Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic

Fundamental principles were mentioned in a budget law of 31 March 1931 (article 91) to characterize {{ill|freedom of instruction|fr|Liberté d'enseignement|lt=freedom of instruction.|v=sup}}{{cite French law|number or usual name= |date in French=31 mars 1931|full name=Loi portant fixation du budget general de l'exercise 1931-1932.|article=91|language=French|lower case=|URL=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000313212}}, in JORF, 1 April 1931. ([https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/download/securePrint?token=OBCNooqt88yMY5fWr!c5 pdf]) p. 3585.{{cite book |last=Meuert |first=Dennis |editor1=Patrick J. Wolf |editor2=Stephen Macedo |date=2004 |title=Educating Citizens: International Perspectives on Civic Values and School Choice |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C. |page=263, note 1 |isbn=978-0-8157-9516-2 |oclc=1022619397 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTeBTZVlt5gC&pg=PA263}} This was adopted as a compromise by deputies from the Popular Republican Movement (MRP) when writing the Constitution of the Fourth Republic, since the SFIO (socialist) and PCF (communist) deputies had declared themselves hostile to a constitutionalization of this freedom along with the other rights cited in the preamble.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The principles attached to this notion were defined by the judge.{{clarify|judge? Is there a prior mention of a judge?|date=January 2023}} First, the Council of State identified freedom of association as a fundamental principle, initially basing it on a 1956 appellate decision,{{efn|name="Annamites"|The July 11, 1956 decision of the French Council of State established freedom of association for individuals. The decision is known as the {{lang|fr|Arrêt Amicale des Annamites de Paris}}.}} and then from 1971 on, the Constitutional Council's Decision #71-44 DC on freedom of association as well.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Today, the fundamental principles designate in the modern spirit the landmark laws of the first, second, and third republics, notably freedom of conscience and freedom of association.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The extensive constitutional body of law developed by the Constitutional Council since 1971 gave constitutional force to some principles by making them fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic (PFRLR). These essential principles of French law, created by the legislature but not specified in the constitution or raised as a constitutional norm, such as the principle of independence of administrative jurisdiction or freedom of association, were then imposed on the legislature and administration.

PFRLRs are mainly defined by constitutional judges, even though their first mention was by the Council of State.{{efn|name="Annamites"}} Constitutional judges consider themselves not creators but interpreters of these principles, to avoid concerns of “government by the judges”.{{rp|180}}

The Constitutional Council verified four criteria before recognizing the PFRLR. Thus, a principle must come from:

• A legislative text of a general scope stating the principle from before 1946{{cite book |last=Champagne |first=Gilles |date=August 2016|isbn=978-2-297-05418-8|language=fr|location=Paris|title=L'essentiel du droit constitutionnel : 2016-2017|publisher=Gualino}}{{rp|181|quote-page=193}} (instauration of the Fourth Republic)
• A republican regime (thus excluding legislation from the monarchical and Vichy regimes), even if an exception exists in the PFRLR identified in the decision of 23 January 1987 “Competitiveness council”, relying partly on the law of 16 and 24 August 1790 adopted by the National Constituent Assembly and sanctioned by Louis XVI
• Continuous application; there can be no exception allowed.{{rp|181|quote-page=193}}
• A general (not contingent) legal principle. This condition explains why the Jus soli is not identified as a PFRLR, since the law of 1889 giving it an absolute character (confirmed by a law of 1927) was not affirming a principle but was linked to the circumstances of the time, here the establishment of conscription (Constitutional Council, Decision n°93-321 DC of 20 July 1993

{{cite web

|title=Décision No. 93-321 DC du 20 juillet 1993

|url=https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decision/1993/93321DC.htm

|agency=Conseil constitutionnel

|access-date=18 November 2011

|publication-date=

}}). As such, PFRLRs are not comparable to traditions, customs, or simple habits of positive law.

{{cite book

|publisher=éditions du Seuil

|author1=Guy Carcassonne

|author2=Marc Guillaume

|date=2014

|isbn=978-2-7578-4600-1

|language=fr

|location=Paris

|edition=12

|pages=442–443

|series=Essais, #319

|title=La Constitution introduite et commentée

|quote-pages=480

}}

• The principle must have “sufficient importance”{{rp|181|quote-page=193}} Decision no. 98-407 DC of 14 January 1999, Act determining the mode of election of regional councillors, wrote “Considering that, in any event, the invoked rule does not have a sufficient importance to be regarded as a 'fundamental principle recognized by the laws of the Republic' mentioned in the first paragraph of the Preamble of the Constitution of 1946, thus the complaint must be rejected”.

