.php/scottish-politics/3460-malcolm-chisholm-labour-must-support-devo-max-and-abandon-calman.html |date=21 October 2011 }} newsnetscotland.com, accessed 23 October 2011 Mark Lazarowicz MP,[http://www.scotsman.com/news/salmond_gives_backing_to_devo_max_ballot_choice_1_1925360 Salmond gives backing to ‘devo max’ ballot choice] www.scotsman.com, 23 October 2011 and former First Minister Henry McLeish.

The "devo-max" option was not included in the 2014 independence referendum, however, as the Edinburgh Agreement stipulated that the referendum had to be a clear binary choice between independence or the existing devolution arrangements.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-19942638 |title=Scottish independence: Cameron and Salmond strike referendum deal |first=Andrew |last=Black |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=15 October 2012 |access-date=14 April 2014}}

= Wales =

In 2017 a Welsh Labour MS, Mike Hedges advocated for a long term devo-max devolution settlement for Wales.{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2017-10-16 |title=Devo Max |url=https://www.iwa.wales/agenda/2017/10/devo-max/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Institute of Welsh Affairs |language=en-US}} In 2021, he produced a paper on potential devo-max for the Senedd. In it he outlined questions on pension age, social security system including contribution level and payment, alcohol and tobacco duty, UK and devolved taxes and their collection, distribution of financial support for poorer regions.{{Cite web |title=Devolution Maximum (DevoMax) |url=https://www.mikehedges.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Devo-Max-Research-Paper.pdf}}

In 2021, the first minister of Wales, Mark Drakeford called for "home rule" for Wales, which was later described as a call for devo-max.{{Cite web |last=Shipton |first=Martin |date=2021-02-26 |title=First Minister Mark Drakeford demands 'home rule' for Wales |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/mark-drakeford-devolution-labour-senedd-19919246 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=WalesOnline |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=Support for Welsh independence is growing – people are fed up with being forgotten {{!}} Will Hayward |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/aug/30/support-welsh-independence-growing-scotland-uk |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}

In 2022, Labour Mayor of Greater Manchester Andy Burnham called for "maximum" devolution to Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. He also proposed a senate of the nations and regions that would replace the House of Lords.{{Cite web |last1=Association |first1=Martina Bet, Press |last2=Jones |first2=Branwen |date=2022-09-26 |title=Andy Burnham says Wales should have 'maximum' devolution |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/andy-burnham-says-wales-should-25104791 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=WalesOnline |language=en}}

Devo-max is currently being considered as an option for constitutional reform by an independent commission on the constitutional future of Wales, set up by the Welsh Government and headed by Laura McAllister and Rowan Williams.{{Cite web |last=McAllister |first=Laura |date=2021-11-06 |title=How you can help shape Wales' future {{!}} Laura McAllister |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/news-opinion/a-chance-grasp-control-destiny-22068892 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=WalesOnline |language=en}}

Public opinion

= Scotland =

A public opinion poll carried out at the end of October 2011 for the BBC Politics Show indicated that devo-max was the most popular option with Scottish voters: 33% backed devo-max, 28% supported independence and 29% backed no further constitutional change.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-15610909|title=BBC survey indicates support for Scottish 'devo-max'|date=6 November 2011|access-date=21 May 2013|work=BBC News}} A public opinion poll carried out in March 2013 for the SNP indicated that 52% of respondents believed the Scottish Government should be responsible for all tax and spending decisions in Scotland. Also, 53% of respondents believed that the Scottish government would be best suited to decide welfare and pensions policy for Scotland.{{cite web|url=http://www.snp.org/media-centre/news/2013/mar/poll-majority-want-all-decisions-made-scotland|title=Poll: Majority want all decisions made in Scotland|date=23 March 2013|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325095632/http://www.snp.org/media-centre/news/2013/mar/poll-majority-want-all-decisions-made-scotland|archive-date=25 March 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

= Wales =

In Wales, a YouGov poll in 2020 showed that 59% respondents who had a view said supported ‘devo-max’ for Wales in a referendum (40% in favour, 28% against). The question asked whether respondents supported transfer of powers for control of tax and welfare, but excluding defence and foreign affairs to the Senedd. Support by age group was as follows 82% of 18-24 year olds, 73% of 25-49 year olds, 51% of 50-64 year olds and 43% of 65+ year olds.{{Cite web |date=2020-11-18 |title=59% would support 'devo max' for Wales in a referendum, new YouGov poll shows |url=https://nation.cymru/news/59-would-support-devo-max-for-wales-in-a-referendum-new-yougov-poll-shows/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Nation.Cymru |language=en-GB}}

In the same poll in 2022, 56% who had a view said supported ‘devo-max’ for Wales in a referendum (40% in favour, 32% against).{{Cite web |title=YesCymru_Results_221125.xlsm |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1--VGWSMjebItM-P_tyQ0JiHGvqUNspsy/edit?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=Google Docs |language=en-US}}