{{cite web

|title=Decision no. 98-407 DC of 14 January 1999 Act determining the mode of election of regional councillors and of councillors in the Corsican Assembly, and the operation of regional councils (extracts)

|url=https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/decision/1999/98407DC.htm

|author=French Constitutional Council

|language=French

|date=14 January 1999

}}

Since 2013 and Decision no. 2013-669 DC of 17 May 2013 “Law providing for same-sex marriage”,

{{cite web

|title=Decision no. 2013-669 DC of 17 May 2013 Law providing for same-sex marriage

|url=https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/decision/2013/2013669DC.htm

|author=French Constitutional Council

|language=French

|date=17 May 2013

|access-date=27 April 2022

}} three new conditions have been identified. On this occasion, the Council ruled that the opposite-sex character of marriage was not a PFRLR.

{{cite book

|publisher=PUF

|author1=Xavier Dupré de Boulois

|date=May 2018

|isbn=978-2-13-063500-0

|language=fr

|location=Paris

|page=78

|title=Droit des libertés fondamentales

|quote-pages=549}}

The principles must pertain to at least one of the following topics:

• Separation of powers
• National sovereignty
• Fundamental rights and freedoms

As of April 2022, the Constitutional Council has identified eleven principles as PFRLR:

• Freedom of associationLoi du 1^er juillet 1901, Décision No. 71-44 DC du 16 juillet 1971, "liberté d'association"
• Rights of defense in a trialDécision No. 76-70 DC du 2 décembre 1976, "prévention des accidents du travail"
• Individual libertyDécision No. 76-75 DC du 12 janvier 1977, "fouille des véhicules"
• {{ill|Freedom of instruction|fr|Liberté d'enseignement|v=sup}}Article 91 de la loi de finances du 31 mars 1931, Décision No. 77-87 DC du 23 novembre 1977, "liberté d'enseignement et de conscience" and notably academic freedomLois du 12 juillet 1875 et 18 mars 1880, Décision No. 99-414 DC du 8 juillet 1999, "loi d'orientation agricole"
• Freedom of conscienceDécision No. 77-87 DC du 23 novembre 1977, "liberté d'enseignement et de conscience"
• Independence of administrative jurisdictionLoi du 24 mai 1872, Décision No. 80-119 DC du 22 juillet 1980, "validation d'actes administratifs"
• Independence of university professors and lecturersDécision No. 83-165 DC du 20 janvier 1984, "libertés universitaires"
• Exclusiveness of administrative jurisdiction for the cancelling or reform of decisions taken in the exercise of prerogatives of public powersDécision No. 86-224 DC du 23 janvier 1987, "Conseil de la concurrence"
• Judicial authority guardian of private propertyDécision No. 89-256 DC du 25 juillet 1989, "urbanisme et agglomérations nouvelles"
• Existence of criminal justice for minorsLois du 12 avril 1906 sur la majorité pénale des mineurs et du 22 juillet 1912 sur les tribunaux pour enfants, {{Interlanguage link|Ordonnance relative à l'enfance délinquante|Ordonnance du 2 février 1945 sur l'enfance délinquante|fr}}, Décision No. 2002-461 DC du 29 août 2002, "loi d'orientation et de programmation de la justice"
• Use of local laws in Alsace and Moselle “as long as they have not been replaced with common laws or harmonized with them”{{cite web|title=Décision No. 2011-157 QPC du 5 août 2011|url=https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decision/2011/2011157QPC.htm|publication-date=}}{{cite book|page=Section 3.7.1|title=Guide pour l'élaboration des textes législatifs et réglementaires|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Droit-francais/Guide-de-legistique/III.-Redaction-des-textes/3.7.-Application-et-applicabilite-dans-certaines-parties-du-territoire-metropolitain/3.7.1.-Application-et-applicabilite-des-textes-en-Alsace-Moselle}}

Furthermore, the Council of State in 1996 identified the prohibition of political extradition.{{Cite web |date=3 July 1996 |title=Conseil d'Etat, Assemblée, du 3 juillet 1996, 169219, publié au recueil Lebon |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/ceta/id/CETATEXT000007939580/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Légifrance}}

The PFRLRs are to be distinguished from other principles identified by the Constitutional Council:

• {{ill|Principles of constitutional status|fr|Principes à valeur constitutionnelle|v=sup}} which are general principles of French law having the effect of constitutional text
• The {{ill|objectives of constitutional value|fr|Objectif de valeur constitutionnelle|v=sup}}

• Fundamental freedoms
• Constitution of the Fifth Republic
• Judiciary of France
• General principles of French law

;Notes

{{notelist}}

;Citations

{{Reflist}}

{{Hierarchy of norms in French law}}

Category:Legal doctrines and principles

Category:Government of France