Impacts

= Scotland =

The economic effects of full fiscal autonomy have been the subject of debate. The Institute for Fiscal Studies published a report in March 2015 that calculated that for the year 2015–16 there would be a gap of £7.6 billion in Scotland's budget under FFA, in comparison with the current system for distributing spending.{{cite news|url=http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/7652|title=Scotland's fiscal position: an update in light of the OBR's March Forecasts|date=19 March 2015|access-date=9 May 2015|work=IFS}}

This analysis has been criticised by the SNP's deputy leader, Stewart Hosie, on the basis that it represents figures for only one year and that it overlooks the extra growth the SNP says it can generate with more powers.{{cite news|url=http://www.thenational.scot/politics/ifs-report-on-snp-fiscal-plans-slated-by-partys-deputy-leader-stewart-hosie.2001|title=IFS report on SNP fiscal plans slated by party's deputy leader Stewart Hosie|date=14 April 2015|access-date=9 May 2015|work=The National}}

The Institute for Fiscal Studies responded to some of these criticisms in a later report. It argued:

"Delaying a move to full responsibility for a few years would not on its own deal with the fiscal gap.... Indeed, if anything, given current spending and revenue forecasts, the gap would likely grow rather than shrink over the next few years. It would remain the case that full fiscal responsibility would likely entail substantial spending cuts or tax rises in Scotland. While a big and sustained rebound in oil revenues or significantly higher growth in Scotland could mitigate this, there can be no presumption that either would occur.

"There are a number of aspects of fiscal autonomy which are unclear; the level of payments to the UK government (for debt interest and Trident renewal), the ability of the oil sector to redeploy into other areas filling the productivity gap, and whether economic growth in Scotland is better supported by an Edinburgh or London government".{{cite news|url=http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/7722|title=Full fiscal autonomy delayed? The SNP's plans for further devolution to Scotland|date=21 April 2015|access-date=9 May 2015|work=IFS}}

= Wales =

Devo-max would mean a transfer of powers from Westminster to the Senedd that includes the right to control tax and welfare budgets.{{Cite web |last=Zorzut |first=Adrian |date=2020-11-18 |title=Majority of Welsh want Westminster to give Senedd more powers, new polling finds |url=https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news-westminster-news-yougov-poll-shows-majority-of-welsh-back-senedd-power-surge-6354512/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The New European |language=en-GB}}

Sioned Williams, Plaid Cymru MS suggested that full taxation powers should be devolved to the Senedd because "any reforms to tackle poverty that we undertake in Wales will always be limited" without full taxation powers.{{Cite web |title='Wales needs full control over welfare and taxation' |url=https://www.thenational.wales/news/19838305.sioned-williams-welfare-taxation-devolved-wales/ |access-date=2022-02-05 |website=The National Wales |language=en}}

= Scotland =

= Wales =

= Other =

References

External links

[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/02/23092643/0 Fiscal Autonomy in Scotland: The case for change and options for reform]
[http://www.policyforumscotland.com/index.php/publication/view_details/15/ Scotland: A New Fiscal Settlement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307234143/http://www.policyforumscotland.com/index.php/publication/view_details/15/ |date=7 March 2012 }}
[http://www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/bns/bn149.pdf Institute for Fiscal Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306090229/https://ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/bns/bn149.pdf |date=6 March 2022 }}
[http://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/scottish-politics/snp-attack-absolutely-irrelevant-full-fiscal-autonomy-think-tank-study.1428930629 Herald Scotland article]
[http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/6881 Tax revenue in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland]
[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/359890/disag-method.pdf A disaggregation of HMRC tax receipts between England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland methodology]
[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/debates/11523763/Nicola-Sturgeon-says-SNP-prepared-to-vote-for-full-fiscal-autonomy.html Telegraph reports Nicola Sturgeon on fiscal autonomy]
[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dba27fa0-c7ea-11e4-9226-00144feab7de.html#axzz3XmAidIIG FT reports on Nicola Sturgeon's SNP general proposal for fiscal autonomy]
[http://www.umbrella.co.uk/industry-news/2014/09/are-devolved-regional-taxation-powers-possible-post-referendum-uk#sthash.70RX3WtA.dpbs Reported view of corporate sector]
[https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/income-tax-statistics-and-distributions UK Income Tax statistics and distributions]
[http://www.gov.scot/resource/0043/00439021.pdf Scotland's Future – Scottish Government 'White Paper' November 2013]
[http://www.ifs.org.uk/comms/r88.pdf Fiscal Sustainability of an Independent Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507120500/https://ifs.org.uk/comms/r88.pdf |date=7 May 2022 }}
[http://www.ifs.org.uk/bns/bn135.pdf Scottish Independence: the fiscal context] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024155220/https://ifs.org.uk/bns/bn135.pdf |date=24 October 2021 }}
[http://www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/bns/bn149.pdf Policies for an independent Scotland? Putting the Independence White Paper in its fiscal context] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306090229/https://ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/bns/bn149.pdf |date=6 March 2022 }}
[http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/7652 Scotland’s fiscal position: an update in light of the OBR’s March Forecasts]